不同土壤种植下四种柴胡种质药材中常量及微量元素含量的比较研究

采用ICP-AES/ICP-MS技术对7种土壤种植下的4种柴胡种质药材中21种常量及微量元素含量进行了分析测定。综合考虑种质和土壤对柴胡药材中常量和微量元素含量的影响,K,Ca,Mg,Na 4种常量元素含量受种质影响较大,Fe,Cu,Ni,Ti,Cr,V,Zr,Se,Sn,Cs,Cd,Hg,Pb等13种微量元素含量则受土壤影响较大;4种柴胡种质中,以甘肃种质的柴胡药材中常量和微量元素含量较高,中柴1号柴胡药材中常量和微量元素含量较低;在7种土壤种植下,以在北京市延庆县永宁镇盛世营村山地土壤上种植的柴胡药材中常量及微量元素含量较低,而在北京市怀柔区喇嘛沟门乡东岔村土壤上种植的柴胡药材中常量及微量元素含量较高。这些研究结果为了解各自药材中药效成分的含量及其疗效差异起着重要作用,也为选择种质和土壤及栽培出高产优质的柴胡提供重要依据。     

Laser absorption and fluorescence diagnostics of a plasma

Diagnostics of a near-surface laser plasma, the plasma of a strong-current pulse gaseous discharge in inert gases, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide under conditions of intense evaporation of the wall of the discharge chamber, the plasma of a discharge with a hollow cathode, and the active medium of an excimer laser was conducted by methods of intracavity laser spectroscopy and laser-induced fluorescence. The dynamic fields and absolute concentrations of atoms, ions, molecules and electrons, the plasma temperature, and the velocities of flows of particles were measured. The quantitative determination of the density of particles in the erosion laser flame prior to breakdown and the phenomena associated with the formation of molecules in the laser plasma received primary consideration. To whom correspondence should be addressd. Instite of Molecular and Atomic Physics of the Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 70, F. Skorina Ave., Minsk, 220072, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 281–290, May–June, 1997.     

空间调制微型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪研究

针对目前环境、医疗、空间、气象、军事及安全等领域对傅里叶变换红外光谱仪微小型化、轻量化及固态化的迫切需求,提出并研究了一种以MOEMS多级微反射镜为核心器件的空间调制微型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪。在理论研究方面,建立了空间调制微型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪的物理模型,探究了该系统的光场分割与空间采样的光学原理;分析了多级微反射镜的衍射效应,提出了一种通过补边抑制衍射噪声抑制方法;进行了多级微反射镜采样误差的分析,并提出了基于最小二乘拟合的修正算法;通过对光源空间相干性、准直系统像差以及入射光场均匀性的分析,确定了光学系统的总体设计指标;通过对多级微反射镜基片加工精度、分束器材料色散特性和膜层透射效率等的计算分析,确定了干涉系统的设计方法与技术参数。在核心技术方面,提出了两个多级微反射镜的3种制作方法,分析了制作误差的来源及对系统性能的影响。通过工艺设计及实验条件探索,分别采用电铸法、真空镀膜法以及斜面倾角叠片法制作了两个多级微反射镜。在系统设计方面,进行了红外准直与缩束系统的光学设计,对整体光机系统进行了建模仿真,分析了杂散光噪声的来源。在图谱处理方面,利用过零采样方式,通过图像分割算法,获取了干涉图采样序列;通过对干涉图序列的插值、补零、延拓与卷积方法,完成了光谱相位误差的校正;通过离散傅里叶变换解调,实现了由干涉图像到信号光谱的数据反演。最后研究了系统光机整体的集成组装技术,并对原理样机进行了实验测试。本文研制的空间调制微型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪的特点在于:取消了动镜驱动机构与采样控制机构,具有微小型与轻量化的特点;干涉图的采样由多级微反射镜完成,其空间采样的方式增加了系统的稳定性与可靠性,实时采样的特点增加了系统的快速性与有效性;多级微反射镜阵列采用MOEMS工艺技术制作,增加了系统的采样精度。该光谱仪系统的结构及制作方法具有自主知识产权,并具有广阔的应用前景。     

Electromagnetic volume scattering in the half-space: a moment-method analysis without Sommerfeld integrals or their approximations

Traditionally, in moment-method analyses of electromagnetic scattering, the elements of the impedance matrix are calculated as convolutions of the basis elements with the appropriate dyadic Green's function. However, for scattering in the half-space, the vertical and azimuthal copolar terms of the Green's function require evaluation of Sommerfeld integrals which are computationally burdensome. In this paper, it is shown that, in populating the impedance matrix for the half-space problem, evaluation of Sommerfeld integrals is, in fact, not necessary. For monochromatic excitation, the plane-wave expansion of the scattered field constitutes a Fourier transform, in the horizontal plane, of a vector spectral function. This vector function results from the convolution, in the vertical dimension, of the respective angular spectra of the Green's function and the equivalent current. On application of the moment method, through the Weyl identity, the impedance-matrix elements corresponding to the singular terms of the Green's function are convolutions in the horizontal plane of spherical potentials, and Fourier transforms of scalar spectral functions. These scalar functions are derived from the basis elements and, with a judicious choice of basis, they are well behaved and of compact support, and consequently their Fourier transforms can be computed as FFTs.     

Phenomenon of gravitational repulsion in the general theory of relativity

Einstein's generalization of Newton's theory of gravitation in the general theory of relativity led not only to small quantitative differences between gravitational effects in the relativistic theory and the Newtonian theory, but also to essentially new phenomena and effects peculiar to the relativistic theory and absent in the Newtonian theory. This difference is so large that the gravitational interaction in Einstein's theory even altered the attraction-only property, characteristic of Newton's theory, the law of universal gravitation, and became both attractive and repulsive. It is notable that the nature of the repulsion in gravitational interaction already appears in the simplest case of a spherically symmetric isolated body. Einstein's equations admit for a spherical body a solution whose physical interpretation uniquely indicates the repulsive nature of a gravitational field inside the body, if the number of particles that make up the body is sufficiently large. The structure of such a body, density distribution of the number of particles, mass, and pressure, is determined in the equilibrium state by the pressure of the substance, the gravitational attraction of peripheral layers toward the center, and the gravitational repulsion of inner layers of matter away from the center. As a result of the gravitational repulsion of matter away from the center inside the body there appears a cavity, free of the matter making up the body and its electromagnetic radiation. If the body is cold, then the volume of the world tube of the cavity can differ from zero. In the opposite case, the world tube of the cavity reduces to the world line of the center, which is inaccessible to particles of matter and to electromagnetic radiation. Gravitational repulsion, on the other hand, is a result of the existence of a field singularity at the center of the body, whose world line is time-like.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 4, pp. 61–67, April, 1981.     

Effect of spraying power on the microstructure and mechanical properties of supersonic plasma-sprayed Ni-based alloy coatings

The aim of this paper was to investigate the microstructure and mechanical properties of the supersonic plasma-sprayed Ni-Cr-B-Si-C coatings prepared at different spraying powers. The microstructure, phase composition, porosity, Young's modulus, micro-hardness, and residual stresses of the coatings were investigated and determined. The variations of the porosity, Young's modulus and micro-hardness of the coatings were evaluated by using statistical method. Results showed that the variations of porosity, Young's modulus and micro-hardness of the coatings followed the Weibull distributions. With increasing the porosity, the micro-hardness and Young's modulus of the coating decreased. The mean value of the Young's modulus of the coating calculated from Weibull plot was almost proportional to the square root of the micro-hardness of the coating. With increasing the power, Young's modulus of the coating increased, which, in turn, resulted in the increment of the residual stress at the coating surface.     

X-ray photoelectronic spectroscopy of the processes of interaction between elements in contact layers on InP

Using the method of x-ray photoelectronic spectroscopy, we investigated of the interaction of gold-containing contact layers and indium phosphide in the process of thermal burning-in. We determined the dependence of the depth of the InP layer that had entered into interaction with the metal of the contact on the type of alloying admixture and the gold layer thickness. Institute of Electronics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 22, Logoiskii Trakt, Minsk, 220090, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 144–147, January–February, 1999.     

基于计算机辅助的医学图像测量与控制方法研究

医学图像常规检查中,需要对目标图像进行测量以获取相关数据。测量主要集中在对距离,面积,角度以及周长等数据的获取。由于医学检测的严谨性,数据准确,方法简便是必不可少的要求。随着计算机技术的发展,其在医学中的应用也得到了广泛的推崇。计算机辅助的医学图像测量不但替代了传统的手工测量方式,也极大地提高了测量的精度与效率。分析医学图像测量算法,针对如何确定目标区域的问题设计了颜色填充的方法,可有效区分出目标区域图像。为了提高该算法的效率,进一步提出了其改进算法,降低了算法执行次数,提高了系统性能。     

Structure-preserving algorithms for the Duffing equation

In this paper, the dissipative and the forced terms of the Duffing equation are considered as the perturbations of nonlinear Hamiltonian equations and the perturbational effect is indicated by parameter ε. Firstly, based on the gradient- Hamiltonian decomposition theory of vector fields, by using splitting methods, this paper constructs structure-preserving algorithms （SPAs） for the Duffing equation. Then, according to the Liouville formula, it proves that the Jacobian matrix determinants of the SPAs are equal to that of the exact flow of the Duffing equation. However, considering the explicit Runge Kutta methods, this paper finds that there is an error term of order p＋l for the Jacobian matrix determinants. The volume evolution law of a given region in phase space is discussed for different algorithms, respectively. As a result, the sum of Lyapunov exponents is exactly invariable for the SPAs proposed in this paper. Finally, through numerical experiments, relative norm errors and absolute energy errors of phase trajectories of the SPAs and the Heun method （a second-order Runge-Kutta method） are compared. Computational results illustrate that the SPAs are evidently better than the Heun method when e is small or equal to zero.     

颗粒度对不同煤种可见光-近红外光谱的影响

煤炭是我国最主要的能源,在开采、运输、洗选加工、精煤储运等过程中都需要及时了解煤的成分、含量以及混矸程度,以便掌握和监控煤炭质量。目前,基于可见光-近红外反射光谱的煤炭原位测试技术已经成为一个研究热点。颗粒度是影响光谱特征的重要因素,开展颗粒度对不同煤种反射光谱特征的影响研究,对于深刻认识煤的光谱特征,进而提高煤光谱识别精度具有重要意义。为此,选取我国主要煤炭富集区（包括内蒙古乌海、新疆哈密、山西阳泉）的褐煤、烟煤、无烟煤为研究对象,利用SVC HR-1024光谱仪对不同颗粒度煤样的可见光-近红外光谱进行测试,分析了颗粒度对煤样光谱反射率的影响规律,以及颗粒度对于不同煤种光谱影响的差异。在此基础上,对实验现象背后的物理机理进行了分析讨论。研究表明,变质程度不同的煤反射光谱特征基本相似,即在可见光波段反射率较低且随波长增加出现缓慢下降趋势,在近红外波段快速上升。当煤样颗粒度>0.10 mm时,颗粒度大小对光谱特征的影响较小,煤样反射光谱特征随颗粒度变化规律不明显;当颗粒度<0.10 mm时,颗粒度对煤样的光谱影响增大,且影响主要体现在近红外波段的反射率光谱曲线的斜率大小,颗粒度越小,光谱反射率曲线斜率越大。0.10 mm颗粒度可作为颗粒度对煤的光谱特征影响的敏感界限。不同煤种可见光-近红外光谱曲线受颗粒度的影响程度不同,褐煤的影响最大,烟煤次之,无烟煤影响最小。实验表明,利用反射光谱进行煤质分析和煤种识别时需要考虑颗粒度的影响,同时,选择颗粒度小于0.10 mm的粉末状样品效果要好于大颗粒或块状样品。     

外部光反射参数对LED显示屏全视角对比度的影响

由于对比度计算方法的局限性使得计算得到的对比度值与LED显示屏在实际中的显示效果会出现不吻合的现象。针对此现象主要对两个方面的内容进行分析。首先,分析LED测量方法中对比度与视角之间的相互关系,在此基础上建立各视角对比度参数。并且利用实际测得的此参数结果与通过LED测量方法计算的数据作对比,表明利用计算方法计算得到的对比度值与实际上在复杂因素的影响下采集得到的对比度结果存在差异,证实各视角对比度参数的计算方法存在问题。其次,分析外部影响参数如测量角度、反射参数在简单光照明下的模型,利用此模型计算得到背景亮度函数曲线,并与实验测得的背景亮度结果作对比,证明了两者结果的一致性。在此基础上,就可以以此模型为背景亮度函数式建立新对比度函数表达式,通过此表达式模拟显示屏上各视角对比度,使得到的函数曲面与使用LED测量方法计算得到的函数曲线相比较,证实LED测量方法中对比度计算方法的理想化,并说明了产生上述不吻合现象的原因。     

Screened dielectric resonators with azimuthal oscillation

Conclusions The results presented above qualitatively and quantitatively characterize the basic properties of an SDR operating in an AO mode. From the physical point of view the most characteristic property of the functioning of such resonators is the unusually strong effect, hitherto uninvestigated, of blocking of the field within the dielectric, which is similar in nature to the phenomenon of high-Q-factor resonance in an ODR operating in an AO mode. This effect appears as a result of the fact that, first, even for small values of due to the specific field structure of the AO with sufficiently large n there is a weak leakage of energy through the cylindrical boundary of the dielectric and, second, as a result of the damping interference of the fields reflected back and forth in the open-air region between the dielectric and the screen, at a certain distance between them there is a strong weakening of the external field. Using the terminology of [1] we can say that the SDR oscillation is divided into high-Q-factor oscillation of the dielectric type and low-Q-factor oscillation of the open-air type. Precisely this circumstance, noted in [13] with regard to open resonators with a dielectric prism, is the basis of the thinning of the SDR spectrum. The degree of thinning depends on the material and design of the screen, and precisely this gives the possibility of further optimization of the SDR parameters.From the practical point of view it is necessary to note that screening of the DR and selection of design parameters taking into account the physics of the SDR's operation not only solve the problem of shielding the ODR, but also simultaneously improve a number of the resonator's qualitative indices, and in particular decrease the operating order of the oscillation, thin the spectrum, and decrease the size of the rod and screen. This is important for the solution of an entire series of applied problems in the uhf range, such as frequency stabilization, signal filtration, and a number of others.Moscow Energetic Institute. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 79–88, January, 1987.     

Optics in Belorussia

Conclusion At the approach of the 60th anniversary of the founding of the Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Communist Party of Belorussia, the scientists of the republic are experiencing a sense of well-deserved pride for all that has been achieved in the national economy, culture, and science. As a result of the unusually rapid development of the scientific investigations in the republic, the Academy of Sciences of the Belorussian SSR has become one of the leading scientific centers of the Soviet Union in a short time. In 1979 it will mark the 50th anniversary of its founding.The Belorussian scientists clearly understand that new, more complicated, and crucial problems now await them, and they are sure that they will handle them.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 965–986, December, 1978.     

Kinetic equation for electrons of a semiconductor in a strong electric field: Green's resolvent

Using the Laplace transform of Boltzmann's equation, a system of linking equations is obtained for the series expansion of the mapping of the distribution function in powers of the field. Since the form of the equations is identical, instead of direct integration it is possible to use the method of Green's functions for the solution of the system. Using the method of perturbances Green's resolvent is constructed in the form of an infinite series. Using the example of the evaluation of the distribution function in a high-frequency field, the convergence of the proposed method is demonstrated.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, Vol. 16, No. 7, pp. 22–25, July, 1973.     

Chaos and chaotic transients in an aeroelastic system

Chaotic motions of a two dimensional airfoil with coupled structural nonlinearities, both in pitch as well as plunge degrees of freedom, are investigated via a numerical integration method. The original system of coupled integro-differential equations governing the motion of the present aeroelastic model is transformed into a simple system of six ordinary differential equations (ODEs), rather than the previously frequently used eight ODEs. Complex dynamical behaviors are revealed and identified through the means of bifurcation diagrams, the phase portraits, the amplitude spectra and the Poincare maps. Besides, a more quantitative method, namely that of observing the evolution of the largest Lyapunov exponent (LLE) is also applied to diagnose the motions. Two peculiar phenomena, namely, long (perhaps super-persistent) chaotic transients, and fluctuating Lyapunov exponents, are observed; in the two such cases the LLE method fails to work. In addition, the effects of various system parameters, namely, the position of the elastic axis, the frequency ratio, the airfoil/air mass ratio, the viscous damping ratios, and the location of the center of mass, on the response of the aeroelastic system, are investigated.     

天然杂质对黄铁矿的电子结构及催化活性的影响

采用密度泛函理论和平面波赝势方法对含天然杂质黄铁矿的电子结构和光学性质进行了计算,并讨论了二十种天然杂质:钴、镍、砷、硒、碲、铜、金、银、钼、锌、铊、锡、钌、钯、铂、汞、镉、铋、铅和锑,对黄铁矿催化活性的影响.结果表明在过渡金属杂质中,杂质能级主要由它们的d轨道产生,而在主族金属及非金属杂质中,杂质能级主要由它们的s或p轨道产生.含铜、钼、砷、金、银或镍的黄铁矿对氧的还原的电催化能力增强.除锌、钼、钌、砷、锑、硒和碲外,其余杂质能增强黄铁矿表面俘获电子的能力,使光生电子和空穴复合的概率减小.光学性质计算表 关键词： 天然黄铁矿 杂质 电子结构 光学性质     

嵌入式Linux根文件系统的构建与分析

Linux系统移植主要包括bootloader的移植、内核移植、根文件系统的移植等三大部分。在基于Linux的嵌入式系统的构建过程中,根文件系统是不可缺少的重要组成部分。重点对利用busybox构建根文件系统的过程进行了详细的讲解,包括busybox的配置过程,根文件系统的构建过程,Web服务器BOA的构建过程,网络视频服务器MJPG-streamer的构建过程,NFS挂载根文件系统的测试过程,以及三种文件系统Cramfs、JFFS2及Ramdisk的制作过程,将几种不同的文件系统的性能进行了对比分析。实验表明制作完成的三种文件系统能够正常使用,并且运行稳定。     

A numerical algorithm for taking the logarithm of a complex function with a minimum width of the logarithm spectrum

Solution of acoustic problems often requires calculation of logarithms of complex functions. In the majority of cases, the width of the logarithm spectrum should remain minimum. In this paper, we present a numerical method for taking the logarithm of a complex function, which ensures a minimum width of the logarithm spectrum. The boundedness of the function spectrum is considered as a condition of the applicability of the method. We prove the sufficiency of this condition. Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 43, No. 7, pp. 652–656, July, 2000.     

光纤光栅称重传感器研究

提出一种基于光纤光栅传感技术的称重系统.用特种粘贴剂将布喇格光纤光栅(FBG)粘贴于悬臂梁的自由端,当悬臂梁自由端受力发生微挠度弯曲时,光纤光栅将沿轴向发生形变,通过监测布喇格光纤光栅传感器反射波长漂移测量悬臂梁的微挠度变化.通过分析悬臂梁结构,建立悬臂梁受力与挠度的数学关系,进而测量出加载在悬臂梁自由端应力的数值.通过对系统结构理论分析和实验验证,该装置称重测量范围达到50千克力,测量灵敏度达到0.05千克力,线性拟合度达到0.9997.     

Effect of the mode composition of laser radiation on the intracavity formation of periodic surface structures

We investigated the effect of the mode composition (longitudinal and transverse modes) of laser radiation on the basic parameters of the stroke pattern formed on a treated surface placed inside a laser cavity. We found that the contrast of the stroke pattern formed by a laser beam with a complex set of longitudinal modes depends, in the first place, on the width of the laser radiation spectrum and the laser cavity length and is virtually independent of the angle of rotation of the beam. In the region of small rotation angles the broadening of strokes caused by the effect of transverse modes becomes predominant. B. I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 70, F. Skorina Ave., Minsk, 220072, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikaladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 50–54, January–February, 1997.