在纤式回音壁模式微球谐振腔及其传感特性

提出一种在纤式回音壁模式微球谐振腔，并对其温度和折射率传感特性进行研究。首先，分析了不同尺寸的微球腔与光纤结构耦合时的相位匹配情况，以锥形光纤为探针来拾取并移动钛酸钡微球，将其嵌入空心光纤，形成在纤式谐振腔结构，从而在微球中激发回音壁模式，并与空心光纤端面的反射光相互作用，产生法诺共振。实验结果表明，激发的法诺共振峰曲线的斜率高达-99.3 dB/nm。另外，通过实验证明了此结构对温度和折射率均具有较好的传感特性，灵敏度分别为26.8 pm/℃和-244.97 dB/RIU。该谐振腔性能稳定、结构紧凑、加工简单，在纤式的反射结构使其有望在复杂的传感环境中发挥作用。     

无增敏材料修饰的高灵敏度光纤湿度传感器

设计并制作了一种高灵敏度且制作简单的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（Polymethyl Methacrylate,PMMA）微球与单模光纤复合的湿度传感器。该光纤湿度传感器由PMMA微球与单模光纤构成。由于在微球中形成了法布里-珀罗腔,当外界环境湿度升高时,PMMA微球吸收水分子体积膨胀,导致法布里-珀罗腔的腔长增长,使得传感器干涉光谱的波峰（谷）发生红移,从而实现湿度传感。对所制作传感器的湿度响应、稳定性和重复性等进行了实验研究,实验结果表明：在30%～80%湿度范围内,该湿度传感器的灵敏度达173.36 pm/%RH,波长漂移随相对湿度变化呈良好的线性关系,其线性度达0.992 26,且具有良好的稳定性和重复性。该PMMA微球与单模光纤复合的湿度传感器具有灵敏度高、结构简单、无需镀膜且易于制作的优点。     

高Q值薄壁液芯毛细管微腔电场传感器

为提高电场传感器的抗电磁干扰能力、灵敏度和稳定性,将高Q值薄壁液芯毛细管微腔和电泳效应结合,增强回音壁模共振微腔对外加电场的感知能力,并进行了实验验证.基于时域有限差分法得到了液芯毛细管微腔回音壁模式共振特性随毛细管直径、壁厚等结构参数的变化规律,发现随着壁厚变薄灵敏度增加.采用熔融拉锥法制备了直径为86μm,壁厚约为2μm的薄壁毛细管微腔,通过高精度位移平台实现了锥形光纤和毛细管微腔的高效率耦合,测得回音壁模式Q值为2.8×10^6.毛细管微腔内注入不同浓度的蛋白质溶液,利用电泳原理和蛋白质分子在缓冲溶液里带电的特性,实现的最大电场传感灵敏度为10.6 pm/(kV/m).     

具有内参考热补偿功能的三层膜结构微球腔折射率传感器

tBtB光学微腔在高灵敏度传感中有着重要的应用前景,而在传感中热漂移是制约其走向实用的重要因素.本文提出了一种镀有三层膜结构的微球腔,可以在实现高灵敏度折射率传感的同时,具备内参考热补偿功能.该结构由内到外分别涂覆折射率为高、低、高的薄膜,内外两高折射率层可以分别支持各自的回音壁模式,称之为内层模式和外层模式.研究了波导耦合的内外模式在折射率传感和温度传感应用的表现.结果表明,中间膜层厚度为550 nm时,内外模式的折射率灵敏度分别为0.0168和102.56 nm/RIU,温度灵敏度分别为–19.57和–28.98 pm/K.通过监测内外模式谐振波长的差值进行传感,对中间膜层厚度进行优化,=400 nm时,折射率灵敏度为75.219 nm/RIU,探测极限可以达到2.2×10~(–4) RIU,热漂移被减小到3.17 pm/K,极大地减小了热漂移对系统的影响.本研究可为微球腔折射率传感器的设计和改进提供指导.     

光学微瓶腔特性及温度传感应用研究

设计并测试了两种基于微瓶腔结构的温度传感系统。分别基于电弧放电法和自主装法制备了氧化硅材料(SiO₂)和紫外光固化胶(UCA)聚合物材料微瓶腔，通过锥形光纤耦合的方式分析了两种微瓶腔基本特性，并测试它们在温度传感中的应用。实验结果表明，SiO₂微瓶腔在温度上升时的灵敏度为11.13 pm/℃，在温度下降时的灵敏度为10.25 pm/℃；UCA微瓶腔在温度上升时的灵敏度为111.89 pm/℃，在温度下降时的温度灵敏度为102.02 pm/℃。两者在上升和下降时均保持很好的一致性，尤其UCA微瓶腔温度灵敏度比SiO₂微瓶腔提升了10倍。本文传感器具有体积小、价格低、可塑性和重复性好、灵敏度高等优势，在温度传感领域具有潜在应用。     

空心微瓶谐振腔的封装及折射率传感特性研究北大核心CSCD

为提高传感器的稳定性和便携性,提出一种基于空心微瓶谐振腔的折射率传感器,对系统进行封装并对其折射率传感特性进行研究。仿真分析不同壁厚下空心微瓶谐振腔径向回音壁模式的光场分布,光场在微瓶内部的占比随着器件壁厚的减少而增加,有利于提高传感灵敏度。为减小空心微瓶谐振腔的壁厚,利用氢氟酸对石英毛细管进行腐蚀,使用光纤熔接机制备了薄壁空心微瓶谐振腔。采用紫外胶将耦合系统封装固定在载玻片上,器件稳定性和便携性得到提升。研究了封装器件在不同折射率匹配液下的传感特性,器件传感灵敏度为26.50 nm/RIU。该传感器具有稳定性强、灵活性高、损耗小等优点,在光微流控折射率检测方面拥有很大的应用潜力。     

无机卤化物钙钛矿量子点微球腔荧光增强自参考温度传感研究

利用稀土离子掺杂材料、有机染料以及量子点等荧光材料实现荧光温度传感在航空航天、生物医疗、食品储存等领域具有重要意义。其中，无机卤化物钙钛矿量子点(PeQDs)荧光材料由于具有量子产率高，温度依赖性强等特点，在荧光温度传感领域展现了巨大的应用前景。然而，PeQDs只有一个光致荧光(PL)峰，其强度和位置极易受到浓度和尺寸等因素的干扰，因此用单一PL峰进行温度传感的准确性较低。在本工作中，我们提出了一种微球腔阵列(MCA)耦合PeQDs薄膜(MCA/PeQDs)的新型温度传感结构，利用MCA/PeQDs结构与PeQDs薄膜具有温度依赖性的PL峰值强度比实现温度传感。该结构通过微球腔中回音壁模式(WGMs)增强的Purcell效应提高了自发辐射速率，抑制了声子辅助猝灭效应，从而实现了较好的PeQDs荧光增强。结果表明，在223～373 K范围内，当PeQDs浓度为0.131 6 mg/mL、微球腔直径为(19±1)μm时，该结构的绝对灵敏度(Sa)与相对灵敏度(Sr)可达到0.75 K^-1和1.95%·K^-1。本工作克服了使用单个PL峰进行温度传感...     

微纳光纤环形腔海水温度的谐振光谱分析

微纳光纤环形腔作为传感器件,具有灵敏度高、响应快的优点,因而越来越广泛地应用在传感领域。环形腔的谐振光谱直接反映外界环境的变化,因此谐振光谱分析对探测环境参数至关重要。从理论和实验研究了微纳光纤环形腔谐振光谱与海水温度的关系。首先,数值计算了基模(HE₁₁)两个垂直偏振态的传播常数随光纤直径和探测波长的变化关系,计算结果表明传播常数随光纤直径增大而增大,随波长增大而减小,同时计算了传播常数随海水温度的变化,海水温度越高,传播常数越大,表明海水温度的变化会影响到模式的传播常数,因而可以通过测量谐振光谱的变化得知海水温度的变化。其次,搭建了海水温度传感实验系统,获得了微纳光纤环形腔海水温度的谐振光谱,实验发现同时存在两套谐振峰,分别对应基模的TE模和TM模,两个偏振模式的传感灵敏度分别为5.54和5.24 pm·℃-1。最后,探讨了基模两个偏振态谐振光谱的产生原因,由于结型耦合区的扭曲耦合使得两个偏振态分离,并对两个偏振模式的谐振强度进行了分析。两个模式的谐振强度不同,而且随着波长的增加,一个模的谐振强度不断增强,另一个模的谐振强度逐渐减弱。这是由于不同耦合态的耦合系数和衰减决定的,而且他们随着波长而改变。实验结果与理论计算相吻合。     

实施圆球微腔特性试验的优化方案探索

研究圆球微腔传感应用的详细实验过程, 给出传感特性验证通用的优化实验方案。微球与环境的折射率差别越小, 半径越小, 其灵敏度越高。加工时应使用高精度热源为佳, 并进行CCD监视, 融化形成球立即停止加热。提出了圆球微腔用作测试水蒸汽的湿敏传感器的应用方向。     

基于纳米材料封装的干涉型微纳光纤温度传感器

为了提高温度传感器的灵敏度,本文提出了基于纳米材料封装的干涉型微纳光纤温度传感器。该传感器通过熔融拉锥光敏光纤得到微纳光纤,用毛细管封装后填充高热光系数氮化硼分散液,并用紫外胶封装防止氮化硼挥发。当微纳光纤直径越小时,倏逝场越强,与外界环境的相互作用也会增强,但在灵敏度与稳定性之间平衡折中,实验中选择直径为12.3μm的微纳光纤。氮化硼分散液随温度变化折射率变化大,即对温度变化更敏感,通过传输光谱的漂移来检测温度响应。实验结果表明,随着温度的升高,透射光谱向波长更短的方向移动。无纳米材料封装的温度传感器灵敏度为-0.0297 nm/℃,氮化硼分散液封装之后灵敏度最高可达-0.2878 nm/℃,大约为无纳米材料封装传感器灵敏度的十倍左右。氮化硼分散液的浓度对实验温度灵敏度的影响十分微弱。该传感器具有结构小巧轻便,成本低,机械性高等优势,而且纳米材料封装可保护微纳光纤免受环境变化造成的形变以及外界杂质对传感部分的污染,保证实验的准确性。该传感器在温度传感领域具有重大发展潜力。     

钙钛矿结构中的简谐子软模

利用复合空间型方法,在自由边界条件下解出了钙钛矿结构有限尺寸晶体的简谐振动方程.计算结果给出了收敛的简谐子谱分布,并发现了许多简谐子软模.用这些软模花样说明了钛酸钡晶体冷却时发生具有a畴和c畴结构的铁电相变.理论表明铁电相变过程涉及屏蔽电荷的激发及其在界面的缓慢扩散,以最后得出各个电畴内部的均匀自发极化 关键词： 晶格动力学 简谐子 软模 钛酸钡     

Crystal stability and the theory of ferroelectricity

The phenomenon of ferroelectricity in pseudo-cubic crystals is discussed in terms of the normal modes of vibration. It is shown that the parameters which determine the lattice vibrations of a diatomic ionic crystal may be chosen in such a way that the crystal will exhibit ferroelectric properties, and that ferroelectric or anti-ferroelectric transitions may be regarded as the result of an instability of the crystal for a certain normal mode of vibration. The theory is extended to apply to other cubic crystals, including barium titanate, and the concepts of ‘ionic polarizability’ and ‘a polarizability catastrophe’ are discussed in terms of lattice dynamics. Certain of the parameters which appear in Devonshire's phenomenological theory of ferroelectricity are found to be expressible in terms of atomic parameters. Values for the latter which are physically reasonable are found to account quite well for the dielectric properties of barium titanate and for the relative movements of the atoms which occur at the cubic-tetragonal transition. The lowest dielectric dispersion frequency is calculated to be about 3 × 10¹¹ c.p.s. for barium titanate, and to be a function of temperature in the cubic phase. Other predictions of the theory are discussed.     

Holographic interferograms of interacting radial modes of a free piezoceramic disk resonator

Interacting radial modes constituting a single mode coexist upon electric excitation of thin barium titanate and lead zirconate titanate piezoceramic disks with a bulk electrode by a high-intensity signal at the antiresonance frequency. Vibrations of the surface are visualized using holographic interferometry.     

Gyrotropic and piezoelectric coefficients and attenuation of elastic waves in BaTiO3

Using Landau theory of phase transition, expressions for gyrotropic coefficients and piezoelectric coefficients are obtained for barium titanate in the tetragonal phase. Both coefficients vanish at the ferroelectric phase transition temperature. The piezoelectric coefficients tallied with the literature values. The attenuation coefficients for elastic waves propagating along the principal directions in tetragonal, orthorhombic and rhombohedral phases are derived based on Landau theory. It is predicted that there will be slight amplification for both longitudinal and transverse modes in the rhombohedral phase at a temperature close to the rhombohedral phase transition temperature.     

BaTiO_3纳米粉体的制备及结构的光谱表征

采用钛酸丁脂和八水氢氧化钡为原料的溶胶-凝胶法制备了纳米BaTiO3粉体。经不同温度烧结,并利用X射线衍射和Raman光谱分析进行结构表征。实验表明,经1073K烧结后粉体粒径为26 2nm,颗粒分布均匀,还有少量BaCO3存在。在这个温度下得到的晶粒主要是立方相,并含有少量的四方相。经1273K烧结后,BaTiO3完全是四方相,粉体粒径为80 0nm,此时BaCO3已完全分解。另外探讨了溶胶-凝胶制备纳米BaTiO3粉体的反应机理,解释了BaTiO3物相的形成。     

Theoretical and experimental study on the photoluminescence in BaTiO3 amorphous thin films prepared by the chemical route

A polymeric precursor method was used to synthesize BaTiO₃ amorphous thin film processed at low temperature. The luminescence spectra of BaTiO₃ amorphous thin films at room temperature revealed an intense single-emission band in the visible region. The visible emission band was found to be dependent of the thermal treatment history. Photoluminescence (PL) properties for different annealing temperatures were investigated. It was concluded that the intensity of PL is strongly dependent on both the heat treatment of the films and the presence of an inorganic disordered phase. Experimental optical absorption measurements showed the presence of a tail. These results are interpreted by the nature of these exponential optical edges and tails, associated with defects promoted by the disordered structure of the amorphous material. We discuss the nature of visible PL at room temperature in amorphous barium titanate in the light of the results of recent experimental and quantum mechanical theoretical studies. Our investigation of the electronic structure involved the use of first-principle molecular calculations to simulate the variation of the electronic structure in the barium titanate crystalline phase, which is known to have a direct band gap, and we also made an in-depth examination of amorphous barium titanate.     

Semiconducting ceramic barium lanthanum titanate doped with iron

The formation of semiconductive properties in polycrystalline barium titanate when doped simultaneously with lanthanum and iron is brought about by a substitution mechanism similar to that proved to work in BaTiO₃ doped with bismuth and iron. A broader validity has thus been confirmed of the substitution model previously proposed to explain the considerable change in internal electric resistance of barium titanate containing trivalent ions in barium positions when iron ions are introduced. In contrast to barium bismuth titanate, with barium lanthanum titanate an increasing addition of iron leads to the successive formation and destruction of several types of perovskite crystals differing in electrical conductivity and Curie temperature.The author thanks his collaborators from the Research Institute of Electrotechnical Ceramics for effective help: Ing. L. Plocek for the X-ray analyses and Mr. V. tefek for preparing the electron microscope pictures.     

Dielectric properties of barium titanate ceramics modified by SiO2 and by BaO-SiO2

The influence of SiO₂ on the dielectric properties of barium titanate ceramics was investigated. SiO₂ had been doped solely and together with BaO into barium titanate before calcination. X-ray diffraction showed that all the ceramics were of a pure perovskite phase after sintering at 1275 °C for 2 h. For SiO₂-doping, there was about 2.5 °C increase in Curie temperature per molar percentage of doping and the leakage current was obviously increased, especially at low voltages for relatively high doping levels. While for the co-doping of SiO₂ and BaO, there was little change in Curie temperature. The point defects formed through the dopings were proposed responsible for the effects. It was suggested that SiO₂ is important to barium titanate ceramics not only for sintering but also for modifying their properties.     

Fiber coupling to BaTiO3 glass microspheres in an aqueous environment

Compact microspheres with high-quality (Q) whispering gallery modes are required for many applications involving liquid immersion, such as sensing nanoparticles and studying resonant radiative pressure effects. We show that high-index (1.9 and 2.1) barium titanate glass (BTG) microspheres are perfect candidates for these applications due to their high-Q (～10(4) in the 1100-1600 nm range) resonances evanescently excited in spheres with diameters of 4-15 μm. By reattaching the spheres at different positions along a tapered optical fiber, we show that the coupling constant exponentially increases with thinner fiber diameters. We demonstrate the close to critical coupling regime with intrinsic Q=3×10(4) for water immersed 14 μm BTG spheres.