小世界网络上的扩散限制的聚集-湮没反应动力学

通过Monte-Carlo模拟,研究了基于NW网络的两种类集团不可逆聚集-湮没过程的动力学行为.在系统中,两个同种类集团相遇,将不可逆地聚集成一个更大的集团;不同种类的两个集团相遇,则发生部分湮没反应.模拟结果表明,1)当捷径量化参数p相对较大或较小时,系统经较长时间演化后,集团密度c(t)和粒子密度g(t)呈现幂律形式,c(t)∝t^－α和g(t)∝t^－β,其中幂指数α和β满足α=2β的关系;2)当p为其他值时,集团密度和粒子密度随时间按非严格的幂 关键词： 聚集-湮没过程 小世界网络 反应动力学 Monte-Carlo模拟')" href="#">Monte-Carlo模拟     

具有无规分布陷阱点阵上的连续时间无规行走

用连续时间无规行走(CTRW)理论处理陷阱控制的无序点阵上的无规行走问题,首次导出行走者可有自发衰变及受陷态具有有限寿命情形下,行走者存活几率P(t)满足的方程。对一种广泛使用的等待时间分布密度ψ(t)=ααt^-(1-α)exp(-αt^α)0<α≤1,在受陷态寿命无限长情况下,给出适用于任意陷阱浓度和任意时间的P(t)的级数解。结合实验事实和Ngai的低能激发理论,指出同时考虑动力学关联和结构无序对解释实际过程的必要性。并提出包括可由Ngai低能激发理论描写的动力学关联在内的连续时间无规行走理论,其物理图象与目前的CTRW理论有根本不同。 关键词：     

稀土离子发光体系中能量传递和迁移模型的研究

基于以前综合V-F模型(考虑施主受主(D-A)能量传递)和B模型(考虑施主施主(D-D)能量迁移)而提出的V-F-B综合模型,对La_1-xEr_xF₃体系中Er³⁺离子四种低掺杂浓度下(x=0.001,0.003,0.01,0.02)295K时⁴S_3/2→⁴I_15/2发光的时间演化曲线成功地重新进行了数值拟合.结果表明该体系内D-A间交叉弛豫能量传递是偶极-偶极作用,作用常数C_DA为4.75×10^-41cm⁶/s,与Okamoto等人原用YT扩散模型得到的结果一致.而拟合得到的四个D-D平均跳跃时间τ₀粗略地与x_D^α次方(x_D为D离子浓度)成正比(α≈-1.237),并不遵从τ₀很小时与x_D的-2次方成正比的理论关系.同时,通过把D-D迁移和D-A传递同时同样地纳入V-F模型还粗略估计了D-D平均跳跃时间τ₀′的值,发现它与V-F-B给出的τ₀拟合值比较一致,说明V-F-B模型在一定近似程度上是内部自恰的、合理的. 关键词： 能量传递 能量迁移 跳跃时间 交叉弛豫     

非均质基底表面上团簇生长的Monte Carlo模拟

Monte Carlo方法模拟了在非均质基底表面上团簇的生长过程.非均质基底由规则分布的A，B两类不同性质的物质(不同材料、不同温度等)组成.沉积粒子的初动能为E₀，在不同相基底上单位长度扩散的能耗为E_A,E_B，粒子从A经过相界扩散到B的能耗为E_AB.模拟中粒子的初动能E₀.远大于E_A,E_B，粒子从B过相界到A能耗E_BA取为0.结果表明，沉积在此类基底表面的粒子凝聚成具有分形结构的团簇.当E_AB远大于E_A,E_B时，团簇的数目、团簇的回旋半径、团簇的分形维数均随E₀/E_AB呈周期性变化. 关键词： 分形团簇 非均质基底 Monte Carlo模拟 周期性     

α-碘酸锂的电流弛豫和偏压场作用下表观介电常数弛豫行为

本工作较为详细地测定了静电场作用下α-碘酸锂的电流弛豫行为:在撤去c轴方向上的静电场后,从我们所用测量电流仪器的响应时间到某一t_k的区间内,放电电流服从(t/t₀)^-α的负幂次方律;而在t>t_k,其规律近似地为:(t/t₀)^{(-α′ln(t/t₀))}。相关的弛豫参数α,α′和t_k在有限的范围内,依赖于温度和施加电压的大小,也因样品不同而有差异。对将近十个样品进行了测试,结果表明,大多数晶体在尽可能小的电压下0.43≤α≤0.7,0.07<α′<0.09;上述的电流弛豫表达式与α-碘酸锂在偏压场作用下观察到的其它物理现象的弛豫行为,与在中子衍射加强和表观介电常数中的表现如出一辙;可以初步肯定各种现象的弛豫行为具有相同的物理根源。 关键词：     

超薄膜外延生长的Monte Carlo模拟

用MonteCarlo(MC)方法对超薄膜外延生长过程进行了计算机模拟.模型中引入Morse势描述粒子间的相互作用,考虑粒子的沉积、吸附粒子的扩散和蒸发三个过程.研究了粒子间相互作用范围α和允许粒子行走的最大步数对薄膜生长形貌的影响.结果表明:在不同的α值下,随粒子行走步数的增加,薄膜的生长经历了从分散、分形、混合到团聚的过程;其中α=6时,基本观察不到粒子的分散生长过程;α值越小且粒子行走步数越小的情况下,薄膜越易趋向于分散生长 关键词： 超薄膜 MonteCarlo方法 外延生长 Morse势 分形     

基于Langevin问题探讨广义M-J集的物理意义

基于对一典型Langevin问题——在双势井和变化的磁场中并受一恒冲量不断作用的运动带电粒子的动力学分析,利用频闪采样法,给出了描述粒子速度变化规律的复差分方程.选取适当的磁场强度和时间间隔（采样周期）,将这一差分方程简化为用来构造广义M-J（Mandelbrot-Julia）集的复映射,并基于粒子的动力学特征探讨了广义M-J集的物理意义.结果发现：1)广义M-J集的分形结构特征可形象地反映出粒子速度的变化规律;2)选取的时间间隔有、无意义,决定了广义M-J集的分形结构是否具有连续性;3)广义M-J集的演 关键词： Langevin问题 双势井 磁场 广义M-J集 物理意义     

适用于中等耦合等离子体的碰撞算子

完全电离等离子体中，当试探粒子分布函数f_α是关于试探粒子速度v_α的偶函数时，导出了一个新的动力学方程的碰撞算子.该碰撞算子同时包括了大角散射(库仑近碰撞)和小角散射(库仑远碰撞)的二体碰撞的贡献,因此，该碰撞算子同时适用于弱耦合(库仑对数lnΛ≥10)和中等耦合(库仑对数2≤lnΛ≤10)等离子体.而且经过修改的碰撞算子和Rosenbluth势有直接的联系，当试探粒子和场粒子满足条件m_αm_β(如电子-离子碰撞或Lor 关键词： 中等耦合等离子体 小角散射 大角散射 碰撞算子     

超薄膜多中心生长过程的计算机模拟

利用计算机模拟了不同的允许扩散步数下超薄膜的多中心分形生长和团状生长现象,研究了成核及长大的动力学过程．分形生长时分形维数随团簇大小的增大而增加．分形生长和团状生长时成核率随扩散步数的增大而减小,随时间的增大而急速下降．团簇长大过程可用团簇大小S和生长时间t-t₀的幂函数(t-t₀)^κ描述．由于团簇间的分流作用,生长指数κ比经典理论值1略小,并且存在着非线性现象,即长得较大的团簇的生长指数Κ也较大. 关键词：     

运用CTRW-Metropolis模型数值研究亚稳势中粒子逃逸问题

基于连续时间随机行走(CTRW)理论,实现反常扩散条件下对跳跃步长和等待时间分布函数的抽样,改进Metropolis抽样判定方法以适用于存在非线性势的情况.数值研究布朗粒子在亚稳势下的逃逸速率.结果显示,稳定逃逸速率γ_st随反常指数α非单调变化,在超扩散条件下存在极大值和位垒相消现象.     

Vehicular traffic through a self-similar sequence of traffic lights

We study the dynamical behavior of vehicular traffic through a sequence of traffic lights positioned self-similarly on a highway, where all traffic lights turn on and off simultaneously with cycle time T_s. The signals are positioned self-similarly by Cantor set. The nonlinear-map model of vehicular traffic controlled by self-similar signals is presented. The vehicle exhibits the complex behavior with varying cycle time. The tour time is much lower such that signals are positioned periodically with the same interval. The arrival time T(x) at position x scales as (T(x)-x)∝x^d_f, where d_f is the fractal dimension of Cantor set. The landscape in the plot of T(x)−x against cycle time T_s shows a self-affine fractal with roughness exponent α=1−d_f.     

Thermal and chemical nanofractal relaxation

We studied shape relaxation of nano-fractal islands, during annealing, after their growth from antimony cluster deposition on graphite surface. Annealing at 180^°C shows evidence of an increase of the fractal branch width with time followed by branch fragmentation, without changing the fractal dimension. The time evolution of the width of the arm suggests the surface self-diffusion mechanism as the main relaxation process. With Monte Carlo simulations, we confirmed the observed behavior. Comparison is done with our previous results on fragmentation of nano-fractal silver islands when impurity added to the incident cluster promotes rapid fragmentation by surface self-diffusion enhancement [1].     

Dynamic Scaling and Fractal Behavior of Phase Dispersion in Multicomponent Polymer Blends

Dynamic scaling and fractal behavior of phase dispersion in a binary polymer mixture of polypropylene with poly(cis-butadiene) rubber during processing in a batch mixer was studied by means of a back small-angle laser scattering (BSALS) online system. In the late stage of phase dispersion, a special fractal behavior was found; different overlapped line groups existed simultaneously and the temporal distribution was stochastic. We defined the special behavior as quasi-self-similarity and calculated the fractal dimension, D _p, by using the power spectrum method. The results show that the evolution of different fractal dimensions with time is consistent with average chord length of the dispersed phase.     

Collisionless magnetohydrodynamic turbulence in two dimensions

In this paper we give a formulation of two-dimensional (2D) collisionless magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence that includes the effects of both electron inertia and electron pressure (or parallel electron compressibility) and is applicable to strongly magnetized collisionless plasmas. We place particular emphasis on the departures from the 2D classical MHD turbulence results produced by the collisionless MHD effects. We investigate the fractal/multi-fractal aspects of spatial intermittency. The fractal model for intermittent collisionless MHD turbulence appears to be able to describe the observed k⁻¹ spectrum in the solar wind. Multi-fractal scaling behaviors in the inertial range are first deduced, and are then extrapolated down to the dissipative microscales. We then consider a parabolic-profile model for the singularity spectrum f (α), as an explicit example of a multi-fractal scenario. These considerations provide considerable insights into the basic mechanisms underlying spatial intermittency in 2D fully developed collisionless MHD turbulence.     

Multivariate pressure effects on an electron hopping process in ferroelectric KTa<Subscript>1−x</Subscript>Nb<Subscript>x</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>

The effect induced by the presence of a polaron related relaxation process on the dielectric properties of a ferroelectric KTa_1?x Nb _x O₃ (KTN) crystal was investigated (10^-2?10⁶ Hz, at 300?375 K) using broadband dielectric spectroscopy. Characterization of the process using just the standard frequency domain dielectric parameters can nonetheless provide penetrating insight into its nature and origins. The three parameters, namely: relaxation time (τ), Cole-Cole loss broadening (α), and dielectric strength (Δ?) provide each one in its own way, much useful and often overlooked information. The Activation Energy along with the Meyer-Neldel dependance, both extracted from τ serve to illuminate the dynamic properties. At the same time, α and especially the combined α(lnτ) relationship, expose the fractal structure of the underlying landscape. Finally, the static parameter Δ?, enables quantification of the dipolar correlations. Hydrostatic pressure (up to 7.5 kbar) was applied to gently perturb the system and observe the outcome on all of the various parameters. This additional degree of freedom allows for a much more comprehensive exploration of the phase space behavior of the system.     

Role of fractal dimension in random walks on scale-free networks

Fractal dimension is central to understanding dynamical processes occurring on networks; however, the relation between fractal dimension and random walks on fractal scale-free networks has been rarely addressed, despite the fact that such networks are ubiquitous in real-life world. In this paper, we study the trapping problem on two families of networks. The first is deterministic, often called (x,y)-flowers; the other is random, which is a combination of (1,3)-flower and (2,4)-flower and thus called hybrid networks. The two network families display rich behavior as observed in various real systems, as well as some unique topological properties not shared by other networks. We derive analytically the average trapping time for random walks on both the (x,y)-flowers and the hybrid networks with an immobile trap positioned at an initial node, i.e., a hub node with the highest degree in the networks. Based on these analytical formulae, we show how the average trapping time scales with the network size. Comparing the obtained results, we further uncover that fractal dimension plays a decisive role in the behavior of average trapping time on fractal scale-free networks, i.e., the average trapping time decreases with an increasing fractal dimension.     

Search for oscillation of the electron-capture decay probability of Pm

We have searched for time modulation of the electron capture decay probability of ¹⁴²Pm in an attempt to confirm a recent claim from a group at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI). We produced ¹⁴²Pm via the ¹²⁴Sn(²³Na, 5n)¹⁴²Pm reaction at the Berkeley 88-Inch Cyclotron with a bombardment time short compared to the reported modulation period. Isotope selection by the Berkeley Gas-filled Separator is followed by implantation and a long period of monitoring the ¹⁴²Nd Kα${\text{K}}_{\alpha }$ x-rays from the daughter. The decay time spectrum of the x-rays is well-described by a simple exponential and the measured half-life of 40.68(53) seconds is consistent with the accepted value. We observed no oscillatory modulation at the proposed frequency at a level 31 times smaller than that reported by Litvinov et al. [Y.A. Litvinov, et al., Phys. Lett. B 664 (2008) 162]. A literature search for previous experiments that might have been sensitive to the reported modulation uncovered another example in ¹⁴²Eu electron-capture decay. A reanalysis of the published data shows no oscillatory behavior.     

Fractal analysis of molecular motion in liquids

The fractal analysis of atomic trajectories in a simulated liquid gives Richardson coefficients, α, which depend on the duration, t, of the trajectory i.e., α(t). It is shown that α(t) can be expressed in terms of the usual self-diffusion coefficient and a parameter which is related to the details of the motion for times of order of the velocity autocorrelation time. It is shown that even when conventional diffusional behaviour is very amply obeyed it is probably impractical to show by computer simulation that the corresponding fractal result, α → 1, (D → 2), is valid without the aid of a theory such as the one presented here.     

Insights into fractal feature evolution from Au/Ge thin films after annealing

We report a perplexing behavior of fractal shape transition that results from a change in the annealing temperature and time or the film thickness ratio. We find that a compact-to-open fractal shape transition can be induced by increasing the annealing temperature and time or decreasing the thickness ratio of the Au and Ge films. This behavior is not completely consistent with what is predicted by theories based on diffusion-limited aggregation and previous experimental observations. In this new system, we find that fractal shape transitions are truly dominated by the random-successive nucleation and growth mechanism. PACS 61.43.Hv; 68.55.-a; 81.05.Gc