Application of Geometrical Form Factor in Differential Absorption Lidar Measurement

The peak position for a lidar return signal is calculated and measured for the horizontal path with variation of the laser beam divergence angle (θ), and the inclination angle (δ) between the telescope and laser axes. This work shows that θ and δ are very important parameters to use in the design or alignment of a lidar system receiving a good lidar signal. This paper describes an experimental determination of geometrical form factors in the lidar equation. We receive the signals and determine the geometrical form factors by slope method in a homogeneous atmosphere. The differential absorption lidar equation is evaluated for the dual-pulse lidar system. A method using a geometrical form factor determined by the experiment is introduced to correct the error in C₂H₄ measurement. This method shows good correction of measurement error in lidar dual-pulse operation, especially in the short range.     

Fourier-wavelet regularized deconvolution (ForWaRD) for lidar systems based on TEA-CO2 laser

Lidar is an efficient tool for remotely measuring physical quantities or detecting targets. To improve the range resolution in long pulse lidars, such as lidar systems based on TEA-CO₂ lasers, deconvolution methods were used by previous investigators. Deconvolution is a noise sensitive process. In order to avoid noise amplification during the deconvolution process, the Fourier-wavelet regularized deconvolution method is used to deconvolve and denoise the back-scattered lidar signal simultaneously. This method is applied to lidar systems based on the TEA-CO₂ laser and the results are compared to nitrogen tail clipping method. Numerical simulation shows, in comparison to the clipping nitrogen tail technique, by using the ForWaRD method; the range resolution and working distance of the lidar is improved and the clipping tail apparatus is also eliminated.     

米氏散射激光雷达近场距离校正函数曲线拟合法修正

报道了一种修正米氏散射激光雷达近场回波信号的新方法,首先对近场区实测回波信号距离校正函数进行二次曲线拟合,获得拟合曲线与实测曲线的差分信号;然后对远场距离校正函数作直线拟合,在大气近似均匀假定下,获得近场回波信号距离校正函数直线斜率;最后将近场差分信号叠加在该直线上,获得修正后的近场回波信号距离校正函数曲线。用此方法对米氏散射激光雷达近场回波信号的实际计算证明,该方法可获得与实际更为接近的反演结果。     

Effect of Multiple Scattering in the Lidar Measurement of Tropospheric Aerosol Extinction Profiles

This paper describes the lidar inversion of the tropospheric aerosol extinction profiles under the influence of multiple-scattering effects for various elevation angles of lidar detection. A single-scattering lidar equation is employed to analyze lidar signals with multiple-scattering contributions that are calculated by the Monte Carlo method for given atmospheric conditions. We calculate errors in the optical thickness from the results with and without multiple-scattering effects. It is found that the errors vary in a range of 2#x2013;18#x0025; according to the optical thickness variation of 0.19#x2013;3.8. The dependence of the error on the field-of-view angle of the lidar observation is also discussed.     

New method of elaboration of the lidar signal

In lidar measurements noise and fluctuations strongly affect the results. The reason is a rapid decrease of the signal-to-noise ratio with an increase of distance. The differential absorption lidar (DIAL) is particularly sensitive to the signal instabilities. In this paper we present a method of the signal acquisition that is suitable for registration of both large light fluxes and single photons. We also present new method of solution of the DIAL equations. Compared to the traditional algorithm used for signal elaboration our procedures are much more stable and they are able to increase the effective range of lidar measurements. Received: 2 February 1999 / Revised version: 30 June 1999 / Published online: 16 September 1999     

Lidar signal de-noising based on wavelet trimmed thresholding technique

Lidar is an efficient tool for remote monitoring, but the effective range is often limited by signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). By the power spectral estimation, we find that digital filters are not fit for processing lidar signals buried in noise. In this paper, we present a new method of the lidar signal acquisition based on the wavelet trimmed thresholding technique to increase the effective range of lidar measurements. The performance of our method is investigated by detecting the real signals in noise. The experiment results show that our approach is superior to the traditional methods such as Butterworth filter.     

星对星激光雷达反射层析成像技术探讨

以星对星激光雷达成像为应用背景,提出了一种基于啁啾脉冲信号的反射层析成像处理方法,该方法通过激光雷达多角度回波非相干累积实现高分辨率的图像重构;分析了星对星反射层析成像的实现条件,包括成像分辨率、工作模式及成像时间.研究结果表明,采用本文所提出的成像方法,通过同轨道面的伴星探测方式可以满足激光雷达反射层析成像多角度探测的要求,在观测角度范围大于60°时能够得到0.1 m目标分辨率,角度范围越大,分辨率越高,且成像时间与卫星轨道半径和两星距离有关.实验验证了该方法的有效性和星对星反射层析成像的可行性.     

Lidar dynamic range compression by using a membrane mirror light shutter

A lidar system employing a membrane mirror light shutter, MMLS, for dynamic range compression is demonstrated in this paper. The use of the MMLS allows the dynamic range of the lidar to be compressed by more than 2 orders of magnitude and, at the same time, the strong near-field optical return is avoided. Important parameters for an MMLS used in lidar are described and their measurements in a lidar configuration are presented. The decompression in the lidar data retrieval caused by using the MMLS is discussed.     

Experimental validation of the differential image motion lidar concept

We have experimentally validated the concept of a differential image motion (DIM) lidar for measuring vertical profiles of the refractive-index structure characteristic C(n)(2) by building a hard-target analog of the DIM lidar and testing it against a conventional scintillometer on a 300-m horizontal path throughout a range of turbulent conditions. The test results supported the concept and confirmed that structure characteristic C(n)(2) can be accurately measured with this method.     

基于粒子谱的多波长激光雷达近场大气光学参数校正方法

非同轴激光雷达由于存在发射激光与接收望远镜之间的不完全重叠区, 造成近场回波信号与真实大气信号不一致. 对于多波长激光雷达, 这种不一致更为突出和复杂. 然而, 近场大气是人类活动最集中的区域, 因此对多波长激光雷达近场信号进行校正, 对于了解和探究边界层大气具有十分重要的意义. 提出了一种利用粒子谱仪测量近地层气溶胶尺度谱分布并运用Mie 散射理论和低层大气指数衰减规律, 进而直接校正多波长激光雷达消光系数廓线近场信号的新方法. 通过对晴天、多云天气和雾天多波长气溶胶消光系数廓线近场信号的校正, 证明了该方法的可行性和实用性. 该方法着重考虑了多波长激光雷达比的波长依赖性和气溶胶粒子谱分布的天气相关性, 将该方法用于近地层大气消光系数廓线校正, 减少了由于不考虑这两个因素带来的消光系数廓线反演和校正的不确定性. 该方法对于研究不同天气情况下边界层内的大气气溶胶物理、光学特性具有一定的实用价值和借鉴意义.     

Signal enhancement of a novel multi-address coding lidar backscatters based on a combined technique of demodulation and wavelet de-noising

Multi-address coding (MAC) lidar is a novel lidar system recently developed by our laboratory. By applying a new combined technique of multi-address encoding, multiplexing and decoding, range resolution is effectively improved. In data processing, a signal enhancement method involving laser signal demodulation and wavelet de-noising in the downlink is proposed to improve the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of raw signal and the capability of remote application. In this paper, the working mechanism of MAC lidar is introduced and the implementation of encoding and decoding is also illustrated. We focus on the signal enhancement method and provide the mathematical model and analysis of an algorithm on the basis of the combined method of demodulation and wavelet de-noising. The experimental results and analysis demonstrate that the signal enhancement approach improves the SNR of raw data. Overall, compared with conventional lidar system, MAC lidar achieves a higher resolution and better de-noising performance in long-range detection.     

Capability of Raman lidar for monitoring the variation of atmospheric CO2 profile

Lidar (Light detection and ranging) has special capabilities for remote sensing of many different behaviours of the atmosphere. One of the techniques which show a great deal of promise for several applications is Raman scattering. The detecting capability, including maximum operation range and minimum detectable gas concentration is one of the most significant parameters for lidar remote sensing of pollutants. In this paper, based on the new method for evaluating the capabilities of a Raman lidar system, we present an evaluation of detecting capability of Raman lidar for monitoring atmospheric CO$_{2}$ in Hefei. Numerical simulations about the influence of atmospheric conditions on lidar detecting capability were carried out, and a conclusion can be drawn that the maximum difference of the operation ranges caused by the weather conditions alone can reach about 0.4 to 0.5km with a measuring precision within 30ppmv. The range of minimum detectable concentration caused by the weather conditions alone can reach about 20 to 35 ppmv in vertical direction for 20000 shots at a distance of 1 km on the assumption that other parameters are kept constant. The other corresponding parameters under different conditions are also given. The capability of Raman lidar operated in vertical direction was found to be superior to that operated in horizontal direction. During practical measurement with the Raman lidar whose hardware components were fixed, aerosol scattering extinction effect would be a significant factor that influenced the capability of Raman lidar. This work may be a valuable reference for lidar system designing, measurement accuracy improving and data processing.     

Capability of Raman lidar for monitoring the variation of atmospheric CO2 profile

Lidar （Light detection and ranging） has special capabilities for remote sensing of many different behaviours of the atmosphere. One of the techniques which show a great deal of promise for several applications is Raman scattering. The detecting capability, including maximum operation range and minimum detectable gas concentration is one of the most significant parameters for lidar remote sensing of pollutants. In this paper, based on the new method for evaluating the capabilities of a Raman lidar system, we present an evaluation of detecting capability of Raman lidar for monitoring atmospheric CO2 in Hefei. Numerical simulations about the influence of atmospheric conditions on lidar detecting capability were carried out, and a conclusion can be drawn that the maximum difference of the operation ranges caused by the weather conditions alone can reach about 0.4 to 0.5km with a measuring precision within 30ppmv. The range of minimum detectable concentration caused by the weather conditions alone can reach about 20 to 35 ppmv in vertical direction for 20000 shots at a distance of 1 km on the assumption that other parameters are kept constant. The other corresponding parameters under different conditions are also given. The capability of Raman lidar operated in vertical direction was found to be superior to that operated in horizontal direction. During practical measurement with the Raman lidar whose hardware components were fixed, aerosol scattering extinction effect would be a significant factor that influenced the capability of Raman lidar. This work may be a valuable reference for lidar system designing, measurement accuracy improving and data processing.     

多波长激光雷达探测多种天气气溶胶光学特性与分析

设计和构建了波长为355,532和1064nm的多波长米散射激光雷达系统,并研究了多波长激光雷达信号数据处理和反演算法,实现了对地表气溶胶的探测;利用该激光雷达对2013年冬季西安市上空大气进行了探测,研究分析了雾霾天、晴天和有云天气的混合层高度、气溶胶消光特征和粒径分布特征.分析比较了不同波长探测到的混合层高度变化情况.在雾霾天,大气混合层高度与晴天和有云天相比明显偏低,在0.4 km附近,而晴天的混合层高度有0.5—0.8 km.利用长波(1064 nm/532 nm)段和短波(532 nm/355 nm)段两个ngstrm指数分析了不同天气情况下的粒径分布特征.对于近地层气溶胶,雾霾天的长波ngstrm(1064/532)指数小于短波ngstrm(532/355)指数,而晴天与之相反,说明在近地层雾霾有污染的大气中,存在有较多的粗粒子.在云层中,ngstrm指数明显减小,并且出现负值,说明云粒子半径比较大.     

车载测污激光雷达对大气边界层气溶胶的斜程探测

利用自行研制的车载测污激光雷达系统 (AML 1)对大气边界层气溶胶进行了斜程探测 ,并给出了与之相应的数据处理方法。将该雷达相近时间内斜程测量与垂直测量的数据进行对比 ,结果表明此斜程探测及数据处理方法是合理可行的。文中列举了某斜程方向 (2 0°天顶角 )气溶胶随时间的演化图 ,以及某垂直剖面内气溶胶消光系数二维扫描图 ,这些典型结果很直观的反映了气溶胶时、空分布情况 ,对实现连续、实时、大范围污染监测有重要意义。     

激光雷达信号随机误差的估算

在分析随机误差来源和激光雷达数据特点的基础上,介绍一种新的随机误差计算方法--噪音比例因子方法.该方法用一次测量数据列中远处背景信号算出噪音比例因子,再由噪音比例因子求出任一距离上有用信号的随机误差.用实测的激光雷达信号进行检验,结果表明,这种方法是可靠且可行的.     

双视场米散射激光雷达探测对流层气溶胶

介绍了自行研制的用来探测对流层大气气溶胶消光特性的双视场米散射激光雷达.该激光雷达采用两个具有独立接收视场的探测通道分别接收高低层532 nm的大气回波信号,可以兼顾低层大视场角低探测盲区和高层小视场角高探测高度的要求.叙述了该雷达系统的总体结构和技术参量以及数据处理方法,给出了合肥地区(东经117.16°,北纬31.90°)大气气溶胶消光系数廓线和对流层光学厚度的探测结果.测量结果表明,该雷达具备昼夜连续观测对流层大气气溶胶的能力,可以很好地反映气溶胶粒子的时间和空间分布特征.      

Initial spring temperature profiles of the mesopause region over Fort Collins,CO, measured by the Colorado State Na temperature lidar

After its first measurement in late August, 1989, the new Na temperature lidar has been in operation during springs 1990 and 1991 at Fort Collins, CO. A total of nine nights (over 2600 profiles) of mesopause temperature measurements, each for a period longer than 4 hours, have been taken. We present these high quality initial profiles which demonstrate the effectiveness of the new two-frequency narrowband lidar technique for mesopause temperature measurements. The average temperature profiles suggest that the spring mesopause temperatures range from 168 K to 205 K. The mesopause heights are around 88 km before the midnight and around 99 km after the midnight. The nightly averaged temperature profiles in the mesopause region display considerable variability. The richness in new geophysical information obtainable with a Na temperature lidar is made evident by noting strong perturbations in a short time scale (15 min) in the data taken on March 11, 1990 and March 18, 1991.     

激光雷达信号随机误差的估算

在分析随机误差来源和激光雷达数据特点的基础上,介绍一种新的随机误差计算方法——噪音比例因子方法.该方法用一次测量数据列中远处背景信号算出噪音比例因子,再由噪音比例因子求出任一距离上有用信号的随机误差.用实测的激光雷达信号进行检验,结果表明,这种方法是可靠且可行的.     

Analysis of detectable range of multiple-slit streak tube imaging lidar

Multiple-slit streak tube imaging lidar is a promising flash imaging system. Its detectable range, affected by the detection of the unit sensitivity, operating mode, and visibility, are critical factors for the system design and applications. In order to discuss the lidar range measurement performance, a lidar equation based on the Lambert law is analyzed, and the relationship between the lidar detectable range and the emission power is simulated at different levels of visibility; the result shows that the detectable range of lidar developed in our laboratory reaches 2,500 m for a 23 km visibility. Outfield experiments were carried out to evaluate the system performance; a clear stripe image for a target located 1386 m away was gained under the condition of 15 km visibility. Finally, parameters that affect the lidar detectable range are discussed, and relevant methods to improve the lidar performance are proposed.