同步辐射显微红外光谱研究6-OHDA诱导帕金森病细胞模型

神经毒素6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)处理的人神经瘤母细胞系SH-SY5Y是一种经典的帕金森病细胞模型。利用同步辐射红外显微光谱研究6-OHDA处理的SH-SY5Y细胞系的生物化学成分。与正常细胞相比较,所含磷脂的平均饱和水平显著提高,蛋白质的二级结构发生显著变化,其中的β-sheet的比例明显增高,核酸的含量明显下降,提示神经毒素6-OHDA对细胞造成了严重的氧化损伤。同步辐射红外显微光谱能够精确有效的检测到细胞生化成分的改变,从而对细胞的病理损伤进行评估。     

抑癌基因p53的单细胞傅里叶变换显微红外光谱

为探索单细胞红外光谱技术对单基因差异的鉴别能力,利用同步辐射傅里叶变换红外显微光谱技术采集含抑癌基因p53(野生型)和敲除抑癌基因p53(敲除型)结肠癌细胞的单细胞显微红外光谱。研究分析光谱发现,二者在脂质、蛋白质以及核酸吸收谱带峰强度和位置都有明显的差异。敲除p53后脂质、核酸以及蛋白特征吸收峰均减弱,且几乎所有的吸收峰都向高波数位移。分析了酰胺I带与酰胺II带的相对吸收强度比,发现敲除型比值明显变大;酰胺I带拟合结果表明野生型细胞中蛋白质二级结构的α螺旋和无规则卷曲含量明显低于敲除型,转角和非典型螺旋的含量则高于敲除型,而β折叠的含量无明显变化。研究表明,同步辐射单细胞红外光谱可以在分子水平上鉴别因p53基因差异而产生的细胞代谢变化。     

红外光谱在微藻领域的应用研究进展

微藻富含类胡萝卜素、维生素、蛋白质、多不饱和脂肪酸等多种人体和动物所必需的营养成分，同时在水生态系统的维持和保护中也扮演着重要的角色，因此开展微藻生物学的研究具有十分重要的实际应用价值。传统的微藻成分的检测分析需要经过微藻细胞研磨破碎、有机溶剂分离提取、液(气)相检测等一系列的繁琐的操作步骤，有费时、需要高昂的仪器设备、操作过程复杂等缺点，因此需要发展更加快速高效的微藻细胞组分检测分析技术。红外光谱作为一种高效的物质检测和分析手段可以实现对微藻样品中的蛋白、脂类、核酸、多糖、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素等多种成分同时分析，具有简单、快速和无损检测等优势，特别是结合显微镜技术的红外光谱成像可以在微空间尺度上研究单一细胞或组织中各组分的变化。近年来，尤其是随着同步辐射技术的迅速发展，为红外光谱仪器提供质量更好、能量更高的同步辐射光源，使得红外光谱显微光谱及成像检测技术具有更高的灵敏度和空间分辨率，实现了能够在细胞和亚细胞尺度上对个体进行高空间分辨的原位观测，这在一定程度上解决了许多常规的检测分析技术不能同时兼顾高通量测量和高空间分辨率观察之间的矛盾。首先介绍了红外光谱技术的原理及其特点并分析了显微红外光谱及成像技术在生物样品检测中的独特优势，特别介绍红外光谱结合化学计量学的分析方法在生物学研究领域的应用。接下来综述了此项技术在分类鉴定、生长代谢监测、育种、水环境、食品医药等与微藻相关领域国内外的应用研究进展。比如，结合化学计量学方法红外光谱能够进行微藻的快速鉴定、判别和分类。利用红外光谱多组分快速检测的优势，可以实现微藻生长代谢的研究。基于红外光谱无损、高效检测的特点，可以实现油脂、β-胡萝卜素、虾青素等高产藻株的快速筛选。另外，微藻还可以有效地吸附废水中的重金属和有机活性染料，利用红外光谱可以对其吸附和降解环境污染物的机理进行研究。红外光谱还能够快速高效地实现微藻成分的分析和鉴定，因而可以用于微藻食品药品质量的检测和真伪的鉴定。然而，红外光谱在微藻的研究和应用方面还处于发展阶段，尚存在着一定的缺点和不足，对此进行了讨论和分析并提供了相应的解决方案。最后，对红外光谱在微藻的规模化养殖、高产藻株的筛选、微藻的生理、细胞器的结构和功能的研究等领域进行了展望。     

基于点扫描的同步辐射红外三维谱学显微研究

同步辐射红外(SRIR)光具有光谱范围宽、发散角小、亮度高以及信噪比高等优点,结合传统红外谱学技术,采用SRIR谱学显微技术对样品进行红外谱学显微,可以获得样品微米级别的空间光谱信息。利用MiTeGen聚亚酰胺小环作为样品,以上海光源BL01B1线站的SRIR光为光源,通过点扫描采样方式进行同步辐射红外三维谱学显微实验研究。通过获得聚亚酰胺小环在不同角度下的SRIR二维显微光谱信息,选取波数范围为1495～1485 cm~(-1)的显微光谱信息处理,用代数迭代算法对聚亚酰胺小环的化学组分酰胺Ⅱ进行SRIR三维显微重构,获得了完整的三维重构图。实验表明本文方法能够以较高的信噪比重构出样品化学组分的三维红外显微结构。     

黄藤细胞壁木质素区域化学分子光谱成像研究

整合共聚焦显微荧光和拉曼光谱成像技术系统研究了黄藤藤茎组织中不同类型细胞以及同一细胞不同形态区域的木质素区域化学特点。共聚焦荧光成像表明黄藤藤茎组织中木质素主要汇聚于初生木质部导管、次生木质部导管、维管束间的薄壁组织细胞以及纤维细胞角隅区。基于荧光光谱差异的光谱成像线性拆分结果显示纤维细胞次生壁由宽、窄层交替的同心层状结构组成,且窄层具有更高的木质化程度。比较黄藤、毛竹、芒草、毛白杨和虎皮松拉曼光谱发现黄藤材细胞壁拉曼光谱与阔叶木毛白杨类似,证实了黄藤材的化学组成更加趋近于阔叶木毛白杨。对拉曼光谱中木质素特征峰成像进一步揭示出纤维细胞中木质素不均一的分布规律: 其中细胞角隅胞间层和复合胞间层的拉曼信号强度最高,表明较高的木质化程度,其次是次生壁中的窄层,而次生壁宽层中拉曼特征峰强度最低,这一分布规律与竹材纤维细胞中木质素分布规律类似。宽、窄层中木质素不仅存在浓度上的差异,而且木质素基本结构单元的比例亦不同。采取光谱去卷积的方法排除了碳水化合物的影响,发现窄层中愈创木基(G型)木质素与紫丁香基木质素(S型)比例为0.19,而在宽层中这一比值为0.14,这一结果亦解释了宽、窄层荧光光谱间的差异。该研究结果对探索黄藤细胞壁生物合成及力学响应机制研究具有重要理论指导意义。     

两种相似塑料材料的显微近、中红外成像方法研究

显微近、中红外成像不仅可以获得样品的光谱信息,而且可以获得样品的空间分布信息,这是传统的近、中红外光谱分析所无法比拟的。该文以外观非常相似的聚乙烯膜(材料Ⅰ)和封口膜(材料Ⅱ)为研究对象,分别采集了样品的显微近、中红外图像。针对两种材料进行化学成像和相关光谱成像,比较并讨论了每种材料的两种成像方法。结果表明,材料Ⅱ的显微近、中红外化学成像中,两种材料化学成像值相差分别为0.004 8和0.254 8;材料Ⅰ的显微近、中红外化学成像中,两种材料化学成像值相差分别为0.002 6和0.326 5;近、中红外谱区的显微成像皆可得到两种材料清晰的成像,从而可区分两种材料。对两种材料相关光谱成像的研究表明,分别以两种材料的近、中红外光谱作为参比光谱的相关光谱成像可以明显地区分两种材料,成像结果较清晰;显微中红外相关光谱成像中,两种材料的光谱和参比光谱的相关系数差异大于0.12,成像结果更清晰;而显微近红外相关光谱成像图可利用图像中两种材料光谱和参比光谱相关系数的细微差异区分两种材料。该研究为农产品包装材料安全性的快速判别提供一定的参考,并为显微近、中红外成像分辨不同材料提供一定的成像方法参考。     

基于主成分分析-二阶导数光谱成像的红外显微图像分析

红外显微成像技术将红外光谱技术和显微技术相结合,不仅可以提供测试样品的光谱信息而且能够提供测试样品的空间分布信息。然而复杂样品的红外显微图像谱峰重叠严重,无法直接获得目标组分的分布信息。将因子分析与光谱分离技术相结合提出了主成分分析-二阶导数光谱成像方法。通过兔子动脉红外显微图像中胆固醇分布的成像实验,验证该方法的可行性和有效性。实验结果表明,该方法可以提高光谱分辨率,挖掘隐藏于重叠谱峰中的有用信息,是一种有效的红外显微图像分析方法。     

同步辐射红外谱学显微光束线站的空间分辨率测试

同步辐射红外光源具有宽光谱范围、高准直性、高亮度等特点。相比于传统的红外热光源,同步辐射红外光源的尺寸非常小,空间分辨率可达到衍射极限。为了得到准确的空间分辨率信息,对上海光源BL01B1红外谱学显微光束线站的空间分辨率进行了测试。使用刀片法和鉴别率板对上海光源BL01B1红外谱学显微光束线站水平和垂直方向的空间分辨率进行了详细测量,两种测试方法的结果都表明在所测的中红外波段,同步辐射红外谱学显微技术的空间分辨率达到衍射极限,与理论值十分符合。     

阿达玛变换光谱显微成像分析乳腺癌组织肿瘤标志物的分布

自行研制的多功能阿达玛变换光谱成像显微系统具有获取微小组织样品的高分辨荧光光谱和荧光图像的能力。由于量子点具有激发区域宽、可以一元激发多元发射、荧光峰形狭窄、亮度高、抗光漂白能力强等特点,非常适合作为荧光标记物应用于光谱显微成像分析领域。采用荧光发射波长为610 nm的量子点荧光探针分别免疫标记乳腺癌标志物人表皮生长因子受体2(HER2) 和雌激素受体(ER),通过激光诱导荧光法和荧光原位光谱成像法分析癌组织中HER2和ER的光谱特征和定量信息,采用阿达玛变换光谱显微成像系统对阳性乳腺癌组织与阴性正常乳腺组织进行对比分析,其结果表明该仪器可有效用于肿瘤标志物在癌组织内的定量研究,是定量检测乳腺癌HER2和ER分布的新技术。该技术建立的针对肿瘤标志物的半定量和定量分析方法,所得结果优于常规的定性分析方法。     

毛竹薄壁细胞组分分布及取向显微成像研究

薄壁细胞是竹材基本组织中的主要细胞类型起到填充及淀粉贮存作用,是竹材中重要的力学承载单元之一。采用共聚焦荧光显微技术对解离后的竹材薄壁细胞形态进行成像观察,透射电子显微镜成像发现薄壁细胞次生壁呈现宽窄交替的同心层状结构,且单层厚度在0.2～0.3μm。在此基础上利用532 nm共聚焦显微拉曼光谱成像技术原位状态下研究竹材薄壁细胞壁中木质素、纤维素区域化学,通过C—H伸缩振动(2 789～3 000 cm~(-1))特征峰峰高拉曼成像成功的区分出薄壁细胞复合胞间层以及次生壁,由于空间分辨率限制无法对薄壁细胞次生壁亚层进行区分。通过对薄壁细胞拉曼光谱380 cm~(-1)(吡喃环C—C—C对称弯曲振动)和1 600 cm~(-1)(木质素苯环伸缩振动)特征峰成像发现其次生壁中纤维素具有明显的区域选择性,而木质素具有明显的区域选择性,主要汇聚于复合胞间层及次生壁内层。与木质素共轭相联的松柏醛/芥子醛,以酯键和醚键与木质素和半纤维素相联的对羟基肉桂酸类与木质素分布规律类似。采用偏振光拉曼成像阐明纤维素微纤丝在薄壁细胞与纤维细胞各亚层中的空间取向差异,拉曼强度比值表明相对于纤维细胞宽层,纤维细胞窄层及薄壁细胞次生壁中纤维素分子更加趋近垂直于细胞轴向,也即是大的微纤丝角。研究结果加深了对毛竹薄壁细胞结构、细胞壁区域化学及分子取向特性的理解,能够为高效精准利用竹材提供重要的理论指导。     

Glaucoma classification based on visual pathway analysis using diffusion tensor imaging

Most of the existing methods for diagnosing glaucoma analyze the eye with a main focus on the retina, despite the transsynaptic nature of the fiber degeneration caused by glaucoma. Thus, they ignore a significant part of the visual system represented by the visual pathway in the brain. The advances in neuroimaging, especially diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), enable the identification and characterization of white matter fibers. In this work, we propose a system based on DTI analysis of the visual pathway fibers in the optic radiation for detecting and discriminating different glaucoma entities. The optic radiation is identified semi-automatically. DTI provides information about the fiber orientation as well as a set of derived parameters describing the degree of diffusion anisotropy and diffusivity. Features for each DTI derived measure are extracted from a specified region of interest on the optic radiation. The features are grouped into three sets: Histogram, co-occurrence matrices, and Laws features. For feature selection, the features are ranked using a support vector machine classifier. The highest ranked features are used for classification. A support vector machine classifier is used for classification in a 10-fold cross validation setup. The system is applied to three age-matched subjects’ categories containing 27 healthy, 39 primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), and 18 normal tension glaucoma (NTG) subjects. The discrimination accuracy between healthy and glaucoma (POAG and NTG) subjects is 94.1% with an area under the ROC of 0.97. Classification accuracy of 92.4% is obtained for the normal and the POAG groups while it increased to 100% in case of healthy and NTG groups. In addition, the system could differentiate between glaucoma types (POAG and NTG) with an accuracy of 98.3%. A complementary analysis was performed to estimate the selection bias in the obtained accuracy. The bias ranged from 10% to 20% depending on the group pair under consideration. The classification results indicate the high performance of the system compared to retina-based glaucoma detection systems. The proposed approach utilizes visual pathway analysis rather than the conventional eye analysis which presents a new trend in glaucoma detection. Analyzing the entire visual system could provide significant information that can improve the glaucoma examination flow and treatment.     

Acetate formation during the ethanol oxidation on Rh(1 1 1)

The catalytic cracking of ethanol on clean and oxygen precovered Rh(1 1 1) surfaces has been studied by a combination of synchrotron based high-resolution core level spectroscopy and surface infrared spectroscopy. On the clean surface the decomposition of ethanol occurs without any formation of atomic oxygen. The presence of oxygen on the surface changes the reactivity significantly and acetate (CH₃COO) was identified as an important surface intermediate in the ethanol oxidation.     

Broad band infrared near-field spectroscopy at finger print region using SPring-8

The authors report infrared near-field spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation at BL43IR, SPring-8 in the finger print region. At the microspectroscopy station, the infrared synchrotron radiation beam is focused on a cantilever probe with a 3 μm square aperture. A comb-shaped Au electrode with the width of 3 μm and the distance of 3 μm is used for the reflection measurement. The Au electrodes can be resolved at 650 cm⁻¹ and the resolution is estimated to be λ/5.     

A Spectroscopic Study of Changes in the Secondary Structure of Proteins of Biological Fluids of the Oral Cavity by Synchrotron Infrared Microscopy

Optics and Spectroscopy - On the basis of the data of infrared spectroscopy with synchrotron radiation, the secondary structure of proteins of the dentinal and gingival fluids during the...     

Single-cell analysis using Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a well-established, non-destructive method of obtaining chemical information from biological samples such as tissues and cells. This review focuses specifically on the development of infrared spectroscopic microanalysis at the single-cell level. Technological developments, including that of the infrared microscope, synchrotron radiation FTIR, and focal plane array detectors, and their impact on the field are discussed along with the various data processing procedures that are currently used to extract meaningful information. There is then an emphasis on live cell infrared (IR) imaging, including developments in water correction and microfluidic device design. The review concludes with look to future directions, highlighting the potential impact of quantum cascade lasers.     

利用同步辐射光电子能谱技术测量ZnO/PbTe异质结的能带带阶

异质结结构界面的能带带阶是一个非常重要的参数,该参数的精确确定直接影响异质结的光电性质研究以及异质结在光电器件上的应用.利用同步辐射光电子能谱技术测量了ZnO/PbTe异质结结构的能带带阶.测量得到该异质结价带带阶为2.56 eV,导带带阶为0.49 eV,是一个典型的类型I的能带排列.利用变厚度扫描的测量方法发现,ZnO/PbTe界面存在两种键,分别是Pb—O键(低结合能)和Pb—Te键(高结合能).在ZnO/PbTe异质结界面的能带排列中导带带阶较小,而价带带阶较大,这一能带结构有利于PbTe中的激发电子输运到ZnO导电层中.该类结构在新型太阳电池、中红外探测器、激光器等器件中具有潜在的应用价值.     

Application of Advanced Synchrotron Radiation–Based and Conventional Molecular Techniques in Recent Research on Molecular Structure,Metabolic Characteristics,and Nutrition in Coproducts from Biofuel Processing

Abstract

Advanced synchrotron radiation infrared microspectroscopy, as a nondestructive and rapid analytical technique, is able to simultaneously reveal the structural, chemical, and environmental features of biomaterials at cellular and molecular levels within intact tissue. However, to date, this advanced synchrotron-based technique is still seldom used by feed and nutrition scientists. This article aims to provide detailed information regarding how to apply advanced synchrotron radiation–based and conventional molecular techniques to research in coproducts from biofuel processing on the molecular structure, metabolic characteristics, and nutrition. The information described in this article provides better insight on coproduct research progress and updates with advanced synchrotron radiation-based and globar-based (conventional) molecular spectroscopy.     

Infrared synchrotron-accelerator diagnostic methods

Methods for measuring the current and geometric parameters and estimating the energy parameters of an annular bunch of relativistic low-energy electrons are presented. The methods employ the optical (predominantly infrared) part of the spectral distribution of the synchrotron radiation with the use of fast infrared detectors capable of detecting radiation in the spectral range Δλ⋍0.3–45 μm. A number of data acquistion and processing systems developed and produced at the Joint of Institute of Nuclear Research in order to implement the infrared synchrotron-accelerator diagnostics are described. These systems employ specially developed infrared optics elements. The radiation is detected with cooled Si, Pb, Se, InSb, GeAu, and LiNbO₃ infrared detectors operating at room temperature. Examples of the implementation of these methods in accelerator experiments are presented. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 67, 60–67 (April 1997)     

Atomic scale oxidation of a complex system: O2/alpha-SiC(0001)-( 3 x 3)

The atomic scale oxidation of the alpha-SiC(0001)-(3 x 3) surface is investigated by atom-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy, core level synchrotron radiation based photoemission spectroscopy, and infrared absorption spectroscopy. The results reveal that the initial oxidation takes place through the relaxation of lower layers, away from the surface dangling bond, in sharp contrast to silicon oxidation.     

Observation of trapped and passing runaway electrons by infrared camera in the EAST tokamak

In EAST, synchrotron radiation is emitted by runaway electrons in the infrared band, which can be observed by infrared cameras. This synchrotron radiation is mainly emitted by passing runaway electrons with tens of Me V energy. A common feature of radiation dominated by passing runaway electrons is that it is strongest on the high field side. However,the deeply trapped runaway electrons cannot reach the high field side in principle. Therefore, in this case, the high field side radiation is expected to be weak. This paper reports for the first time that the synchrotron radiation from trapped runaway electrons dominates that from passing runaway electrons and is identifiable in an image. Although the synchrotron radiation dominated by trapped runaway electrons can be observed in experiment, the proportion of trapped runaway electrons is very low.