面向中频段听阈突变听力损失的非均匀滤波器组设计*

滤波器组是气传导助听器进行听觉补偿的重要功能模块。针对现有固定滤波器组对中频段听阈突变听损听力图的匹配效果欠佳问题,本文提出一种13子带非均匀滤波器组设计方案。不同于现有固定滤波器组,本文首先将全频段进行等比例三段划分,便于滤波器组在相应频段内进行听损补偿;然后在低频和高频段子带具有较高分布密度的前提下,适当增加中频段子带的分布密度,以提升中频段听损补偿效果;最后根据听力图的倍频特征点确定子带的中心频率,从而得到适配听力图的子带排布方案。此外,将频率响应掩蔽技术和奈奎斯特滤波器用于各子带的产生,进一步降低了滤波器组群延时和硬件复杂度。仿真分析表明,相比于现有16子带非均匀滤波器组,本文滤波器组对各类型中频段听阈突变听损听力图的平均匹配性能提升了48.4%,群延时降低了11.7%。因此,所设计滤波器组在面向补偿中频段听阈突变听损的气传导助听器中具有一定应用价值。     

方形半环半槽双频带太赫兹滤波器的设计研究

基于频率选择表面中方形环与槽,设计了单面半环半槽的新型太赫兹滤波器.运用等效电路法对滤波器的频率响应特性进行了理论分析并进行数值仿真.结果表明:该单面互补结构具有双频带阻的滤波特性,中心频率分别为0.4406THz、0.7942THz,透过率分别为0.549%、0.909%,带内抑制佳,最大衰减分别达到38.74dB、38.59dB,在入射角为±30°范围内具有稳定的频率响应特性,通过改变结构参数可以使双阻带中心频率独立可控.与单环或单槽结构相比,该滤波器单面互补结构能够产生更多谐振频带的特点,为多频带传感器,太赫兹通信技术提供了理论基础.     

基于二阶锥规划的任意传感器阵列时域恒定束宽波束形成

提出了基于FIR滤波器的适用于任意几何形状和阵元方向性的传感器阵列的时域恒定束宽波束形成方法。首先将设计频带分成若干窄带,采用优化方法,通过对各窄带波束施加约束,设计出具有设定主瓣形状要求的各窄带波束。然后针对每个传感器,根据其各频率波束形成加权向量,采用约束优化方法,设计出具有要求幅度和相位响应的FIR滤波器。各滤波器输出相加即得到时域恒定束宽波束输出时间序列。波束图主瓣形状设计与期望频率响应FIR滤波器的设计问题都可以转化为二阶锥规划(Second-Order Cone programming)的形式,然后利用已有的内点方法(Interior-Point,Methods)求出其数值解。计算机仿真结果显示,设计出的各子带波束主瓣宽度比较接近,FIR滤波器设计精度高。湖上实验数据处理结果表明,该方法可以适用于实际水声系统,时域宽带波束能够满足恒定束宽要求。     

主动噪声控制声学通道的实验辨识

传统的自适应滤波器不能直接用于主动噪声控制，因为扬声器和误差传声器之间的声学通道可能使系统不稳定。本文根据声学通道的相应特性，建立补偿滤波器，提出了用实验方法辨识声学通道传输特性。在房间实验中研究了单通道相位因子的变化特性，并进一步用于飞机人多通道主动噪声控制，给出了相应的实验结果。     

基于期望响应内插技术的宽带波束优化设计

在以往窄带波束优化设计研究工作的基础上,提出了一种基于期望响应内插技术的宽带波束优化设计方法,目的在于避免宽带问题中由于频带划分过细带来的过重的设计负担,并使之可应用于稳健波束优化设计当中。该方法首先在设计频段内选取几个频率点,在每个频率点上设计得到相应的窄带波束优化权系数,并且根据每个阵元在不同频率点上的权系数构造一个宽带期望响应函数;然后用基于期望响应内插的FIR滤波器设计方法设计合适的FIR滤波器组,以使整个频段上的宽带波束优化得以实现。采用这种方法可以避免宽带波束优化设计中繁重的设计负担,并且在对实际声呐基阵进行宽带波束优化设计时只需少数几个频率点的测量值即可获得好的效果。仿真设计结果和实验研究表明了本文方法的有效性。     

级联积分梳状滤波器在超声检测系统中的应用*

在超声探伤系统中,通常要求回波幅度的垂直线性误差小于±5%,通常采样率需10倍于原始信号频率以上,对于高频探头来说对仪器的A/D性能要求较高。该文提出了一种基于现场可编程门阵列的对探伤信号恢复幅值方法,采用高效的级联积分梳状滤波器(CIC滤波器)及其FIR补偿滤波器进行滤波插值,在有限的采样频率下实现了高频信号的幅值恢复,并通过MATLAB和自研硬件平台进行了仿真、架构和实验,验证了CIC插值滤波器的滤波误差小于2.2%且效率高于具有同等插值效果的FIR插值滤波器,具备很好的工程应用价值。     

声表面波四相单向叉指换能器

四相单向换能器与三相单向换能器及群型单向换能器相比具有最佳的单向性,适宜用来制作宽带低插损声表面波滤波器。四相换能器的等效电路、声辐射导、静态电容以及频率响应等,还给出了简便的四相移相电路,计算了移相电路对频响的影响,从而得到了较完整的四相换能器的设计理论。 用等指长不加权的四相换能器得到了插入损耗小于0.72dB的滤波器,在仪器分度为0.1dB的仪器上观察不到带内波纹。实测频响与理论频响符合良好。     

太赫兹波导滤波器的分析与设计

分析了不同宽边情况下对滤波器加工精度的影响,分析结果表明对于不同频段的滤波器,需要选择合适的谐振腔的宽边才能达到较好的性能,同时分析了不同谐振模式的滤波器对加工精度的影响,分析表明,对于太赫兹频段滤波器,选用TE101谐振模式时存在腔体长度会比波导的宽边小很多的情况,而选用高阶谐振模式不但可以提高滤波器的品质因数Q值,减少损耗,同时也能在一定程度上降低滤波器对加工精度的要求。最后以0.34 THz 4阶带通滤波器为例验证此方法的正确性,测试表明该滤波器最低损耗为-0.73 dB,在0.335~0.349 THz范围内损耗在-2 dB以内。     

内部激励源二自由度结构扬声器振动特性分析

有别于多数基于简单振子结构的扬声器,针对一类内部激励源二自由度(IE2DOF)结构的扬声器,用类比线路图法建立集总参数模型,计算分析了这种结构的频率响应,同时计算了其固有共振频率和固有反共振频率。使用叠加法分析内部激励源对频响的影响。最后实际测量和理论计算吻合,进一步支持了理论模型,揭示了IE2DOF结构扬声器的振动特性。     

便携式轻小气流扬声器

本文分析了一些参量和因素对气流扬声器性能的影响,并进行了实验研究,研制出的小型气流扬声器具有好的频响,声压响应由400—2,000Hz,在离喇叭口2m远处的轴向声压级是120dB;磁间隙的磁通密度高达1.9Wb/m~2,体积小,重量轻。     

Measuring short impulse responses with inverse filtered maximum-length sequences

Most loudspeakers have a non-flat frequency response which produces a long oscillating impulse response. An inverse filtering approach may be used to calculate the driving waveform necessary to equalize the response of the loudspeaker in order to radiate shorter acoustic pulses. When combined with the MLS technique, inverse filtering may be used to pre-emphasize the driving signal so that a shorter impulse response, with a prescribed waveform, is measured. This technique is described and illustrated by applying it to a distributed mode loudspeaker. Originally, this loudspeaker has a rather irregular response in a wide band. When the MLS signal is pre-emphasized with the proper inverse filter, a shorter impulse response is measured with a zero-phase cosine-magnitude spectrum.     

Optimal design of FIR beamformer with frequency invariant patterns

Two approaches to the optimal design of FIR beamformers with frequency invariant patterns using second-order cone programming (SOCP) are proposed. The first approach is a two-step method, which is implemented via separately optimal array pattern synthesis and optimal FIR filters design. The array weights for each frequency bin within the working frequency band are designed to insure that the array patterns approximate the reference ones. And the FIR filter corresponding to each sensor is designed to insure that the frequency responses approximate the array weights. The second approach is a direct method, in which the beam response is expressed as a linear function of FIR filter tap weights and the filters are designed by jointly optimizing the spatial and frequency responses to achieve the desired array patterns. All the optimal design problems (array pattern synthesis, FIR filter design and joint optimization) are formulated as the SOCP, which can be solved efficiently using the well-developed interior-point methods. Results of computer simulations and lake experiment for a twelve-element semicircular array confirm satisfactory performance of the two approaches proposed in this paper.     

An alternative method to measure the on-axis difference-frequency sound in a parametric loudspeaker without using an acoustic filter

The self-demodulation characteristic of finite-amplitude ultrasonic sound waves can be applied with parametric loudspeaker to reproduce audible sound with highly directivity. But measuring the difference-frequency sound is still a problem due to the spurious sound generated as a result of nonlinearity caused by the product of the primary waves at the receiving system. In this paper, based on the phase-cancellation method and the Gaussian beam expansion technique, an alternative method is proposed to measure the on-axis difference-frequency sound accurately without using any traditional acoustic filter, where the spurious sound can be greatly reduced or even eliminated. The proposed method is more suitable for the case where the piston source in the parametric loudspeaker comprises multiple small piezoelectric transducers (PZTs) and each transducer element in the array may have different frequency response. The validity of the proposed method is confirmed both by simulations and experiments.     

直接辐射式扬声器系统的低频效率计算公式*

效率是扬声器系统的重要性能指标,然而常用的标称效率在低频范围并不适用。本文研究直接辐射式扬声器系统的低频效率,推导了基于TS参数的低频效率计算公式。针对封闭式扬声器系统和倒相式扬声器系统,开展实验验证,结果表明本文提出的计算公式得到的低频效率与实验测量得到的低频效率较为相符。进一步对比分析低频效率和标称效率,结果表明低频效率能够适用于低频,能准确地展示扬声器系统参数对效率的影响。利用本文提出的计算公式,有助于进一步优化提升扬声器系统的低频效率。     

Equalization filter design for downfiring flat television speakers

Many loudspeakers in newer flat television systems are mounted on the bottom of the television, with their diaphragms facing downward, so as to be hidden inside the TV frame. This kind of loudspeaker installation, called downfiring, induces relatively large reflections from the walls of a room. The increased reflections inevitably change the impulse response of the loudspeakers, which leads to a perceptible distortion in sound quality. In this study, an equalization procedure to resolve the distortion due to downfiring loudspeakers is presented. The change in the early-arriving sound from the room reflections was analyzed, and the specific experimental environment was set up to measure the early reflections for designing a single-channel equalization filter. The inverse technique for the single-input multiple-output (SIMO) system was applied such that both the magnitude and phase responses from downfiring loudspeakers can be equalized at multiple listener positions. We also investigated the possible equalization range in space and time, for which the single-channel filter can work effectively. The performance of the filter designed for the equalization range was then demonstrated by experiments. The experiments were performed using a flat television mock-up installed in a reflective environment. For the performance evaluation of the proposed method, we employed two different measures that can represent the magnitude and phase distortions: the mean squared error of the magnitude and an energy decay curve. The experimental results demonstrate that the single-channel filter can reduce the early reflections from a downfiring loudspeaker by a considerable amount.     

一种高选择性可调带通与带阻可切换滤波器

设计了一种高选择性可调带通与带阻可切换微带滤波器。在微带谐振器及枝节末端加载变容二极管实现中心频率的可调;在输入与输出端口馈线之间,利用PIN二极管实现滤波器阻带和通带特性的切换。采用奇偶模的方法对滤波器结构进行分析,通过对奇偶模频率的调节实现了频率调节过程中的恒定绝对带宽。同时,在输入与输出馈线间引入源与负载耦合,使得频带两侧各有一个传输零点,且传输零点在整个频率调谐范围内相对位置几乎不变。因此,在整个频率调节范围内,滤波器实现了高选择性及良好的带外抑制能力。最终设计出的可调带阻滤波器的频率调谐范围为5.58～5.89 GHz,绝对带宽80 MHz±5 MHz,阻带衰减优于14 dB;可调带通滤波器的频率调谐范围为5.42～5.79 GHz,绝对带宽120 MHz±5 MHz,插入损耗1.69～2.25 dB,回波损耗优于13 dB。同时,该滤波器具有0.28λ_g×0.62λ_g（λ_g是可调频率范围中心频率的波长）的紧凑结构尺寸。实验和仿真结果一致性较好。     

参量阵扬声器低复杂度单边带调制技术

调制技术决定了参量阵扬声器的性能。递归单边带调制由于失真小,所需带宽低等优点,被参量阵扬声器广泛采用。然而在递归单边带调制方法中,采样频率通常为超声载波的数倍,导致均衡滤波和希尔伯特滤波所需计算量较大。本文提出了一种新的参量阵扬声器调制技术。均衡滤波和希尔伯特滤波均在较低采样频率下进行;再通过升采样技术完成信号调制。实验表明,该方法可以在不降低系统性能情况下,减小实现所需计算量。      

具有坡度的同轴布喇格结构的频率响应特性

 在CST软件平台上,对具有坡度的同轴布喇格结构的频率响应特性进行了数值模拟。结果表明：具有正圆锥形坡度的同轴布喇格结构,其带宽随着所加坡度角的增大而变窄;而具有倒圆锥形坡度的同轴布喇格结构,其带宽随着所加坡度角的增大而变宽。采用窗函数技术可以有效地抑制具有坡度的同轴布喇格结构的频率响应曲线的残余旁瓣。汉明窗函数、汉宁窗函数及布拉克曼窗函数均有利于改善同轴布喇格结构作为反射器或者滤波器的性能。     

Acoustic characteristics of an electrodynamic planar digital loudspeaker

In this paper, an electrodynamic planar loudspeaker driven by a digital signal is experimentally discussed. The digital loudspeaker consists of 22 voice coils, 11 permanent magnets, a diaphragm with streamlined sections molded in plastic, and a suspension made of handmade Japanese paper between the diaphragm and the frame. First, the acoustic responses are affected by the arrangement of the voice coils, so an asymmetric arrangement is studied. This asymmetric arrangement is designed to obtain as flat a frequency response to an analog signal as possible. This arrangement is compared with a symmetric one and results show that the flatness of the frequency response around 1 kHz and 4 kHz is improved and that the sound reproduction band is from 40 Hz to 10 kHz. Second, to evaluate the acoustic responses to a digital signal, the digital loudspeaker is driven with a pulse code modulation signal. Results show that the digital loudspeaker can reproduce pure sound with a total harmonic distortion of less than 5% from 40 Hz to 10 kHz, exceeding this value only in a narrow frequency band near 4 kHz. This digital loudspeaker was demonstrated to have good linearity over its dynamic range of 84 dB.