Deterministic single-file dynamics in collisional representation

We re-examine numerically the diffusion of a deterministic, or ballistic single file with preassigned velocity distribution (Jepsen's gas) from a collisional viewpoint. For a two-modal velocity distribution, where half the particles have velocity +/-c, the collisional statistics is analytically proven to reproduce the continuous time representation. For a three-modal velocity distribution with equal fractions, where less than 12 of the particles have velocity +/-c, with the remaining particles at rest, the collisional process is shown to be inhomogeneous; its stationary properties are discussed here by combining exact and phenomenological arguments. Collisional memory effects are then related to the negative power-law tails in the velocity autocorrelation functions, predicted earlier in the continuous time formalism. Numerical and analytical results for Gaussian and four-modal Jepsen's gases are also reported for the sake of a comparison.     

On the reality of supraluminal group velocity and negative delay time for a wave packet in a dispersion medium

It is shown that, in the case of the supraluminal group velocity of a wave packet in a dispersion medium, a wave packet with a smooth (analytical) envelope does propagate with a supraluminal velocity. In the case of a negative group velocity, the signal maximum does arrive at the detector earlier than at the transmitter. These facts are consistent with both the finiteness of the velocity of light in free space for information transfer (in the case of supraluminal propagation velocity) and the principle of causality (in the case of negative delay time). Basically, the effect of negative delay time may be employed for predicting an observable effect.     

时分复用激光干涉测速技术研究

为了探索和发展瞬态激光干涉测量技术,本文从理论上对激光差频干涉测速度技术进行了分析,并对该技术的应用基础和发展前景进行了剖析.基于对该技术中关键技术的分析、讨论,提出了时分复用激光干涉测速技术的概念.充分利用了激光差频干涉测速技术中的延迟时间τ,在时间段0~τ和τ之后,激光干涉分别体现的是测位移技术和测速度技术,从而可较好地确定冲击与爆轰等物理过程中的第一冲击前沿的速度值(解决条纹丢失的不确定性);同时在硬件要求不太高(降低对记录用示波器等的带宽和采样率的要求)的情况下,保证有较高的速度测量上限.结合爆轰与冲击物理过程特性的考虑,通过选择合适的干涉测试技术参量,设计并建立了光纤时分复用激光干涉测速系统,进行了时分复用激光干涉测速技术的初步应用研究,获得了较好的应用结果,从而验证了该技术的有效性.     

环境气体种类对激光烧蚀粒子速度劈裂的影响

采用蒙特-卡罗(Monte Carlo)方法, 模拟了激光烧蚀粒子输运动力学过程, 在环境气体压强为100 Pa的情况下, 研究了环境气体种类(He, Ne, Ar和假想气体等)对烧蚀粒子速度劈裂的影响. 研究结果表明, 在四种环境气体中传输的烧蚀粒子均出现了速度劈裂现象, 形成速度劈裂所需时间按He, Ne, 假想气体和Ar的次序减小. 还研究了环境气体分子的质量和半径对烧蚀粒子速度劈裂的影响, 形成速度劈裂所需时间随环境气体分子半径(或质量)增大而减小. 在假想气体中, 两速度峰强度相等时的强度最小. 结合欠阻尼振荡模型和惯性流体模型, 对劈裂的形成时间进行了解释. 所得结论可为进一步定量研究纳米晶粒生长机理提供基础.     

Intermittency of velocity time increments in turbulence

We analyze the statistics of turbulent velocity fluctuations in the time domain. Three cases are computed numerically and compared: (i) the time traces of Lagrangian fluid particles in a (3D) turbulent flow (referred to as the dynamic case); (ii) the time evolution of tracers advected by a frozen turbulent field (the static case); (iii) the evolution in time of the velocity recorded at a fixed location in an evolving Eulerian velocity field, as it would be measured by a local probe (referred to as the virtual probe case). We observe that the static case and the virtual probe cases share many properties with Eulerian velocity statistics. The dynamic (Lagrangian) case is clearly different; it bears the signature of the global dynamics of the flow.     

温度梯度区域熔化作用下熔池迁移的元胞自动机模拟

本文采用耦合凝固和熔化效应的二维元胞自动机(cellular automaton, CA)模型,对温度梯度区域熔化(temperature gradient zone melting, TGZM)效应引起的熔池在固液两相区中的迁移现象进行模拟研究.模拟分析了抽拉速度、熔池初始位置、温度梯度和合金成分等因素对TGZM动力学的影响,并将模拟结果与解析模型的预测结果进行比较验证.通过模拟发现,在温度梯度作用下,熔池总是向着高温方向迁移;当抽拉速度低于或高于临界抽拉速度时,熔池朝向移动的液相线或固相线迁移;对于给定的抽拉速度,位于糊状区内临界位置以上的熔池会迁移进入液相,而位于临界位置以下的熔池会逐步靠近固相线.此外,温度梯度越高,合金成分越低,熔池的迁移速度越快.     

Continuous scanning, laser imaging velocimetry

Careful exploitation of the anisotropy native to late time stratified and rotating flows permits the use of a laser scanning measurement technique to simultaneously resolve the 2D velocity field in O(100) slices. The technique relies on getting the Reynolds number from the length scale while keeping the velocity small, this provides a characteristic time scale that is sufficiently large to permit full 3D scanning through the measurement volume in a relatively short time. As the vertical velocity component of these late time stratified flows is effectively zero, all components of the deformation tensor are resolved. 3D, time resolved measurements of the vorticity and enstrophy fields associated with stratified rotating flows such as vortex dipoles, monopoles and wakes are presented.     

组合时延估计及人工时延方法用于脉冲相干多普勒测速去模糊

提出了一种改进的脉冲相干多普勒测速的速度模糊消除方法,将待测速度空间以两倍最大可测速度的间隔划分为一系列速度区间,使得对任意速度的测量转化为对速度区间的确定和区间内速度偏移量的测量,通过"相关-相位"组合法进行精确时延估计,实现无模糊速度测量;提出"人工时延"的方法,消除在速度区间边界值附近可能存在的速度跳变;与传统的速度解模糊方法相比,该方法仅需要对多次人工时延的方案进行计算,无需多次测量,且理论上不受流速范围的限制;通过仿真和实验对该方法的有效性进行了验证。      

Autocorrelation of self-mixing speckle in an EDFR laser and velocity measurement

Autocorrelation analysis for a velocity measurement based self-mixing speckle in an erbium-doped fiber ring (EDFR) laser is presented. The expression for the velocity measurement is deduced. Theoretical analysis reveals that the velocity of a random surface is inversely proportional to the autocorrelation time of the self-mixing signal produced in the EDFR laser. In experiments, a linear fit between the velocity and the reciprocal of autocorrelation time (autocorrelation frequency) is obtained for velocity measurement. In a range of velocities from 100 mm/s to 350 mm/s, the measurement errors are evaluated to be less than 5%. The signal length, the measurement distance, and the pump power are experimentally studied for gaining knowledge of the influence on the velocity measurement.     

Rapid imaging of fluid flow patterns in a narrow packed bed using MRI

A gradient echo rapid velocity and acceleration imaging sequence (GERVAIS) has been developed and implemented to image liquid flow within a narrow packed bed. Two-dimensional velocity images have been acquired with an in-plane pixel size of 781 microm x 781 microm, with a data acquisition time of 20 ms for a single velocity component. Images of the x, y and z velocity vectors are reported. Data are reported for Reynolds numbers (based on particle diameter) of 200 and 300. In each case, GERVAIS images are compared with the results of a standard spin-echo phase-encoding velocity measurement. At Re = 200, steady-state flow is expected and the velocity images acquired using both techniques are consistent. At Re = 300, the GERVAIS sequence is able to image the unsteady-state flow field within this system. In contrast, the standard phase-encoding velocity measurement contains significant artefacts.     

A space-time approach in digital image correlation: Movie-DIC

A new method is proposed to estimate arbitrary velocity fields from a time series of images acquired by a single camera. This approach, here focused on a single spatial plus a time dimension, is specialized to the decomposition of the velocity field over rectangular shaped (finite-element) bilinear shape functions. It is therefore assumed that the velocity field is essentially aligned along one direction. The use of a time sequence over which the velocity is assumed to have a smooth temporal change allows one to use elements whose spatial extension is much smaller than in traditional digital image correlation based on successive image pairs. This method is first qualified by using synthetic numerical test cases, and then applied to a dynamic tensile test performed on a tantalum specimen. Improvements with respect to classical digital image correlation techniques are observed in terms of spatial resolution.     

Analysis of high gradient magnetic field effects on distribution of nanoparticles injected into pulsatile blood stream

Magnetic nanoparticles are widely used in a wide range of applications including data storage materials, pharmaceutical industries as magnetic separation tools, anti-cancer drug carriers and micro valve applications. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the effect of a non-uniform magnetic field on bio-fluid (blood) with magnetic nanoparticles. The effect of particles as well as mass fraction on flow field and volume concentration is investigated. The governing non-linear differential equations, concentration and Navier-stokes are coupled with the magnetic field. To solve these equations, a finite volume based code is developed and utilized. A real pulsatile velocity is utilized as inlet boundary condition. This velocity is extracted from an actual experimental data. Three percent nanoparticles volume concentration, as drug carrier, is steadily injected in an unsteady, pulsatile and non-Newtonian flow. A power law model is considered for the blood viscosity. The results show that during the systole section of the heartbeat when the blood velocity increases, the magnetic nanoparticles near the magnetic source are washed away. This is due to the sudden increase of the hydrodynamic force, which overcomes the magnetic force. The probability of vein blockage increases when the blood velocity reduces during the diastole time. As nanoparticles velocity injection decreases (longer injection time) the wall shear stress (especially near the injection area) decreases and the retention time of the magnetic nanoparticles in the blood flow increases.     

The fluctuation property of blown sand particles and the wind-sand flow evolution studied by numerical method

Sand particles blown by wind cause serious environmental problems and many researchers are trying to understand the dynamic properties of blown sand better. But the existing numerical approaches have not been able to simulate many important characteristics of wind-sand flow. In this paper, the evolution and fluctuation properties of blown sand at a dynamic steady state are investigated by using a more effective method. Using the LES (large eddy simulation) method for air phase movement and the DEM (discrete element method) for solid phase movement along with the existing particle-bed splashing function, we have characterized the whole movement property of the wind-sand system. The results indicate that the saturation time decreases with the inlet friction velocity, and it gradually reaches the shortest saturation time of about 1s; the saturation length, which is about 14 m at the usual wind velocity, first increases with wind velocity and then reaches a plateau; within the saturation length, the sand transport rate at different positions varies with time; the sand transport rate of the stable wind-sand flow is non-uniform with distance downwind and time, and has a notable correlation with the inflow friction velocity.     

Bi在固液混合相区的冲击参数测量及声速软化特性

冲击相变与熔化作为材料特性的一项重要研究内容,对于多相物态方程构建具有重要意义.本文利用追赶稀疏原理和阻滞法,基于火炮加载技术获得了17.3—28.3 GPa范围内纯铋(Bi)的高精度声速数据和Hugoniot参数,分析了声速软化规律,得到固-液混合相区Bi材料声速随压力的近似线性递减关系C=3.682-0.015p,并进一步确定Bi的冲击熔化压力区间为18—27.4 GPa.同时,Bi/Li F界面速度剖面的预期平台段在固液混合相区表现出渐进爬升的异常特征,分析认为,该现象与Bi材料的非均匀熔化动力学行为及冲击熔化完成时间尺度较长有关.     

Dynamics of freely cooling granular gases

We study dynamics of freely cooling granular gases in two dimensions using large-scale molecular dynamics simulations. We find that for dilute systems the typical kinetic energy decays algebraically with time, E(t) approximately t(-1), and velocity statistics are characterized by a universal Gaussian distribution in the long time limit. We show that in the late clustering regime particles move coherently as typical local velocity fluctuations, Deltav, are small compared with the typical velocity, Deltav/v approximately t(-1/4). Furthermore, locally averaged shear modes dominate over acoustic modes. The small thermal velocity fluctuations suggest that the system can be heuristically described by Burgers-like equations.     

The coordinate transformations of the absolute space-time theory

In the light of our recently performed experiments, revealing the anisotropy of light velocity in any frame moving with respect to absolute space, we show that the Lorentz transformation, where the relativity of light velocity is given implicitly through the relativity of the time coordinates, must be treated from an absolute point of view if one seeks to preserve its adequacy to physical reality. Then we propose a new transformation (which is to be considered as a legitimate companion of the Lorentz transformation) wherein the relativity of light velocity is given explicitly and the time coordinates are absolute.     

Cooling kinetics of a granular gas of viscoelastic particles

The evolution of a granular gas of viscoelastic particles in the homogeneous cooling state is studied. The velocity distribution function of granular particles and the time dependence of the mean kinetic energy of particles (granular temperature) are found. The noticeable deviation of the distribution function from the Maxwell distribution and its non-monotonous evolution are established. The perturbation theory with respect to the small dispersion parameter is elaborated and the analytical expressions for the asymptotic time dependence of the velocity distribution function and the granular gas temperature are derived.     

脉冲激光频域干涉技术在超快动力学物理中的应用

介绍了一种具有fs时间分辨力的超短脉冲激光频域干涉测试技术,详细论述了该技术的工作原理和系统构成,指出传输时间差和相位差是影响频域干涉条纹周期的主要因素。采用脉冲激光频域干涉仪测量了200 nm厚度铝膜在波长800 nm、单脉冲能量0.7 mJ、脉宽35 fs脉冲激光作用下的运动速度剖面。在单次飞秒脉冲激光作用下,铝膜自由面的运动速度峰值可达960 m/s,速度剖面的上升前沿小于5.77 ps,表明脉冲激光频域干涉技术可用于测量材料在超快脉冲激光作用下的冲击动力学参数。     

On the Traversal Time of Barriers

Fifty years ago Hartman studied the barrier transmission time of wave packets (J Appl Phys 33:3427–3433, 1962). He was inspired by the tunneling experiments across thin insulating layers at that time. For opaque barriers he calculated faster than light propagation and a transmission time independent of barrier length, which is called the Hartman effect. A faster than light (FTL or superluminal) wave packet velocity was deduced in analog tunneling experiments with microwaves and with infrared light thirty years later. Recently, the conjectured zero time of electron tunneling was claimed to have been observed in ionizing helium inside the barrier. The calculated and measured short tunneling time arises at the barrier front. This tunneling time was found to be universal for elastic fields as well as for electromagnetic fields. Remarkable is that the delay time is the same for the reflected and the transmitted waves in the case of symmetric barriers. Several theoretical physicists predicted this strange nature of the tunneling process. However, even with this background many members of the physics community do not accept a FTL signal velocity interpretation of the experimental tunneling results. Instead a luminal front velocity was calculated to explain the FTL experimental results frequently. However, Brillouin stated in his book on wave propagation and group velocity that the front velocity is given by the group velocity of wave packets in the case of physical signals, which have only finite frequency bandwidths. Some studies assumed barriers to be cavities and the observed tunneling time does represent the cavity lifetime. We are going to discus these continuing misleading interpretations, which are found in journals and in textbooks till today.