动力学部分子模型在核子和冷核物质中的应用

本工作研究了自由核子和冷原子核物质的动力学产生的海夸克和胶子分布。在动力学部分子模型中，所有的海夸克和胶子纯粹来自DGLAP方程描述的QCD涨落过程，而较少的固有海夸克成分忽略不计。在$Q_0^2\sim 0.1$ GeV2标度，选择最大熵方法估计的三价夸克分布作为非微扰输入。使用了在低$Q^2$(本工作研究了自由核子和冷原子核物质的动力学产生的海夸克和胶子分布。在动力学部分子模型中，所有的海夸克和胶子纯粹来自DGLAP方程描述的QCD涨落过程，而较少的固有海夸克成分忽略不计。在$Q_0^2\sim 0.1$ GeV2标度，选择最大熵方法估计的三价夸克分布作为非微扰输入。使用了在低$Q^2$($<1$ GeV2)下饱和的跑动强耦合常数。关于原子核效应，考虑了核子变胖和部分子-部分子重组增强的影响。核子及冷核物质的动力学部分子分布均符合实验观测。应用预言的原子核部分子分布抽取得到部分子在穿过冷核物质时的能量损失。     

能量损失效应引起的核Drell-Yan微分截面比的压低

核环境中夸克的能量损失可以通过高能核Drell-Yan过程的核依赖进行测量. 利用文献中给出的夸克能量损失公式和从轻子－原子核深度非弹性散射实验数 据得到的束缚核子中的部分子分布函数, 计算了FNAL E772 800GeV的质子打击不同原子核的Drell-Yan过程截面比, 发现考虑能量损失的计算结果与FNAL E772实验数据符合甚好. 建议在利用核Drell-Yan过程实验数据抽取束缚核子内部分子分布函数时应该考虑能量损失效应.     

高能核乳胶实验中的事例分类与粒子鉴别

目前高能核乳胶实验利用的束流,主要是加速器产生的能量达几GeV/N至200GEV/N的重原子核。例如:前苏联杜布纳联合原子核研究所(JINR)重离子加速器上产生的3.7GEV/N~(16)O,美国布鲁克海     

膨胀的热的富重子夸克─胶子物质的双轻子产生的抑制

从完全核阻止的假定出发基于3+1维RHE研究了双轻子谱,并得到结论:如果在极端相对论性原子核碰撞中富重子的夸克-胶子物质真地产生了,那么随着初始重子密度的增加,在不变质量2mπ和1GeV之间双轻子的产生将会显示出强烈的抑制,而且将有一个反常的峰出现在不变质量0.75GeV附近.这些预言可以在CERN和Brookhaven即将开展的实验中得到检验.     

90年代美国的两大加速器装置

 现代科学已经证实,原子核是由核子(质子和中子)组成的,而核子可能是由夸克和胶子组成的.为了研究核子、夸克和胶子的性质,美国于90年代起建造两台大型加速器装置,它们分别是连续电子束加速器装置和相对论性重离子对撞机.     

相对论核—核碰撞中产生的A超子的退极化原因探讨

对每核子200GeV的S＋Pb中心碰撞中产生的∧粒子的横向极化度消失的现象作了细致研究，用相对论核－核碰撞的Monte-Carlo事件产生器－－LUCIAE产生了相应能量下的S＋Pb中心碰撞事例，定量分析了消除∧粒子横向极化度的各种因素，研究了反应中的二次散射、二次产生以及∑，Ｅ等超子衰变产生的粒子在总的实验测量的∧总数中的比例，确定了由这些∧粒子造成的退极化度对总的∧极化度的影响，模拟和计算结果表明，以上3个效应强烈地影响了∧的横向极化度，但不可能使终态假定为强子气时∧粒子的横向极化度完全消失，为了解释∧极化度近于零的实验结果，可能需要在相对论重核碰撞中引进∧粒子产生的新的机制，包括存在形成夸克－胶子等离子体（QGP）的弱效应。     

初步的纯光子谱的物理蕴含

基于相对论流体力学,指出了新近报道的首次实测的纯光子谱虽然具有线性,但并不意味着极端相对论性原子核碰撞后的系统在整体上达到了热平衡. 运用动态相变机制的计算结果可以预言,若强子化相变是一级相变,当碰撞能量高于200GeV/u时,纯光子谱将呈现凹形曲线,可以用作诊断夸克-胶子等离子体是否存在的信号.     

相对论核–核碰撞中产生的Λ超子的退极化原因探讨

对每核子200GeV的S+Pb中心碰撞中产生的Λ粒子的横向极化度消失的现象作了细致研究.用相对论核–核碰撞的Monte-Carlo事例产生器——LUCIAE产生了相应能量下的S+Pb中心碰撞事例,定量地分析了消除Λ粒子横向极化度的各种因素,研究了反应中的二次散射、二次产生以及Σ,Ξ等超子衰变产生的Λ粒子在总的实验测量到的Λ总数中的比例,确定了由这些Λ粒子造成的退极化度对总的Λ极化度的影响.模拟和计算结果表明,以上3个效应强烈地影响了Λ的横向极化度,但不可能使终态假定为强子气时Λ粒子的横向极化度完全消失.为了解释Λ极化度近于零的实验结果,可能需要在相对论重核碰撞中引进Λ粒子产生的新的机制,包括存在形成夸克–胶子等离子体(QGP)的弱效应.     

我们从相对论重离子对撞机上了解到了什么

 金原子核组成的高能束流的对撞在微观上再现了宇宙大爆炸时的高热、高密度物质状态。3年来,布鲁克海文实验室一直用相对论重离子对撞机(RelativisticHeavyIonCollider,RHIC)在极端相对论能区做高达每核子100GeV的重核对撞实验。这种非同寻常的新加速器在探寻物质新的高能状态,继续探究几个世纪以来的老问题,试图从根本上了解自然和物质的起源。RHIC实验的早期结果揭示了高温和高密度状态下核物质的奥秘;在高温和高密度状态下,核子和介子已不复存在,核物质只以夸克和胶子的形态存在。     

胶子喷注和夸克喷注性质的蒙特卡洛研究

用蒙特卡洛方法研究了91.2GeV e⁺e^－碰撞产生的3喷注事件.用3个喷注之间的夹角来标识各个喷注,分别计算了3个喷注的能量及能量分布,并在相同能量下计算了3个喷注的多重数,横动量及其分布.通过与能量相同的2喷注事件中单夸克喷注的上述性质的比较,得到了从3喷注事件中挑选胶子喷注和夸克喷注的一种简便方法.这样挑选出来的胶子和夸克喷注在性质上与QCD的理论预言一致,并且胶子和夸克喷注的平均多重数比值的计算结果与实验观测值符合     

Investigation of neutron emission from relativistic heavy ion interactions by nuclear tracks

Fast neutrons produced in 44 and 22 GeV ¹²C+Cu interactions have been recorded and analysed with a CR-39 detector stack. The irradiation of the CR-39 stack to fast neutrons was carried out at the accelerator Synchrophasotron, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia. Areal and volume densities of tracks induced by fast neutrons in the CR-39 at different positions and for different etching time have been measured. The neutron production ratio of 44 GeV to 22 GeV ¹²C+Cu interactions has been obtained, which is 2.17 ± 0.30 by areal track density, or 2. 12±0.33 by step etch technique, or 2.03±0.34 by volume track density measurement. These results confirm that the production rate at 44 GeV ¹²C+Cu interactions is more than theoretical estimation.     

A lattice scenario for a proton radiography accelerator

A proton radiography system is an accelerator-based facility.Especially high-energy proton radiography is an advanced hydrodynamics diagnostic tool,and it is the trend of radiography technology development.In this paper,a 20 GeV accelerator complex scenario,including a 35 MeV linac,a 1 GeV booster and a 20 GeV main ring,is introduced.The overall physics design of the proton radiography accelerator is described,including the design of each part of the accelerator and the choice of the main parameters.     

Concept of a coming accelerator complex and design study for heavy ions and intense protons

It is emphasized that a coming accelerator complex should be designed by wide application of beam manipulation. On the basis of this opinion, conceptual designs of two kinds of accelerator complexes of a 30 GeV/nucleon uranium-ion collider and of an intense 30 GeV proton accelerator are studied independently of each other. Moreover, it is shown from these designs that an accelerator complex with accelerator parameters common to both is possibly designed with the help of good beam manuipulation if mutual concessions of beam parameters of heavy ions and of intense protons are accepted. The optimum accelerator complex consists of at least three synchrotrons and three dc rings. The expected beam performance is 450 MeV/nucleon and 30 GeV/nucleon for uranium ions as a typical example of heavy ions, and 150 A below 2.7 GeV and 10 A below 30 GeV for intense protons.     

JAERI/KEK Joint Project on High-Intensity Proton Accelerators

From JFY01, which started on April 1, 2001, a new accelerator project to provide high-intensity proton beams proceeded into a construction phase. This project is conducted under a cooperation of two institutions, KEK and JAERI. The accelerator complex will provide 1 MW proton beams at 3 GeV and 0.75 MW beams at 50 GeV. The project will be completed within six years. In this article I will describe (a) the project itself, (b) sciences to be pursued at this new accelerator complex and (c) the present status and future plans of the project. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

改进型Andersson-Braun中子雷姆仪对0.025eV-45.4MeV中子的能量响应

描述了一种适用于高能粒子加速器周围杂散辐射场测量的改进型Ａｎｄｅｒｓｓｏｎ－Ｂｒａｕｎ中子雷姆仪的原理与结构。利用国内外多种类型的中子源装置，进行了中子能量从０．０２５ｅＶ－４５．４ＭｅＶ的注量率能量响应实验，实验表明，这种改进型Ａｎｄｅｒｓｓｏｎ－Ｂｒａｕｎ中子雷姆仪，对能量大于２０ＭｅＶ中子的响应，比普通Ａｎｄｅｒｓｓｏｎ－Ｂｒａｕｎ中子雷姆仪有明显的改善。     

Toward therapeutics for clostridium botulinum neurotoxins

Construction work on the new MAX IV synchrotron light facility in northeastern Lund, Sweden, began on May 18, 2011. The MAX IV accelerator system will consist of three parts: one 3 GeV injector linac (also used for the production of short X-ray pulses) and two storage rings operated at 1.5 GeV and 3 GeV, respectively. The two-ring concept will allow the production of synchrotron radiation from optimized undulators within a broad spectral region. The 3 GeV ring has an emittance between 0.2 and 0.4 nm rad, depending on the ID configuration, and the emittance of the 1.5 GeV ring is 5 nm rad.     

Production of π 0 and η mesons in carbon-induced relativistic heavy-ion collisions

The production of π ⁰ and η mesons has been investigated in the system ¹²C+¹²C at 0.8A GeV, 1.0A GeV, and 2.0A GeV using the TAPS photon detector. The production cross sections and transverse-momentum distributions measured around midrapidity extend the existing systematics of neutral-meson production to light systems and the highest energy available at the GSI accelerator facility. At all beam energies scaling of the differential production cross section with the transverse mass of the emitted meson is observed. In addition π⁰ production has been studied in the mass-asymmetric systems ¹²C+¹⁹⁷Au and ¹⁹⁷Au+¹²C at 0.8A GeV.     

Optimization of accelerated charged particle beam for ADS energy production

A comparative analysis and optimization of energy efficiency for proton and ion beams in ADS systems is performed via simulation using a GEANT4 code with account for energy consumption for different accelerator types. It is demonstrated that for light nuclei, beginning from ⁷Li, with energies above 1 GeV/nucleon, ion beams are considerably (several times) more efficient than the 1–3 GeV proton beam. The possibility of achieving energy deposition equivalent to 1 GeV protons in a quasi-infinite uranium target with higher efficiency (and twice as small accelerator size) in the case of acceleration of light ions is substantiated.     

Measurement of the pp analyzing power in the vicinity of 2.20 GeV

The pp elastic scattering analyzing power was measured in small energy steps in the vicinity of the accelerator depolarizing resonance at 2.202 GeV. A vertically polarized proton beam was extracted from SATURNE II at energies above the resonance and passed through different copper degraders. The beam was focused on the beam line polarimeter CH target. Its halo was removed by four powerful magnets. Measurements at degraded energies were complemented by data obtained with the directly extracted polarized beam outside the resonance region. Analyzing power results at fixed laboratory angles are compared with existing data in the region under discussion, with polynomial fits from 1.6 to 3.5 GeV, and with phase shift analysis predictions. Received: 24 March 1999 / Published online: 12 August 1999     

The MAMI C accelerator

The demand for CW electron beam energies of more than 1?GeV led to the decision of constructing a worldwide unique accelerator – the Harmonic Double-Sided Microtron (HDSM). This machine nearly doubles the beam energy of the Mainz Microtron cascade from up to 855?MeV to now 1.6?GeV to extend the experimental capabilities for nuclear and particle physics experiments to higher excitation energies. For the recent decade the construction and commissioning of the HDSM at the Institut für Kernphysik has been the major task of the accelerator department.