基于第一性原理的二维材料黑磷砷气体传感器的机理研究

通过密度泛函理论计算,研究了气体小分子吸附在单层黑磷砷表面的电学和磁学特性.选择4个初始吸附点位来探索CO,CO_2,NH_3,SO_2,NO和NO_2气体分子最优的吸附位置,计算了吸附能、吸附距离和电荷转移等电子结构参数,确定了吸附类型和敏感气体.结果表明,单层黑磷砷以强的物理吸附对NO_2和SO_2气体敏感,而通过化学吸附对NO气体敏感并且N原子和P原子间还形成新的化学键.从能带结构角度,CO,CO_2和NH_3这三种气体吸附对黑磷砷的能带结构影响很小,SO_2气体吸附增大带隙宽度.磁性气体NO和NO_2的吸附则在费米能级附近引入杂质能带,这主要来源于N原子和O原子的p轨道,并且减小了带隙宽度.NO和NO_2气体还分别诱导了 0.83μ_B和0.78μ_B的磁矩,使得整个体系带有磁性.理论研究表明,单层黑磷砷是检测NO,NO_2和SO_2气体的良好气敏材料.     

气体分子在类石墨烯材料负载单个金属原子表面的吸附特性

采用密度泛函理论方法研究了不同种类和数量的气体小分子在类石墨烯材料(graphenylene)衬底支撑的金属原子(M=Co, Mo和Pd, gra-M)表面的吸附特性,系统地分析了吸附不同数量的NO和CO分子的稳定构型,吸附能,电荷转移量以及引起的体系电子结构和磁性变化.研究结果表明:1) NO、CO气体小分子的稳定吸附位在金属原子顶位,吸附物与衬底间的电荷转移量表明负载不同的金属原子能够有效地调制类石墨烯材料的气敏特性;2)单个和两个气体分子吸附能够引起gra-M体系的自旋电荷密度分布发生变化,进而使得气体吸附体系表现出不同磁矩大小.     

二维材料WTe_2用于气体传感器的性能研究

二维过渡金属硫族化合物由于具有大的比表面积、高的载流子迁移率以及快速响应等特性,在高性能气体传感器应用方面具有显著优势.本文通过密度泛函理论计算,研究了CO,CO_2,NH_3,NO,NO_2气体分子在单层WTe_2表面的吸附构型、吸附能、电荷转移、电学及磁学特性.结果表明,N基气体分子的吸附能小于C基气体分子的吸附能,说明WTe_2对N基气体分子的吸附更敏感.电荷分析结果表明,NH_3气体分子吸附在WTe_2表面时表现为给电子体,而其他四种气体分子都表现为得电子体.能带结构方面,与CO,CO_2,NH_3气体分子相比,磁性气体分子NO和NO_2的吸附在费米能级附近引入了杂质能带,杂质能带主要来源于O原子和N原子的p轨道.此外,NO和NO_2气体分子分别诱导了0.99μB和0.80μB的磁矩.本文的研究结果为实验上制备基于WTe_2的超灵敏气体传感器提供理论指导.     

改性石墨烯SO_2气敏性质的第一性原理研究

为了寻求高灵敏度的石墨烯基的SO_2气体传感器,本文采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法,研究纯净石墨烯(PG)、单空位缺陷(SVG)、SW缺陷(SWG)、Mn掺杂修饰的石墨烯(Mn-PG)及掺杂和缺陷共修饰的石墨烯(Mn-SVG和Mn-SWG)对SO_2分子的吸附特性.研究表明:PG和SWG对SO_2分子的吸附作用较弱,对SO_2分子不具有敏感性;SO_2分子在SVG表面的吸附能够有效调控其电子结构的变化,使其由金属性转变为半金属性,但其吸附能较低(0.636 eV);结合了Mn掺杂和SV缺陷的Mn-SVG基底尽管增大了与SO_2分子相互作用,但未能引起该体系电子结构和磁性的明显改变;相比之下,SO_2分子在Mn-PG和Mn-SWG基底上具有较强的吸附稳定性;同时,该分子吸附可诱发Mn-PG和Mn-SWG体系磁矩的急剧降低和电导率的显著变化,故可作为探测和清除环境中SO_2分子理想材料.该研究为设计新型石墨烯气体传感器提供理论参考.     

金属和非金属原子间协同效应调控气体小分子的吸附特性研究

采用基于密度泛函理论方法系统地研究了单个NO和CO小分子在非金属(B和N)与金属Ni原子共掺杂石墨烯(Bx-Ny-gra-Ni,x+y=0,1,2,3)表面的吸附特性,分析了吸附气体小分子的几何结构,吸附能,电荷转移量以及引起体系磁性变化等情况.研究结果表明：NO和CO倾向于吸附在Ni原子的顶位,B和N掺杂原子的数量和比例能够有效地调制小分子的吸附强度;与吸附的CO分子相比,Bx-Ny-gra-Ni表面吸附的NO分子能获得较多的电荷,进而表现出高的稳定性.此外,利用吸附的气体小分子与衬底间相互作用强度和灵敏性的差异、以及引起反应衬底的磁性变化将为设计石墨烯基气敏、催化和电子器件提供重要参考.     

第一性原理研究气体小分子吸附的石墨烯负载金属原子体系

石墨烯负载的单个金属原子体系(M-gra)具有高的结构稳定性,显正电性的金属原子可作为活性位用在气敏器件和催化材料.本文采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法研究单个有毒气体小分子(NO和CO)在M-gra表面的吸附特性.研究结果表明:单个NO分子吸附的稳定性高于CO分子,由于其能够从反应衬底获得更多的转移电荷,因此,M-gra衬底对NO分子表现出高的灵敏度.此外,不同小分子吸附能够改变M-gra体系的电荷密度和自旋电荷分布,进而使得气体分子吸附体系表现出不同大小的磁矩.通过对比气体分子吸附前后M-gra体系的磁矩变化,能够有效判断吸附分子和反应衬底的类型.     

双轴向应变对单层GeSe气体传感特性的影响

采用第一性原理计算方法,通过在吸附了H_2, H_2O, CO, NH_3, NO, NO_2等气体分子的单层GeSe上施加–8%—8%的双轴向应变,从微观角度阐明应变对吸附体系电子性质的影响及其内在机理.计算结果表明,对于CO, NH_3和NO气体分子在–8%—8%,以及NO_2分子在–8%—6%的双轴向应变范围内,单层GeSe具备成为气体传感器的应用潜力.较大的压缩应变(–6%—–8%)有助于提高单层GeSe对CO和NO气体的响应速度和敏感性.     

非金属与金属原子共掺杂石墨烯体系的气敏特性研究

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法研究了非金属N原子和金属原子(M=Mo,Al,Co,Fe,Au和Pt)共掺杂石墨烯体系(M-GN4)的电子结构和表面活性.研究发现:单个金属原子掺杂的GN4体系表现出不同的稳定性,相比掺杂的Au原子,其它的金属原子都具有很高的稳定性( 6. 0 e V).掺杂的金属原子失去电荷显正电性将有助于调控气体分子的吸附特性. Mo-GN4和Al-GN4衬底对吸附的O_2表现出较高的灵敏性,单个CO和O_2分子在Co-GN4和Fe-GN4衬底的吸附能差别较小.此外,吸附不同的气体分子能够有效地调控M-GN4体系的电子结构和磁性变化.     

金属原子修饰石墨烯体系催化性能的理论研究

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法研究了单个CO 和O2气体分子在金属原子修饰石墨烯表面的吸附和反应过程. 结果表明: 空位缺陷结构的石墨烯能够提高金属原子的稳定性, 金属原子掺杂的石墨烯体系能够调控气体分子的吸附特性. 通入混合的CO和O2作为反应气体, 石墨烯表面容易被吸附性更强的O2分子占据, 进而防止催化剂的CO 中毒. 此外, 对比分析两种催化机理(Langmuir-Hinshelwood和Eley-Rideal)对CO氧化反应的影响. 与其它金属原子相比, Al原子掺杂的石墨烯体系具有极低的反应势垒(< 0.4 eV), 更有助于CO氧化反应的迅速进行.     

金属原子修饰石墨烯体系催化性能的理论研究

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法研究了单个CO和O2气体分子在金属原子修饰石墨烯表面的吸附和反应过程.结果表明:空位缺陷结构的石墨烯能够提高金属原子的稳定性,金属原子掺杂的石墨烯体系能够调控气体分子的吸附特性.通入混合的CO和O2作为反应气体,石墨烯表面容易被吸附性更强的O2分子占据,进而防止催化剂的CO中毒.此外,对比分析两种催化机理(Langmuir-Hinshelwood和Eley-Rideal)对CO氧化反应的影响.与其它金属原子相比,Al原子掺杂的石墨烯体系具有极低的反应势垒(0.4 e V),更有助于CO氧化反应的迅速进行.     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.