固体核磁共振研究半晶聚-3-羟基丁酸酯和聚羟基丁酸戊酸酯的分子动力学（英文）

本文在150～370 K温度范围内,采用固体核磁共振(NMR)测定了半晶聚-3-羟基丁酸酯(PHB),以及3-羟基戊酸酯单体质量分数分别为5%(PHBV5)和12%(PHBV12)的聚羟基丁酸戊酸酯共聚物在实验室坐标系和旋转坐标系条件下质子的自旋-晶格弛豫时间T_1和T_(1ρ).通过弛豫时间随温度变化的理论拟合,分别获得上述半晶聚合物晶区和结晶区的分子动力学参数(包括E_a和t_0).这些结果从分子水平上阐述了PHB结构修饰和增强的原因.     

块体非晶合金的黏度与玻璃形成能力的关系

基于经典结晶理论讨论了非晶合金的晶化动力学因素和晶化热力学因素对玻璃形成能力（GFA）的影响.分析表明,合金的等温转变（TTT）曲线“鼻尖”温度T_n对应的黏度与晶化阻力因子成正比;重新加热时晶化开始温度T_x对应的黏度与晶化驱动力因子成反比.由此得到了新的GFA参数ω₀=（T_g-T₀）/（T_x-T₀）-（T_g-T₀）/（T_n-T₀）,其中T_g为玻璃转变温度,T₀为理想玻璃转变温度.统计结果显示,ω₀与临界冷却速率具有较高的相关性,R²高达09626.进一步分析表明：新提出的ω₀参数可以合理地解释过冷熔体的黏度、脆性、液相稳定性、热稳定性以及T_rg、ΔT_x、γ、γ_m、ΔT_rg、α、β、δ和φ等参数与GFA的关系. 关键词： 块体非晶合金 黏度 脆性 玻璃形成能力     

基于多弛豫信号补偿的快速磁共振T1ρ散布成像

定量磁共振成像（MRI）可量化组织特性,是科学研究和临床研究的重要工具.旋转坐标系下的自旋-晶格弛豫时间（T_1ρ）能反映水与大分子之间的低频交互作用,在3 T及以上的高场环境下,T_1ρ受水和不稳定质子之间化学交换的影响较大,通过测量弛豫率随自旋锁定场强度的变化而得到其分布情况（T_1ρ散布）,可用于分析和量化质子的交换过程,因此T_1ρ散布是一种重要的定量MRI技术.然而,获得不同自旋锁定场强下T_1ρ加权图像的时间过长,限制了其应用范围.针对这一问题,本研究提出一种基于多弛豫信号补偿策略的快速T_1ρ散布成像方法.该方法将不同锁定频率下的T_1ρ加权图像补偿到同一信号强度水平,并结合低秩与稀疏建立重建模型.实验结果表明,该方法在加速倍数高达7倍时仍获得了较好的重建结果.     

几种高分子材料的域结构、分子动力学和相互作用的固体NMR研究

聚3-羟基丁酸酯(PHB)是微生物细胞在其生长的特定时期在胞内合成的具有相应生物功能的聚羟基烷酸酯类物质, 是一种具有潜在的广泛应用前景的生物可降解的高分子材料. 由于天然的PHB其较高的结晶度和较窄的温度处理范围,它在应用过程中受到较大的局限性. 人们将结构相似的单体3-羟基戊酸(HV)与3-羟基丁酸(HB)共聚形成共聚物(PHBV)以后, 显著改善了PHB的物理机械性能,譬如:冲击强度和韧性有所增加，而硬度脆性有一定程度的下降. 人们虽然在这些降解高分子材料的开发、制备和物理机械性能以及这些材料的应用等方面有很多研究，但是有关分子水平的问题并未得到系统的探索. 因此，针对这些分子基础问题(结构域特征和分子动力学等)做了一些初步的研究.  全氟磺酸树脂(Nafion)是杜邦公司生产的一种燃料电池电极薄膜材料，其较低的使用温度(<100℃)严重地限制了它的应用范围. 人们发现，当把层状硅酸盐(蒙脱土)和Nafion合成为有机无机纳米复合材料之后，在一定程度上提高了它的使用温度. 虽然这种复合材料很容易合成出来并且已经运用到了实际工业应用之中，但是这种热稳定性提高的原因却不甚清楚. 通过固体NMR等分析方法从微观相互作用方面来认识这种宏观性能改善的原因.  使用固体¹³C CP MAS、¹³C SPE MAS NMR以及XRD方法测定了PHB和两种PHBV的结晶度(X_c)，发现随着HV的引入它们的X_c 逐渐减小. 研究同时发现在测量X_c 的这几种方法中¹³C SPE MAS NMR误差较小. 实验中我们利用质子弛豫诱导谱编辑(PRISE)、质子自旋扩散(Spin-diffusion)等固体NMR技术研究了PHB以及不同含量HV的PHBV的结构域特征和相应结构域的运动性. 实验结果表明随着HV含量的增加，它们的非晶相结构域尺寸增大，晶相结构域尺寸减小，可以看出HV的引入导致PHB的结构域特征的变化是其宏观性能改善的原因.  进一步通过低分辨固体NMR测量了PHB和PHBV的变温质子弛豫时间(T₁, T_1ρ, T₂), 然后通过理论拟合获得了它们不同运动状态的分子运动相关频率(τ_c)和分子活化能(E_a)等动力学信息，研究发现随着HV含量的增加，分子运动加快，活化能减小，在分子水平上认识了HV的引入使得PHB宏观性能改善的微观原因.  通过溶胶凝胶法合成了燃料电池电极薄膜(Nafion)和层状硅酸盐(蒙脱土)纳米复合材料来提高Nafion的使用温度，FT-IR和²⁹Si MAS NMR实验结果表明在杂化材料中虽然质子化的十二烷基胺修饰的蒙脱土(MMT)的引入没有导致MMT的骨架结构发生明显变化，而且Nafion也没有插入到MMT的层间，但是TGA分析表明杂化材料中的Nafion的热稳定性比纯的Nafion高. 通过一系列固体NMR技术包括¹⁹F MAS、¹H-¹³C CP MAS NMR和¹H-¹³C HETCOR 2D NMR实验初步证实了这种材料的热稳定性的提高可能是由于MMT表面吸附的NH⁺₃与Nafion侧链上的SO^-₃之间存在较强的静电相互作用，初步可以认为这种相互作用是导致电极材料性能改善的原因.     

双色噪声驱动光学双稳系统的弛豫时间研究

研究乘性及加性噪声的自关联时间τ₁和τ₂,交叉关联时间τ对光学双稳系统的弛豫时间的影响.弛豫时间T由Mei等所采用的方法得到. 经数值计算, 结果表明: 两噪声间交叉关联时间τ及乘性噪声的自关联时间τ₁延缓系统涨落的消退(T随τ及τ₁的增大而增大);T随加性噪声的自关联时间τ 关键词： 关联噪声 弛豫时间 光学双稳系统     

Miscibility, Crystallization, and Rheological Behavior of Solution Casting Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(ethylene succinate) Blends Probed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Rheology, and Optical Microscope Techniques

应用差示扫描量热、流变及偏光显微镜等方法研究了聚3-羟基丁酸酯/聚丁二酸乙二醇酯(PHB/PES)共混体系的相容性、结晶和流变行为．相图显示该共混体系有两个玻璃化转变,但PHB的熔点随其含量的减少而降低,这个结果证明该共混体系是部分相容的,同时应用偏光显微镜观察体系结晶形态的发展证实了这个结论．依赖于结晶温度和组成,PHB和PES能同时结晶,也能分步结晶,且PHB的球晶生长速率随PES含量的增加而增大．对于部分相容的聚合物共混体系,共混组成对球晶生长速率的影响也做了详细地讨论．     

13C及29Si核磁共振研究苯乙烯-二甲基硅氧烷嵌段共聚物的弛豫及分子运动

用¹³C及²⁹Si核磁共振研究了苯乙烯(S)及二甲基硅氧烷(Si)嵌段共聚物中硅氧烷软段的固体及溶液谱的自旋-晶格弛豫时间T₁。固态嵌段共聚物主链²⁹Si及侧甲基¹³C的T₁都与均聚物的T₁相近,但在CdCl₃溶液中各种嵌段共聚物的T₁与均聚硅氧烷相差颇大。用偶极-偶极相互作用来解释高聚物的自旋-晶格弛豫。苯乙烯-二甲基硅氧烷嵌段共聚物具两相结构,所以嵌段共聚物中软段及硬段微区中链段的运动与在均聚物分子中链段的运动模式基本相同。而CdCl₃对聚苯乙烯或聚硅氧烷都是良溶剂,软段硬段之间有相互影响。所以其链段运动与均聚物不同,从而导致链段运动的相关时间τ_c变短和T₁的增长。     

结晶PMMA的NMR研究

用NMR方法和DSC技术研究了结晶聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)性质和玻璃化转变温度,并与无定形PMMA作了比较.通过¹³C CPMAS谱,观察到了结晶PMMA与无定形PM MA的谱的线形,线宽,化学位移都十分类似,其中α-CH₃分裂为两个峰,我们将它归属为γ旁式效应所对应的反式和旁式构象.而反门控碳谱显示PMMA中有四种状态,即等规PMMA结晶态和无定形态,间规PMMA结晶态和无定形态.通过测定T₂(H)和旋转坐标系中质子的自旋晶格弛豫时间T_1ρ(H),我们分别得到了两T₂(H)值和两个T_1ρ(H)值,对应于晶区与非晶区,而且其含量分别与反门控碳谱积分所得含量一致.     

基于蒙特卡罗算法的低场核磁共振测量效率提高方法

核磁共振（NMR）的纵向弛豫时间（T₁）、横向弛豫时间（T₂）、自扩散系数（D₀）,以及T₂-T₁、T₂-D₀测量目前广泛应用于石油测井行业.在测量D₀的SGSE序列中,通过逐渐增大90°和180°脉冲之间的时间间隔（T_d）,可以对液体扩散行为产生的影响进行调节.然而T_d的"起点"、"步进数"和"终点"等参数必须设置得当才能准确测量T₁和D₀.目前参数的设置依赖多次的人工调整和测量人员的经验,耗时且使用门槛较高.本文用蒙特卡罗方法进行大量随机模拟,根据前面若干点的测量结果筛选出满足要求的随机值,预测下一个测量点的位置.该算法可以实时更新参数设置,实现自动化测量,达到降低测量门槛、缩短测量时间的目的.经验证,该算法可以适用于T₁、D₀的测量.     

CEST成像不同量化方式在急性帕金森氏病小鼠模型研究中的应用比较

本文通过比较7 T场强下化学交换饱和转移（chemical exchange saturation transfer,CEST）成像技术不同量化方式在急性帕金森氏病小鼠模型研究中的应用效果,探讨了客观无创的帕金森氏病研究方案.使用Bruker PharmaScan 7 T小动物磁共振成像（Magnetic Resonance Imaging,MRI）扫描仪,对经1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶（1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine,MPTP）急性造模前及造模后第3、10天的小鼠黑质、皮层及海马进行扫描,计算弛豫时间T₁、T₂、MTR_asym（magnetization transfer ratio based on asymmetry analysis）、MTR_rex（magnetization transfer ratio yielding Rex）、AREX（apparent exchange-dependent relaxation）及5池拟合后的胺峰面积Area_amine、酰胺峰面积Area_amide.结果显示仅黑质中融合了倒Z谱分析和5池洛仑兹拟合所得的量化指标MTR_rex、AREX及Area_amine在造模后显著减小,与黑质免疫组化结果一致,而T₁、T₂以及基于Z谱非对称性分析的MTR_asym未见统计学差异,这表明此量化方式消除了直接饱和效应及磁化转移效应的影响,准确性上要优于Z谱非对称分析法,更能正确地提示帕金森氏病黑质的变化.     

原位低场核磁共振弛豫法定量监测光催化Cr(Ⅵ)还原反应

本文利用原位低场核磁共振（LF-NMR）技术在真实固液反应环境中对光催化还原Cr（Ⅵ）反应进行了定量研究,并对Ag纳米颗粒负载量不同的Ag担载石墨相氮化碳复合光催化剂（Ag/g-C₃N₄）在可见光照射下催化Cr（Ⅵ）还原为Cr（Ⅲ）的性能进行了研究.研究发现,Ag纳米颗粒负载（负载量分别为1 wt.%、2 wt.%、5 wt.%和10 wt.%）可以有效提高g-C₃N₄的光催化性能;且负载量为5 wt.%时光催化性能最优,为无Ag负载的g-C₃N₄的4倍.此外,本文还通过横向弛豫时间（T₂）定量分析了反应体系中顺磁性Cr（Ⅲ）离子的浓度,证实了采用LF-NMR弛豫法评价光催化Cr（Ⅵ）还原反应性能的可行性.     

NMR study of monomethylammonium cation in (CH3NH3)5Bi2Cl11 ferroelectric polycrystal

Spin-lattice relaxation times T₁ and T_1ρ are determined for protons in three polycrystals (CH₃NH₃)₅Bi₂Cl₁₁, (CD₃NH₃)₅Bi₂Cl₁₁ and (CH₃ND₃)₅Bi₂Cl₁₁. The temperature dependencies of the relaxation times obtained for (CH₃NH₃)₅Bi₂Cl₁₁ and (CD₃NH₃)₅Bi₂Cl₁₁ are interpreted as a result of correlated motions of the three-proton groups of the monomethylammonium cation. The minimum of the T_1ρ relaxation time is explained as a result of the oscillations of the symmetry axis of the whole cation.     

Nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry of the normal heart: Relationship between collagen content and relaxation times of the four chambers

The use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation time measurements for characterization of abnormal cardiac tissue depends upon knowledge of variations of relaxation times of normal myocardium and determinants of these variations. We calculated in vitro NMR T₁ and T₂ relaxation times of canine myocardium from the four cardiac chambers, and determined hydroxyproline concentration (as a measure of collagen) and percent water content of the samples. We found both water content and T₁ relaxation time of the right ventricle to be significantly greater than the left atrium (p < 0.05). T₂ relaxation time of the left ventricle was found to be shorter than each of the other three chambers (p < 0.05). There were significant correlations between the spin-lattice relaxation time and both percent water content (r = 0.58) and hydroxyproline concentration (r = 0.45). A significant correlation was also found between T₂ relaxation time and hydroxyproline concentration (r = 0.49). When T₁ and T₂ were adjusted for water and hydroxyproline content, there was no longer any evidence for significant interchamber differences for either T₁ or T₂. These data suggest that differences in NMR relaxation times exist among the four chambers of the normal canine heart. Furthermore, a major determinant of myocardial spin-lattice relaxation time is tissue water content while both collagen content and percent water content significantly contribute to variability in cardiac chamber T₂ relaxation times.     

Study of activation parameters and NMR spin-lattice relaxation time in some substituted amines

The present communication reports the experimental values of NMR spin-lattice relaxation time (T₁) and dielectric relaxation time (τ) of piperidine, pyrrole, pyridine, diethylamine, triethylamine and pyrrolidine. The values of activation energy (ΔE_A) obtained using dielectric relaxation time, have been correlated with calculated values of ΔE_A obtained using Arrhenius equation of NMR relaxation time (T₁) for pyridine, diethylamine and pyrrole. Authors have also established a correlation between the experimental values of NMR spin-relaxation time (T₁) with its calculated values obtained using different equations of dielectric relaxation time (τ).     

Correlation between 1H FID and T1rho components in heterogeneous polymer systems: an application to SBS

Wideline ¹H FID and relaxation measurements of a relatively simple motionally heterogeneous system, the triblock copolymer styrene–butadiene–styrene, have been performed in a temperature range between the polystyrene and polybutadiene glass transition temperatures. The two FID and the two spin lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame (T_1ρ) components found at each temperature have been correlated by means of a two-dimensional approach. It is shown that this approach allows dynamic information, not accessible simply by interpreting proton T₁ and T_1ρ data, to be revealed. In the case examined, the correlation found could be confirmed by high-resolution ¹H T_1ρ-selective ¹³C Cross Polarization experiments.     

Powder x-ray diffraction and Rietveld analysis of (C_2H_5NH_3)_2CuCl_4

Structural properties of the organic-inorganic hybrid(C_2H_5NH_3)_2CuCl_4 have been investigated by means of x-ray powder diffraction and Rietveld analysis. A structural phase transition from Pbca to Aba2 occurs at T_4= 240 K, which results in a paraelectric–ferroelectric phase transition. The release of the Jahn–Teller distortion with increasing temperature toward T_4 is revealed by the structural analysis.     

Two separate Li ionic motions observed by Li and B NMR in xLi2S + (1 − x)B2S3 glassy fast ionic conductors

Studies of ion dynamics in the highly conductive glassy fast ionic conductor (FIC) xLi₂S + (1 − x)B₂S₃ (x = 0.65 and 0.70) were made with NMR nuclear spin lattice relaxation (NSLR) R₁(ω, T) of both mobile ⁷Li and immobile ¹¹B ions, and ⁷Li NMR line narrowing δν(T). The possible dependence of ion dynamics on the short range order structures (SRO) and the distribution of activation energies (DAE) in this highly conductive FIC was investigated. Two Gaussian DAE were employed to fit ⁷Li NSLR data, where each Gaussian DAE was correlated to a separate ¹¹B NSLR in a BS₃ and in a BS₄ group. The long range diffusion of Li ions among BS₃ groups and a seemingly localized ionic hopping motion around BS₄ group is suggested as a microscopic model for the ion dynamics in thioborate glasses, namely a ‘two channel relaxation’.     

Polymer-Nanoparticle Composites Composed of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and Coated Silver Nanoparticles

The effects of addition of synthesized organic-suspension silver nanoparticles on the crystallization and thermal stability of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, polarized optical microscopy (POM), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The TEM images showed the average primary size of the as-synthesized silver nanoparticles, coated with a monolayer of the surfactants consisting of oleic acid and an alkylamine, was about 5 nm with narrow distribution, and that they were uniformly dispersed in n-heptane. PHBV/silver nanocomposites were prepared by melt mixing in an internal mixer and then injection molded into rectangle-shaped specimens by a labscale injection molding device. The coated silver nanoparticles showed a homogenuous dispersion in the PHBV matrix when the content of coated silver nanoparticles was about 1%. Both the DSC and POM data showed the efficient heterogeneous nucleation by the coated silver nanoparticles for facilitating PHBV crystallization. The thermal stability of the PHBV/silver nanocomposites improved with the increase in the content of the coated silver nanoparticles.     

Magnetostriction and spin reorientation in ferromagnetic Laves phase Pr(Ga_xFe_(1-x))_(1.9) compounds

The magnetostriction, magnetization, and spin reorientation properties in Pr(Ga_xFe_(1-x))_(1.9) alloys have been investigated by high-precision x-ray diffraction(XRD) step scanning, magnetization, and Mo¨ssbauer spectra measurements. Ga substitution reduces the magnetostriction(λ_(||)) with magnetic field H ≥ 8 kOe(1 Oe = 1.33322×10~2 Pa), but it also increases the λ|| value when H ≤ 8 kOe at 5 K. Spin-reorientations(SR) are observed in all the alloys investigated, as determined by the step scanned XRD, Mo¨ssbauer spectra, and the abnormal temperature dependence of magnetization. An increase of the spin reorientation temperature(T_(SR)) due to Ga substitution is found in the phase diagram, which is different from the decrease one in many R(T_x Fe_(1-x))_(1.9)(T = Co, Al, Mn) alloys. The present work provides a method to control the easy magnetization direction(EMD) or T_(SR) for developing an anisotropic compensation system.     

Cl nuclear quadrupole resonance studies of molecular motions of ClO3 and water diffusion in Ca(ClO3)2·2H2O

A ³⁵Cl nuclear quadrupole resonance (³⁵Cl-NQR) investigation of polycrystalline Ca(ClO₃)₂·2H₂O is described. The ³⁵Cl-NQR frequencies (ν_Q) for two resonance lines (ν_Q1 and ν_Q2), the spin lattice relaxation time (T_1Q) for ν_Q2 only and the line width δν_Q2 were measured in the temperature range 292–345 K, except for the frequency measured up to 455 K. The observed decrease in the resonance frequencies with increasing temperature permitted the determination of the frequencies of librations of the ClO₃⁻ ion about two axes perpendicular to the three-fold axis of the ion mainly responsible for this effect. The temperature dependence of the relaxation time T_1Q proved the occurrence of water diffusion and hindered rotation of ClO₃⁻ ions. The activation energies of these two molecular motions were determined, and their effect on the electric field gradient at the site of a chlorine nucleus was discussed. Temperature measurements of the line width δν_Q2 confirmed the conclusions drawn from the analysis of T_1Q(T).