轻气炮低温靶的结构及液态CO2冲击压缩特性的研究

 介绍了一种二级轻气炮的低温靶（温度可调范围为180～290 K）系统以及高纯度低温分子液体样品的制备技术。利用该项技术，我们在低温靶中成功地制备出了符合冲击实验要求的液态CO₂样品，并在20~60 GPa区域获得7个冲击压缩数据点。经分析发现，液态CO₂在30 GPa附近发生了冲击相变。     

液态N2、CO冲击压缩特性研究

 介绍利用液氮致冷技术实现低温靶的冷却及样品气体的液化,并通过二级轻气炮对液态气体加载进行平面冲击压缩,实验分别测得10～57 GPa一次冲击压缩下液氮和液态CO的Hugoniot关系数据。这些实验数据结果显示,33 GPa以上比其以下更容易压缩,这种现象本质是氮发生离解相变消耗内能的一种表现形势。液态在20 GPa以下表现为一种稳定的压缩过程,而在其以上则伴随有较为复杂的化学反应现象产生。此外,实验研究还发现,20 GPa以下N₂和CO两种分子液体的冲击压缩特性非常相似。     

液态气体冲击压缩实验技术

 利用液氮制冷技术实现低温靶及气体样品液化,并通过二级轻气炮加载进行液态气体0～60 GPa的冲击压缩实验。较详细地讨论了制冷系统与样品靶、靶室内外各环节之间可靠的低温真空连接等工程问题,样品靶的温度调节与控制,液态气体样品的灌注及液体量（或液面） 的判断依据,样品压缩后的冲击波速度测量和电导率测量等技术问题。     

轻气炮低温靶的结构及液态CO2样品的制备技术

本文介绍了一种二级轻气炮的低温靶系统以及高纯度低温分子液体样品的制备技术。利用该项技术，我们在低温靶中成功地制备出了液态ＣＯ２样品。冲击实验的结果表明，该样品完全符合冲击波实验地要求。     

利用光分析方法测量液态CO多次冲击Hugoniot状态方程

 结合液氮低温靶技术和光分析方法同时测量液态CO样品的第一、二、三次冲击Hugoniot状态方程,分别在19、60和71 GPa获得3个数据点。样品体积的最大压缩度达到3.5倍,比文献发表的一次冲击最大压缩度提高20%以上。体积测量值比分子流体微扰变分理论的计算结果偏低20%以上,体积发生明显软化现象归因于CO分解反应所致。详述了多次冲击过程的光分析测量方法,该方法应用于其它分子流体可将其物态方程的实验数据点延伸到更高压力和更宽的压缩范围。     

冲击压缩状态下液态一氧化碳和氮混合物的发射光谱

利用二级轻气炮驱动铜飞片以2.21 km·s-1的速度撞击铝合金低温靶,产生速度为18.76 km·s-1的一维冲击波作用于等比例冷凝的一氧化碳和氮均匀混合液体样品.同时,借助增强光电耦合传感器及瞬态摄谱技术捕获到冲击压力为33.5 GPa下样品完全离解成等离子体时的线状光谱.分析这些数据可知,文章所述的六通道光谱系统能可靠地测量和记录介质的冲击压缩一发光过程;其中主要产物的发射谱线表明,一氧化碳和氮均质体已经发生了化学反应和相变.此外,与中心波长较高的谱线强度相比,488 nm通道的光谱强度明显较高的事实,也证明高密度碳氢液体在冲击压力作用下确实存在从"光学薄"到"光学厚"的转变.     

液态CO2高温高密度状态方程研究

 利用二级轻气炮作冲击加载手段，采用自己建立的低温靶，比较系统地研究了液态CO₂的冲击压缩行为。在20～60 GPa压力区获得六个新的Hugoniot数据点。根据这些实验点，采用液体统计力学理论和化学平衡方法，重新优化获得一组CO₂－CO₂，CO₂－O，CO－O作用势参数。分析表明，引起体系在25 GPa以上区域冲击软化现象的主要机制是CO₂离解反应，CO₂—→CO+O。     

高温高密度氩物态方程研究

用Exp-6有效两体势模型和液体变分微扰理论计算了液Ar冲击压缩曲线,在35 GPa以下的压力范围内计算的冲击压缩曲线与Thiel 及Nellis等人的实验数据进行了比较.液体分子间Exp-6有效两体势参数根据实验数据计算优选出最佳值,计算结果表明得到的优选参数较为准确地描述了液Ar分子间相互作用.由理论结合实验数据可以认为液氩体系在冲击压力36 GPa以下无相变现象.对较高冲击压力下理论计算的冲击曲线和实验结果之间的偏差作了分析,结合不透明度实验的结果,得到当压力超过35 GPa,温度在12 000 K     

CO2,O2,CF4液体微滴喷射靶激光等离子体光源光谱

基于软X射线辐射计量和极紫外投影光刻(EUVL)应用,研制了一台使用纳秒激光器的液体微滴喷射靶激光等离子体(LPP)极紫外光源。该光源由一个可连续控温的不锈钢电磁喷气阀门、YAG激光器和能同步控制喷气阀门和激光器的脉冲发生器组成。使用液氮作致冷剂,控温范围77～473 K。对于足够高的背景气压和低的阀门温度,当气体经过阀门脉冲式地喷入真空靶室内时,气体经过气-液相变碎裂成大量的液体微滴形成液体微滴喷射靶。首先,依据非相对论量子力学理论,使用原子光谱分析常用的Cowan程序,计算了O2,CO2和CF4等几种液体在1011～1012W.cm-2激光功率密度下可能相应产生的O4 ,O5 ,O6 ,O7 ,F5 ,F6 和F7 离子的电偶极辐射跃迁波长和跃迁概率。其次,在激光焦点功率密度为8×1011W.cm-2时,测量了CO2,O2,CF4液体微滴喷射靶在6～20 nm波段的光谱。理论计算结果与实验结果相比较,得出了所测量谱线的电偶极辐射跃迁波长和跃迁概率以及跃迁能级所应归属的组态和光谱项。     

回热器对跨临界CO_2压缩喷射系统的影响

为了研究回热器对跨临界CO2压缩喷射系统的影响,本文在自行搭建的跨临界CO2压缩喷射系统实验平台上,通过改变冷却水进口温度分别对带回热器的跨临界CO2压缩喷射系统(TCES-IHX)和不带回热器的跨临界CO2压缩喷射系统(TCES)进行了性能测试.分析和比较了这两种系统模式下制热系数(COPh)、制热量、喷射系数、升压...     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.