核磁共振二维谱反演

核磁共振二维谱包含扩散系数 D 和横向弛豫时间 T₂ 的信息,利用核磁共振仪来测量多孔介质中物质的信息,根据其弛豫时间和扩散系数的差别来区分不同物质;利用全局反演方法,提出了核磁共振二维谱反演的物理模型和数学模型;介绍了传统的奇异值分解（SVD）和改进的奇异值分解反演算法;采用改进的奇异值分解法对核磁共振二维谱进行反演,其反演算法具有计算速度快和二维谱分布连续等优点. 它适合于信噪比较高的数据反演,当原始数据信噪比SNR≥100时,可以对二维谱图进行定量分析;当60≤SNR<100时,可以对二维谱图进行定性分析. 核磁共振二维谱可以一次性直接区分油和水,为核磁共振测井提供了新的科学技术.     

核磁共振二维谱反演技术综述

二维谱的出现是核磁共振（NMR）检测技术的一次飞跃,从二维谱中可以快速、精确地对不同组分进行区分,因而在测录井和常规实验中被广泛采用. 为了给相关研究提供借鉴和参考,推动二维反演技术的发展,该文对近年来国内外在核磁共振二维谱反演技术领域的研究进展进行了综述. 从实验采集数据中反演出二维谱的过程,比一维反演需要解决更多、更复杂的问题. 通过研究罚函数正则化和子空间正则化两大类方法,分析了不同二维反演算法的优点和不足. 根据对近年来国内外相关文献的深入分析可知,虽说目前已有的二维反演算法都存在一定的局限性,但其仍然具有很大的发展空间.     

一种基于组分补偿的二维核磁共振测井数据高精度处理方法

二维核磁共振技术能够对储层中各类含氢流体进行无损、快速、定量的测量和表征，但受限于采集方式和参数，核磁共振设备在对页岩油等致密储层中的有机质、沥青等超快弛豫组分进行检测时，经常出现由于信号采集不完整所导致的二维谱中流体组分缺失或不准的问题.本文提出了基于超快弛豫组分补偿技术的T₂-T₁二维谱高精度反演方法，该方法将一维核磁共振前端信号补偿技术进行推广，通过在二维核磁数据反演前对回波数据进行组分补偿，能够有效解决二维核磁共振测井前端信号漏失的问题.实验及测井数据的应用表明，该方法在页岩油等富含快弛豫组分信号的储层中，可以得到更加精准和完整的储层信息.     

核磁共振显微术的DESIRE效应模拟(英文)

要在合理时间內进行微米等级解析度的扫描时,核磁共振波谱的信噪比一直是一个很大的限制. DESIRE效应利用扩散现象来增强信号强度及解析度的概念被提出后,信噪比在一维的情况下大约可以增加一个数量级.在先期的研究中,模拟外加磁场的效应通常是使用叠代数值计算,而扩散的效应则是利用有限微分法解Bloch-Torrey e-quation ,这样的模拟方法通常很耗时.该研究中,分别使用Shinnar-LeRoux演算法及基于旋积的扩散模拟方法来加速计算出外加磁场及扩散对于信号的影响,因此可以节省大量计算时间以进行复杂的计算.利用一维模拟结果预测在不同参数实验中解析度的改变和信号增加值,并找出最佳的参数值.而由模拟结果指出,Sinc3脉冲波形可以得到最佳的信号增加量及不错的解析度.     

基于逆散射理论的地震波速度正则化反演

本文基于逆散射理论利用正则化有限差分对比源反演算法对地震波传播速度进行反演, 该方法是基于波动方程的频率域波形反演算法, 利用非线性共轭梯度法, 通过最小化目标优化函数不断迭代更新速度模型. 由于地球物理反演问题的病态性和不稳定性, 通过基于反演参数总变差的正则化处理, 使反演问题变为良性问题且算法具有较强的抗噪声干扰能力. 反演过程中使用了频率-空间域9点差分正演算子以及PML吸收边界条件. 与其他反演算法相比, 由于背景模型在反演迭代过程中保持不变, 可以避免在每次迭代过程中重新构造正演算子及矩阵分解等相关计算过程, 使得该算法非常适合于大规模三维反演计算. 此外, 本文采用基于MPI的并行计算, 进一步提高了反演计算的效率. 二维CSEG模型反演结果表明该方法可以反演得到高分辨率的地震波速度重建结果, 为地震勘探数据处理及解释提供准确的速度信息.     

D-T2二维核磁共振脉冲序列及反演方法改进设计

面对日益复杂的勘探对象, D-T₂二维核磁共振技术在实际应用中面临无法兼顾扩散系数测量范围和横向弛豫分辨率的困境. 脉冲序列作为D-T₂二维核磁共振数据采集的核心技术, 其性能优劣直接影响应用效果, 在综合对比PFG, STE-PFG, BP-PFG、改良式CPMG, 扩散编程, 多回波间隔CPMG脉冲序列性能的基础上, 有效融合脉冲梯度场、恒定梯度场D-T₂脉冲序列的优点, 本文提出一种基于脉冲梯度场的双变量、两窗口D-T₂脉冲序列改进设计. 针对两个窗口的D-T₂二维核磁共振数据反演, 为突破现有反演方法无法兼顾反演精度和解谱效率的瓶颈, 本着第二个窗口回波信号为主、第一个窗口回波信号为辅的原则, 本文提出一种同时使用两个窗口数据参与解谱的联合TSVD反演方法. 气水、油水、稠油、油气水模型不同信噪比条件下的数值模拟结果表明, 本文提供的D-T₂改进脉冲序列达到了平衡扩散系数测量范围和横向弛豫分辨率的设计要求, 本文提供的联合TSVD反演方法也有效平衡了反演精度要求和解谱效率. 文中的D-T₂改进脉冲序列及联合TSVD反演方法在复杂油气藏流体识别和产能预测中具有广泛的应用前景, 可为促进国内D-T₂二维核磁共振岩心分析技术的发展提供有利条件.     

变分伴随正则化方法从雷达回波反演海洋波导(Ⅱ):实际反演试验

在理论推导的基础上,分别利用模拟和实测的雷达回波资料进行反演试验.在模拟雷达回波资料反演时,分别对不引入正则化项和引入正则化项的反演结果进行讨论;在实际雷达回波资料反演时,讨论了反演结果对初猜值精度的依赖性,分别考虑初猜值为经验模型给定时和初猜值为统计反演结果时对最后反演精度的影响.最后比较了变分伴随正则化方法与传统统计反演算法的优缺点,指出下一步反演算法的改进方向.     

基于迭代TSVD的NMR二维谱反演算法

针对现有基于TSVD的二维反演算法中截断位置判断不准确、容易产生虚假峰等问题,提出了一种改进的方法. 首先,通过逐步求精的方法对L曲线上的拐角位置进行定位,得到迭代的最大截断位置;然后,根据反演核奇异值的集中程度获取迭代的最小截断位置;最后,在给定的截断位置范围内从小到大进行TSVD,每次迭代都以上一次迭代的结果为依据. 对仿真数据和实验数据的反演结果表明,该算法都能够得到比较好的二维反演效果. 与现有基于TSVD的方法相比,该算法具有更高的鲁棒性,能够得到更清晰的二维谱,可满足实际应用需求.     

交替寻优生成元素幅值结合混沌随机相位构造循环测量矩阵

循环矩阵由于其对应离散卷积且具有快速算法被广泛应用于压缩测量矩阵. 本文从循环测量矩阵生成元素的幅值和相位两个方面探索循环测量矩阵的优化构造, 提出交替寻优生成元素的幅值并结合混沌随机相位实现循环测量矩阵的最优构造. 由一维和二维信号循环测量矩阵的不同表示形式出发, 将等价字典列向量之间互相干系数的Welch界作为逼近目标, 推导出了一维和二维信号循环测量矩阵生成元素幅值优化的统一数学模型, 提出采用交替寻优方法求解生成元素幅值的最优解. 利用混沌序列构造循环测量矩阵生成元素的随机相位. 与已有的典型循环测量矩阵相比, 本文优化构造的循环测量矩阵所对应的等价字典列向量之间具有更低的互相干性, 这正是所构造的循环测量矩阵优越性的本质所在.     

水驱油过程的核磁共振二维谱研究

岩心水驱油过程中油水分布状况是岩心多孔介质的重要性质. 水驱油过程的研究是进一步进行提高采收率研究的基础. 核磁共振扩散-弛豫二维谱提供了岩心中流体性质的多方面信息,与核磁共振一维弛豫谱相比极大地提高了区分油水的能力. 该文通过2组岩心水驱油实验,从不同含油饱和度的扩散-弛豫二维谱中提取出水的一维弛豫谱,在原油粘度比较高的情况下获得了驱替过程中油水在不同孔隙中的分布状况以及润湿性等信息, 解决了单独用一维弛豫谱方法难以区分油水的问题. 该文的研究方法对油田提高采收率的研究有比较大的参考价值.     

基于改进非线性拟合的核磁共振T2谱多指数反演

核磁共振T₂谱多指数反演算法是开展复杂体系样品核磁共振(NMR)弛豫研究最重要的数学工具. 常用的T₂谱多指数反演算法一般都是事先给出弛豫时间T₂分布的布点, 然后转化为线性拟合问题进行求解. 在求解的T₂谱较为分散的时候, 反演得到的T₂谱精确度不高, 分辨率较低. 非线性拟合是解决这个问题的有效办法. 本文针对分散T₂谱反演利用非线性拟合时遇到的初值依赖及运算复杂问题, 利用线性回归最小二乘方法, 改进了其中的带非负约束非线性优化模型, 将搜索的反演参数从T₂, f 减少为T₂, 加快了收敛速度, 减少了对初值的依赖, 提高了反演精度, 使算法更加稳健. 通过用改进的Levenberg-Marquardt算法和差分进化算法进行计算机模拟反演及实验数据反演, 验证了改进方法在核磁共振T₂ 谱反演中的有效性.     

2DNMR在泥页岩物性及流体评价中的应用探讨

纳米级孔隙、非达西渗流、自生自储是泥页岩油气层的主要特征,常规NMR技术难以检测到T2弛豫时间短于0.1 ms的纳米级孔隙,并难以准确评价泥页岩储层中的孔隙流体性质与含量.为了解决以上问题,以济阳坳陷下第三系沙河街组泥页岩油气主要勘探层段为研究对象,采用高分辨率2D NMR技术对采自3口井的11块泥页岩样品分别进行1D、2D NMR分析.结果表明,T2谱能够检测到泥页岩中的全部孔隙量;D-T2谱能够准确评价孔隙流体类型与含量,且核磁含油饱和度与石油的产液量、岩石热解的液态烃量具有可对比性.该项研究对精细评价泥页岩油气储层具有十分重要的意义,对进一步发展高分辨率2D NMR技术具有一定的促进作用.     

Identification of patients with hereditary haemochromatosis by magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopic relaxation time measurements

A total of 4302 healthy blood donors were screened for elevated serum ferritin and transferrin saturation. Fifteen had increased serum ferritin at a follow-up examination. Five relatives of these donors also entered the study. Eleven patients had elevated liver iron concentrations, while five had normal liver iron concentrations. The R₂ relaxation rate in the liver was first measured with a conventional multi-spin-echo imaging sequence, and then by a volume-selective spectroscopic multi-spin-echo sequence, in order to achieve a minimum echo time of 4 msec. No correlation was found between the relaxation rate R₂ and the liver iron concentration, when R₂ was calculated from the imaging data. Multi-exponential transverse relaxation could be resolved when the spectroscopic sequence was used. A strong correlation between the initial slope of the relaxation curve and the liver iron concentration was found (r = 0.90, p < 0.001). Signal intensity ratios between liver and muscle were calculated from the first three echoes in the multi-echo imaging sequence, and from a gradient echo sequence. A strong correlation between the logarithm of the signal intensity ratios and the liver iron concentration was found. Although both spectroscopic T₂ relaxation time measurements and signal intensity ratios could be used to quantify liver iron concentration, the gradient echo imaging seemed to be the best choice. Gradient echo imaging could be performed during a single breath hold, so motion artifacts could be avoided. The accuracy of liver iron concentration estimates from signal intensity ratios in the gradient echo images was about 35%.     

基于二维核磁共振弛豫谱的雷四段孔隙度计算方法

基于常规测井资料的体积模型和一维核磁共振（NMR）测井资料的固定截止值法，可以计算地层孔隙度，但是扩径段孔隙度计算结果偏大.本文通过川西海相雷四段岩心样品NMR实验和实测二维NMR测井资料，开展扩径段的T₂、T₁孔隙度计算方法研究.首先总结不同孔径流体在T₂谱和T₁谱上的响应特征，分析钻井液流体峰截止值的分布范围和影响因素，建立钻井液流体弛豫时间截止值的计算模型；然后根据未扩径段和扩径段的粘土束缚水弛豫时间截止值确定原则，确立变粘土束缚水弛豫时间截止值的有效孔隙度计算方法.多口井的应用效果表明，基于T₁谱的孔隙度计算结果精度更高、定量分析误差小，能有效解决扩径段孔隙度计算结果偏大的问题，满足储层评价的要求.     

N-正丁基苯胺的13C自旋晶格弛豫研究

本文采用反转回复法(180°-τ-90°-Τ)_n脉冲序列测定了N-正丁基苯胺在两种温度下,各¹³C核总的自旋-晶格弛豫时间T₁和NOE因子η_с值,通过计算估计了各种弛豫机理的贡献大小,并求出了分子无规则运动的相关时间τ_с,进一步讨论了此分子的动力学状况。     

Study of activation parameters and NMR spin-lattice relaxation time in some substituted amines

The present communication reports the experimental values of NMR spin-lattice relaxation time (T₁) and dielectric relaxation time (τ) of piperidine, pyrrole, pyridine, diethylamine, triethylamine and pyrrolidine. The values of activation energy (ΔE_A) obtained using dielectric relaxation time, have been correlated with calculated values of ΔE_A obtained using Arrhenius equation of NMR relaxation time (T₁) for pyridine, diethylamine and pyrrole. Authors have also established a correlation between the experimental values of NMR spin-relaxation time (T₁) with its calculated values obtained using different equations of dielectric relaxation time (τ).     

Spin-lattice relaxation times and nuclear overhauser enhancement effect for P metabolites in model solutions at two frequencies: Implications for in vivo spectroscopy

The relaxation time T₁ values and nuclear Overhauser enhancement factor for ³¹P signal were determined in model solutions of metabolites ATP, PCr and Pi, and AMP at two frequencies and in H₂O and ²H₂O solutions. The data were analyzed to resolve the contribution of different relaxation mechanisms. A knowledge of NOE is important in the light of recent applications of double resonance methods to enhance the sensitivity of in vivo ³¹P spectroscopy. The results show that chemical shift anisotropy is the dominant mechanism for ³¹P in ATP at the high field, whereas the dipolar interaction mechanism is the main feature for the ³¹P relaxation of PCr and Pi. The dipolar mechanism responsible for NOE originates from interactions of solvent water with ³¹P moiety. Implications for in vivo spectroscopy are indicated.     

Quantitative NumART2* mapping in functional MRI studies at 1.5 T

Quantitative mapping of the effective transverse relaxation time, T₂* and proton density was performed in a motor activation functional MRI (fMRI) study using multi-echo, echo planar imaging (EPI) and NumART₂* (Numerical Algorithm for Real time T₂*). Comparisons between NumART₂* and conventional single echo EPI with an echo time of 64 ms were performed for five healthy participants examined twice. Simulations were also performed to address specific issues associated with the two techniques, such as echo time-dependent signal variation. While the single echo contrast varied with the baseline T₂* value, relative changes in T₂* remained unaffected. Statistical analysis of the T₂* maps yielded fMRI activation patterns with an improved statistical detection relative to conventional EPI but with less activated voxels, suggesting that NumART₂* has superior spatial specificity. Two effects, inflow and dephasing, that may explain this finding were investigated. Particularly, a statistically significant increase in proton density was found in a brain area that was detected as activated by conventional EPI but not by NumART₂* while no such changes were observed in brain areas that showed stimulus correlated signal changes on T₂* maps.     

Nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry of the normal heart: Relationship between collagen content and relaxation times of the four chambers

The use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation time measurements for characterization of abnormal cardiac tissue depends upon knowledge of variations of relaxation times of normal myocardium and determinants of these variations. We calculated in vitro NMR T₁ and T₂ relaxation times of canine myocardium from the four cardiac chambers, and determined hydroxyproline concentration (as a measure of collagen) and percent water content of the samples. We found both water content and T₁ relaxation time of the right ventricle to be significantly greater than the left atrium (p < 0.05). T₂ relaxation time of the left ventricle was found to be shorter than each of the other three chambers (p < 0.05). There were significant correlations between the spin-lattice relaxation time and both percent water content (r = 0.58) and hydroxyproline concentration (r = 0.45). A significant correlation was also found between T₂ relaxation time and hydroxyproline concentration (r = 0.49). When T₁ and T₂ were adjusted for water and hydroxyproline content, there was no longer any evidence for significant interchamber differences for either T₁ or T₂. These data suggest that differences in NMR relaxation times exist among the four chambers of the normal canine heart. Furthermore, a major determinant of myocardial spin-lattice relaxation time is tissue water content while both collagen content and percent water content significantly contribute to variability in cardiac chamber T₂ relaxation times.