湿颗粒堆力学特性的离散元法模拟研究

利用基于线性黏聚接触模型的离散元法对不同颗粒系统的堆积过程进行了数值模拟研究,分析了颗粒形状和湿颗粒间液桥力对颗粒堆积形态的影响机理,获得了球形和块状湿颗粒堆基底表面所受的法向力以及堆中颗粒间的法向力和切向力"中心凹陷"式的分布规律,讨论了颗粒形状和黏聚能量密度对基底表面作用力和颗粒间作用力的影响.研究结果表明,颗粒形状和液桥力对颗粒堆的堆积形态具有显著的影响.堆积角随着黏聚能量密度的增加而增大,并且相同条件下的块状颗粒堆积角大于球形颗粒.颗粒形状和黏聚能量密度对基底表面所受作用力和堆中颗粒间的作用力变化及最大幅值均有影响作用.当黏聚能量密度值逐渐增大时,颗粒堆的作用力最大幅值均逐渐增大,并且块状颗粒堆的作用力最大幅值大于球形颗粒堆.当黏聚能量密度值过大时,颗粒堆力学特性更加复杂,液桥力对颗粒堆积特性的影响作用大于颗粒形状的影响.     

用探测棒研究颗粒堆中的最大静摩擦力

实验研究了筒仓内颗粒堆中部的竖直探测棒被提拉时受到的最大静摩擦力F.研究发现：当筒仓半径R小于0.040　m时， F随R的增加而减少，当R大于0.045　m时，F几乎不受R的影响. F随颗粒堆高度h变化的实验数据可以用公式F=A［h+B(e^-h/B-1)］拟合，拟合参数A与探测棒横截面形状及备制颗粒堆的流量有关，拟合参数B与备制颗粒堆的流量有关. 关键词： 颗粒物质 静摩擦力 数据拟合     

临界堆中子增殖系数测量统计涨落数值模拟

建立了临界堆中子增殖系数(参数)计算模型,采用闪烁体加光电倍增管组成的电流型探测器对参数进行测量。采用构造理想函数加统计涨落偏差的方式,利用数值模拟方法,研究了统计涨落对参数测量结果的影响。结果表明:测量信号统计涨落会影响参数测量精度;考虑统计涨落影响,为使参数满足要求,需要使探测器入射粒子数达到一定数量;针对不同测量时间,入射粒子起始强度需要满足不同要求;当起始强度不能满足要求时,可以采用增加测量时间;指数信号带随机涨落时,较大的求值区间能有效减弱统计涨落的影响。     

颗粒堆密度变化对堆底压力分布的影响

报道当一无黏性颗粒堆的中间部分密度略小于两边，从而使中部的弹性强度明显低于两边时，堆底的压力分布将在中间出现低陷.对从一固定点（或线）缓慢散落颗粒而形成的圆锥形（或楔形）堆，这一微小的密度变化可能来自颗粒沿堆边滚落时对堆产生了一定的扰动拍紧效应.计算表明用考虑了体弹模量随空间变化的弹性理论能很好地再现出观测到的压力分布. 关键词： 颗粒堆 应力分布 弹性理论     

颗粒堆准静态崩塌及慢速流动过程中的堆结构研究

运用自行设计的实验装置并结合颗粒跟踪与成像技术,系统地研究了不同堆积程度的颗粒堆在准静态崩塌过程中的滑移行为.实验发现在颗粒堆中一部分颗粒沿着斜下方向滑动,而另一部分颗粒则几乎没有滑动.精确的数据分析还表明颗粒堆的滑动部分具有明显的层状结构特征,在每一滑动层中颗粒的滑移量基本相同,且各滑动层之间近似相互平行.这些滑动层与水平面的夹角约在40—50之间,与静态层表面与水平面的夹角一致.各滑动层中颗粒的滑移量随其距静态层表面的距离而线性的增加.不同堆积程度的颗粒堆的静态部分基本上不随堆积体积而改变.     

颗粒堆的体积分数与制备流量关系的实验研究

通过实验研究发现,颗粒堆的体积分数随制备颗粒堆的颗粒流流量指数衰减,减小或增加流量到一定程度时,体积分数都达到饱和;出料口直径与颗粒粒径的比值小到一临界值时,随着流量的减小体积分数增加急剧变缓;颗粒粒径小到一临界值时,随着流量的增加,体积分数的减小急剧变缓.结合颗粒物质的强耗散性、空气作用、瓶颈效应和碰撞理论解释了实验现象,从连续性原理出发推出的颗粒堆体积分数随制备流量变化的函数与实验数据的拟合公式相同.     

双分散颗粒体系在临界堵塞态的结构特征

堵塞行为是颗粒体系中一种常见的现象,其力学性质与堆积结构的关联非常复杂.本文采用离散元法研究了由两种不同半径颗粒组成的二维双分散无摩擦球形颗粒体系在临界堵塞态所呈现的结构特征,讨论了大小颗粒粒径比与大颗粒百分比对临界堵塞态的影响.数值模拟结果表明,当粒径比小于1.4时,临界平均接触数与大颗粒百分比关系不大,当粒径比大于1.4时随着大颗粒百分比的增大临界平均接触数先减小再增大.而临界体积分数在粒径比小于1.8时随着大颗粒百分比的增加先减小后增大,大于1.8时又基本不随大颗粒百分比而变化.大颗粒百分比在接近0或1时,系统近似为单分散体系,临界平均接触数与体积分数基本不随半径比的增大而变化;在接近0.5时,临界平均接触数随着半径比的增大逐渐减小,而临界体积分数则是先减小后增大.文中对大-小颗粒这一接触类型的百分比也进行了探讨,其值随着大颗粒百分比的增大呈二次函数的变化趋势,粒径比对这一变化趋势只有较小的影响.     

激光在不均匀随机媒质中的传播——多重散射的m-n阶矩方程的解

本文给出了受到多重散射的激光,在波传播方向上的物理参数的涨落是不均匀的、而垂直于传播方向上的物理参数的涨落又是均匀的随机媒质中传播时,当波受到前向小角度散射时,具有不同波数不同位置的场的矩方程的解析解.同时讨论了方程的解在激光传播研究中的一些应用.     

颗粒堆内微观力学结构的离散元模拟研究

将离散单元法应用到三维堆积过程的模拟计算,探讨了滑动摩擦及滚动摩擦对堆积形成的影响,得到了颗粒堆内部的应力分布规律,发现颗粒堆的形态是由滑动摩擦和滚动摩擦共同决定的,在堆内颗粒间的作用力基本呈树状结构.在模拟得到的颗粒堆中出现了应力分布奇异现象,在堆积角较大的情况下,颗粒堆与地面间作用力的最大值常发生在距堆底中心不远的环状区域,而并非发生在堆底的中心;在堆积角相对较小时颗粒堆与地面间作用力的最大值较容易发生在堆底的中心.对于一个颗粒堆,具体会发生哪种受力情况具有一定的偶然性. 关键词： 堆积 离散单元法 计算颗粒力学     

基于有限元分析的高温气冷堆石墨颗粒碰壁过程研究

石墨颗粒碰壁过程的研究对定量计算高温气冷堆颗粒沉积率十分重要。本文基于有限元方法,利用ABAQUS软件对球形颗粒碰壁进行数值计算。仅考虑弹性变形时,计算结果与Hertz模型高度吻合.当考虑塑性变形导致的能量耗散时,计算得到的速度恢复系数变化趋势与实验数据吻合一致,但整体数值偏低,引入等效屈服强度概念后吻合较好.结果表明有限元方法数值计算颗粒碰壁准确可行,可为研究高温气冷堆石墨颗粒碰壁数值计算提供新的思路和方法。     

循环流化床颗粒相湍流结构研究

从不同层次上研究了循环流化床颗粒相的湍流结构。ＰＤＡ测量发现颗粒在壁面附近的运动表现出显著的成团特征和湍流度显著降低,小波分析法得到的直观图形象地揭示了颗粒速度脉动的自相似、分叉等具有混沌特征的微观结构,且在不同的尺度上颗粒速度脉动表现出各向异性的特征。     

Precise fabrication of nanomaterials: a nonlinear dynamics approach

Modeling of the precise fabrication in the self-assembling of particles is studied using the nonlinear Langevin equation system. The numerical simulation showed a marked ordering of the particles as a function of time after some induction period. The abnormally enlarged fluctuation was found around the start of the evident ordering. After the fluctuation, a sudden increase of the cluster size was observed. The results corresponded well to the dynamics due to the formation of the critical cluster. The shape of the critical cluster around the enlarged fluctuation was not compact and showed fractal-like structures. The fluctuation of the cluster size around the formation of the critical cluster was explained by the anomalous fluctuation theorem for the generalized Langevin equation. The characterization of the stochastic dynamics of the critical clusters rationalized the concept of dynamic templating for the fabrication technique of the self-assembling of nanoparticles, that is, the structural constraint on the particle assembly by externally adding the resonance frequencies that match with the localized nonlinear vibrational modes of the target structures originating from thermal (Brownian) activation.     

A Gaussian distribution model of anisotropic magnetorheological elastomers

A Gaussian distribution model was developed to examine the field-induced performance of anisotropic magnetorheological elastomers. The developed model was based on the assumption that the iron particles in magnetorheological elastomers aggregate into a large number of parallel body-centered tetragonal structure columns whose length obeys the Gaussian distribution. By using multi-pole approximation with local field effect and taking into account the nonlinearity and saturation of particle magnetization, the field-induced shear modulus was calculated as a function of distribution and dimension of the particle structures, the external magnetic field and the dynamic shear strain. Compared with other modes as well as the published experimental results, this model shows a remarkable improvement in accurately predicting the behavior of the magnetorheological elastomers.     

气相温度脉动对煤粉颗粒挥发分释放的影响

本文在不同的气相平均温度条件下,研究了气相温度脉动对不同粒径煤粉颗粒挥发分释放的影响。计算结果表明,与不考虑气相温度脉动相比,气相温度脉动加快了煤粉颗粒瞬时质量的下降即挥发分的释放。随着气相温度脉动强度的增加,这种加快颗粒瞬时质量下降即挥发分释放的趋势更为明显。     

流化床中瞬态颗粒浓度信号的小波分析

气固流化床内一般处于非均匀的聚式流化状态,系统中颗粒和流体分离严重,呈现流体密集的稀相和颗粒聚集的密相共存的两相结构。床内的颗粒流体两相流的主要特征在于其非均匀的两相时空动态结构,该系统在大多数的情况下处于非线性、非平衡的状态,是一种典型的耗散结构［１］。本文介绍应用小波分析技术对流化床中瞬态颗粒浓度信号进行分析,以揭示这种结构的本质特性。     

抛光颗粒尺度均匀性对射流去除特性的影响

基于单喷嘴射流抛光去除机理,研究了抛光颗粒尺度分布理想均匀时,颗粒直径和抛光液质量分数变化对冲击去除分布的影响。在此基础上,考虑到实际加工过程中,抛光粉颗粒不可避免地存在分布不均匀的情况,在非理想不均匀条件下,提出了一种分析颗粒尺度的材料去除特性模型,重点研究了不同颗粒尺度分布范围对材料去除特性的影响。结果表明:在理想状态下,冲击去除随着抛光颗粒直径的增大而减小,随着抛光液质量分数的增大而增大。当颗粒直径随机分布时,材料去除量将出现明显的波动,抛光液质量分数的增大使去除量波动也增加,去除量波动的大小与抛光粉颗粒的平均直径直接相关,且与理想均匀状态下的去除特性相比,颗粒分布不均匀性使得材料的去除量有所增大。     

Dynamic behaviour of alternating current arc discharge in a multi‐arc generator at atmospheric pressure

In this letter, a multi‐arc generator with three high‐voltage electrodes and a common grounded one was developed for the purpose of obtaining large area and steady arc plasma at atmospheric pressure. Three typical discharge states were found in the multi‐arc generator: independent movement of three arc columns, confluence of two arc columns, and confluence of three arc columns. The three discharge states cyclically occur on the evolution of the arc discharge and their duration is influenced by the power dissipation and plasma working gas flow rate. With an increase of discharge power and a decrease of the gas flow rate, the duration of multiple arc confluence increases, which contributes to the suppression of the fluctuation amplitude of each arc. Frequency domain analysis of the arc voltage envelope shows that the frequency of arc fluctuation increases in the multi‐arc mode in the multi‐arc generator compared to that in the single arc mode.     

Scattering phase functions of horizontally oriented hexagonal ice crystals

Finite-difference time domain (FDTD) solutions are first compared with the corresponding T-matrix results for light scattering by circular cylinders with specific orientations. The FDTD method is then utilized to study the scattering properties of horizontally oriented hexagonal ice plates at two wavelengths, 0.55 and 12 μm. The phase functions of horizontally oriented ice plates deviate substantially from their counterparts obtained for randomly oriented particles. Furthermore, we compute the phase functions of horizontally oriented ice crystal columns by using the FDTD method along with two schemes for averaging over the particle orientations. It is shown that the phase functions of hexagonal ice columns with horizontal orientations are not sensitive to the rotation about the principal axes of the particles. Moreover, hexagonal ice crystals and circular cylindrical ice particles have similar optical properties, particularly, at a strongly absorbing wavelength, if the two particle geometries have the same length and aspect ratio defined as the ratio of the radius or semi-width of the cross section of a particle to its length. The phase functions for the two particle geometries are slightly different in the case of weakly absorbing plates with large aspect ratios. However, the solutions for circular cylinders agree well with their counterparts for hexagonal columns.     

Current transport and mass separation for an asymmetric fluctuation system with correlated noises

We discuss the transport of an underdamped particle driven by an external fluctuation force in a spatially periodic asymmetric potential with correlated noises. The corresponding mathematical model is established. The movement of the steady current of an underdamped particle is presented by the method of the numerical simulation. It is indicated that the value of the current may be negative, zero, or positive. The external fluctuation force and correlated noises can effect the current direction. Under the appropriate parameters, the correlated noises intensity may even raise a reversal of the current.Besides, we have noticed a phenomenon that particles with different weight have different directions during movement by the impact of the correlated noises and external fluctuation force. Therefore, the Brownian particles can be effectively separated according to their masses.     

Observation of intermittency in edge plasma of SUNIST tokamak

The temporal intermittency of the fluctuation-driven particle transport fluxes is analysed by using data obtained from Langmuir probe array in the edge of the Sino-United Spherical Tokamak (SUNIST). The conditional statistics analysis indicates that the intermittent structures have a characteristic time width of about 30μs, which is the typical fluctuation time scaling. It is also found that the transport fluxes have a multifractal character over the fluctuation time scales, and exhibit a long-time-range correlation character with self-similar parameter H>0.5 in the plasma confinement time scales. Furthermore, the analyses show that the level of the intermittency and the long-range correlation of the fluxes vary with increasing plasma density. These observations are consistent with the prediction of the avalanche-like model.