河南固始侯古堆一号墓出土东周玉器的科技分析

古代玉器不仅是装饰品,其中还蕴藏着丰富的文化内涵。为探究春秋时期河南地区出土玉器在矿物属性、制作工艺、器物功能等之间存在的关系,选取了河南固始侯古堆一号墓（M1）出土的10件玉器,应用X射线荧光光谱（XRF）、共焦显微激光拉曼光谱（LRS）、超景深光学显微系统等光学无损分析技术,结合扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和硅胶覆膜技术对其进行了综合性分析。首先通过光谱信息获知样品的化学成分和物相结构,对样品进行了基本的矿物学表征,明确其矿物种类;再利用超景深光学显微镜对样品进行观察,利用硅胶覆膜技术复刻出样品中典型的钻孔痕、切割痕和阴刻痕,并进行二次观察和测量,综合判断出其加工工艺,并统计了刻痕深度、切口角度、浅浮雕高度等相关数据。结果表明：此玉器的矿物种类包括透闪石和云母两种,透闪石质的样品多为礼器,云母质的样品为葬玉。从阴刻工艺、钻孔工艺、切割及打磨工艺和其他特殊工艺这四方面对加工工艺进行了分析,阴刻加工工具分为手持硬质工具和砣具两种,此批样品中以砣具为主;总结了两种不同加工工具雕刻产生的阴线在表面痕迹、切口角度和刻痕深度中的规律性变化;钻孔方式均为双面对钻,钻孔工具均为实心钻具,部分样品钻孔时添加了解玉砂;多数样品经过了打磨抛光,对其中一件未完全加工完成的样品开片痕迹进行了分析,判断所用开片工具为硬质片状工具。另外对其他特殊加工工艺进行探讨,讨论了两种浅浮雕工艺的差异,以及实心钻定位技术在掏膛工艺中的应用。上述结果说明古代玉器制作工艺的选择受玉料矿物属性和玉器器型功能的影响,并结合已有研究结果,探讨了春秋末年中原地区治玉过程中玉料的来源、墓主生活年代及片切割工具的变革等问题。     

金锥-聚合物球壳靶制备初步研究

 报道了研制快点火物理实验用带金锥固体球壳靶时，采用多次乳化技术制备聚合物空心微球，精密车床加工和电镀技术制备金锥，精密加工实现聚合物微球表面打孔的工艺。窄分布聚苯乙烯制备的空心微球直径与壁厚分布较窄。电镀液的配方、pH值、镀前处理、尖端效应等对镀层的表面质量和镀层与芯轴之间的结合力有重要的影响。采用精密车床加工可以在聚合物微球表面获得直径约120 μm的孔，初步实现金锥与聚合物微球的连接。     

大长径比皮料玻璃管加工工艺研究及应用

为满足高增益、低噪声微通道板要求的大长径比皮料玻璃管,采用精密机械整形冷加工工艺提高皮料管的几何均匀性,实现微通道板的性能提升。通过改善机床加工误差、对刀误差以及设计合适的机动夹紧机构可有效控制皮料管内圆精磨加工精度。对磨头转速、背吃刀量、轴向进刀速度及金刚砂磨头粒度4个水平因子开展L16正交试验,得出背吃刀量是影响皮料管内圆精磨加工表面质量的主要因素。选择合适的抛光工艺及工装夹具,最终将皮料管的尺寸变化量控制在1%以内,表面粗糙度Ra值有效控制在0.02 μm。通过Φ25 /6型微通道板制板试验,结果表明:减小皮料管的几何尺寸偏差在一定程度上提高了微通道板阵列一致性、开口面积比一致性,以及增益均匀性,对制造高性能微通道板有较好的借鉴作用。     

模具钢表面激光毛化工艺的试验研究

以模具工业45^#钢摩擦学设计及性能要求为基础，分析了激光毛化模具钢表面形貌的形成机理及其关键的影响因素。采用灯泵浦Nd：YAG脉冲激光器在试样表面进行激光毛化工艺试验，获得了合理的激光毛化参数范围：激光峰值功率0．8～1．6kW，离焦量-1．4～-0．4mm、＋0．4～4-1．4mm，辅助气体压力〉0．2MPa，脉宽1．8ms。采用功率增益和氧气保护，可加工出预先设定的微火山口状毛化形貌。微凹坑形貌的成功获得对于提高拉伸模具的摩擦磨损性能，进一步掌握激光毛化参数与材料的作用规律，提供了有效的数据参考。     

介质壁加速器高梯度绝缘子研制

与普通绝缘子相比,高梯度绝缘子(HGI)的金属层与绝缘介质层交替排列结构可以抑制真空沿面闪络过程,从而提高沿面闪络场强。使用不同绝缘介质材料和金属材料采用不同加工制备工艺制备的HGI样品其沿面闪络场强差别较大。对所制备的绝缘介质层分别为聚酰亚胺、交联聚苯乙烯和尼龙,金属层为不锈钢箔,形状分别为圆柱与圆环型的HGI样品进行了真空沿面耐压测试,并对相同尺寸的纯绝缘介质样品进行了对照实验,得到了不同材料不同制备工艺HGI样品的耐压性能差异。结合样品表面显微照片观察得到的样品表面状况,分析了影响样品沿面闪络场强的因素。     

增减材复合制造316L不锈钢的滑动磨损特性研究

研究了激光选区熔化(SLM)/铣削增减材复合制造工艺对316L不锈钢滑动磨损特性的影响规律。在增减材复合加工机床上分别采用单一增材方法和增减材方法制备316L不锈钢试样,在一台加工中心上制备传统铸造316L不锈钢试样。激光能量密度E设置为112.5～183.3 J·mm^-3,铣削每齿进给量设置为0.02～0.08 mm。首先测试分析了试样致密度、组织缺陷、显微组织、显微硬度及表面粗糙度。在与Si₃N₄陶瓷球配对的干式滑动试验后,对摩擦因数、磨损率、磨痕形貌及元素组成进行测试分析。结果表明,SLM成形材料的致密度和硬度在E=150.0 J·mm^-3时取得最高值。增减材试样的表面粗糙度明显低于增材试样,在每齿进给量相同时略高于铸造铣削样。SLM成形材料的摩擦因数范围为0.93～1.03,在最致密时取得最低值并略低于铸造材料。增减材表面在30 min内的总磨损率随每齿进给量的减小而降低,其数值为8.44×10^-8～12.17×10^-8 mm³     

浙江遂昌好川墓地五件出土绿松石珠的科技分析

目前现代测试技术发展较快,为古代玉器的加工技术、产源研究提供了无损研究手段。利用红外光谱和能量色散X射线荧光光谱技术（EDXRF）,对浙江省遂昌县好川墓地中M52号墓出土的五件绿松石珠进行无损测试,期望判断其可能的产地来源。红外谱学特征显示,3 468和3 514 cm-1处可见红外吸收锐谱带,是由于ν(OH)伸缩振动所致;3 058 cm-1附近可见ν（MFe,Cu-H₂O）伸缩振动,1 014,1 066和1 134 cm-1处为ν_３（PO₄）伸缩振动。与标准绿松石红外谱相比,缺少1 637 cm-1处峰,此处为δ（H₂O）弯曲振动,可能与样品在地下埋藏时间过久有关。除天然绿松石吸收峰外,在2 890和2 838 cm-1处出现吸收峰,分属亚甲基(-CH₂) 的不对称伸缩振动峰和对称振动峰,在1 452 cm-1附近也可以观察到其变形振动峰,此外在1 552 cm-1附近可见ν（C═C）伸缩振动。这两处有机物吸收峰结合出土位置于红色漆痕处推断,可能存在微量生漆残留。两处基团峰与生漆漆酚的红外谱学特征基本相符,存在样品埋藏时间过久,漆器在土中腐朽后沾染到样品表面的可能性。EDXRF数据中显示五件样品主量元素含量与理论值相比稍低,硅含量稍高,存在含硅杂质矿物,微量元素中锌和钡的含量较高,Zn含量均在1 151～1 540 mg·kg-1, Ba含量均在1 910～3 570 mg·kg-1, 对比前人文献与湖北十堰及周边地区出产绿松石的元素数量级更为接近,可作为判断五件绿松石珠玉料来源的一个证据。通过显微照相对五件绿松石珠制作工艺进行观察,可见五件样品均存在定向的抛磨痕迹,且可见明显的一定数量的抛磨小面,边缘可见线切割痕迹,证明当时的好川文化先民已经具有加工打磨长宽不大于1 cm珠的能力;加工珠形的方式是将不规则玉料原料分多个小面打磨直至成为桶珠形状,而非直接进行弧面打磨;钻孔周边可见明显平面,孔形状较规整,近圆形,有抛磨痕迹,说明好川墓地先民当时已具有钻孔工艺。研究表明,好川地区绿松石可能来自于湖北十堰及其周边地区的矿带,浙西南地区自好川文化开始就使用较纯净的绿松石作为漆器镶嵌装饰,埋藏过程中黏附漆类物质对绿松石表面造成一定污染,镶嵌玉石漆器的制作工艺自良渚文化后有所传承,且好川墓地先民已具备了一定程度的绿松石加工能力。这对接下来进一步研究好川文化玉料来源问题奠定基础,对考古学中好川及周边地区文化起源与交流探讨也有一定参考意义。     

古代多色硅酸盐制品的光谱学分析及方法学研究

采用自主搭建的多光谱成像系统、便携式X射线荧光光谱仪(X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, XRF)、激光拉曼光谱仪(laser Raman spectrometer, LRS)对5件战国时期多色硅酸盐制品的表面物质的光谱特性、化学成分和物相结构进行了无损分析。根据多光谱图像中的光谱响应情况,对样品表面物质进行了区域划分,并发现样品表面的多数蓝、绿、紫色系区域出现荧光现象。XRF检测结果表明不同区域的化学成分存在明显差异,但多数区域均以SiO₂,PbO,BaO为主要化学成分,5件样品基本属于铅钡硅酸盐体系,而且出现荧光区域皆是铜离子致色。LRS精确检测出各个区域中的玻璃相、中国蓝、中国紫、石英、赤铁矿、铅白、无定形碳等物相,并发现产生可见发光二极管致近红外荧光的物质为中国蓝和中国紫。利用X射线衍射技术(X-ray diffraction, XRD)验证了LRS检测结果的正确性。本研究将多用于书画分析的多光谱成像面检测技术与常用于硅酸盐文物成分分析的XRF和LRS技术进行有效结合,提出了一套更为高效的无损的分析古代多色硅酸盐制品的研究方法。光谱图像与X射线荧光光谱、激光拉曼光谱数据的结合,将样品的光谱特性与化学构成联系起来,有助于提高硅酸盐文物的分析效率,加强对硅酸盐文物的整体认识,和降低硅酸盐文物的受损风险。     

Ultra-short pulse laser deep drilling of C/SiC composites in air

Ultra-short pulse laser machining is an important finishing technology for high hardness materials. In this study, it demonstrated that the ultra-short pulse laser can be used to drill the film cooling holes and square holes in aero-engine turbine blades made of C/SiC composites. Both the edges and bottoms of the drilling holes are covered with small particles. The following factors have a great effect on drilling holes according to this work: (1) circular holes can be processed only at a relative small helical lines spacing. (2) With the increase of laser scanning speed, the depth of holes reduces while the diameter rarely changes. (3) Through the holes of high aspect ratio can be obtained via high processing power.     

Deposition and characterization of TiAlSiN nanocomposite coatings prepared by reactive pulsed direct current unbalanced magnetron sputtering

This work reports the performance of high speed steel drill bits coated with TiAlSiN nanocomposite coating at different Si contents (5.5-8.1 at.%) prepared using a four-cathode reactive pulsed direct current unbalanced magnetron sputtering system. The surface morphology of the as-deposited coatings was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy. The crystallographic structure, chemical composition and bonding structure were evaluated using X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. The corrosion behavior, mechanical properties and thermal stability of TiAlSiN nanocomposite coatings were also studied using potentiodynamic polarization, nanoindentation and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. The TiAlSiN coating thickness was approximately 2.5-2.9 μm. These coatings exhibited a maximum hardness of 38 GPa at a silicon content of approximately 6.9 at.% and were stable in air up to 850 °C. For the performance evaluation, the TiAlSiN coated drills were tested under accelerated machining conditions by drilling a 12 mm thick 304 stainless steel plate. Under dry conditions the uncoated drill bits failed after drilling 50 holes, whereas, TiAlSiN coated drill bits (Si = 5.5 at.%) drilled 714 holes before failure. Results indicated that for TiAlSiN coated drill bits the tool life increased by a factor of more than 14.     

Femtosecond laser drilling of crystalline and multicrystalline silicon for advanced solar cell fabrication

The rear contact solar cell concept has been implemented to increase the solar cell efficiency. Practically, it necessitates rapid fabrication of a large number of via holes to form low-loss current paths. It is not a trivial task to drill a number of microscopic holes through a typical Si wafer of ??200???m thickness at reasonable processing throughput and yield. In this research, a femtosecond laser is employed to drill via holes in both crystalline silicon (c-Si) and multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) thin wafers of ??170???m thickness with various laser parameters such as number of laser shots and pulse energy. Since a significantly high pulse energy compared to ablation threshold is mainly applied, aiming to achieve a rapid drilling process, the femtosecond laser beam is subjected to complex non-linear characteristics. Therefore, the relative placement of the sample with respect to the laser focal position is also rigorously examined. While the non-linear effect at high pulse energy regime is complex, it also facilitates the drilling process in terms of achieving high-aspect ratio, for example, by extending the effective depth of focus by non-linear effect. Cross-sectional morphological analysis in conjunction with on-line emission and shadowgraph imaging are carried out in order to elucidate the drilling mechanism.     

Numerical simulation of process dynamics during laser beam drilling with short pulses

In the last years, laser beam drilling became increasingly important for many technical applications as it allows the contactless production of high quality drill holes. So far, mainly short laser pulses are of industrial relevance, as they offer a good compromise between precision and efficiency and combine high ablation efficiency with low thermal damage of the workpiece. Laser beam drilling in this pulse length range is still a highly thermal process. There are two ablation mechanisms: evaporation and melt expulsion. In order to achieve high quality processing results, a basic process understanding is absolutely necessary. Yet, process observations in laser beam drilling suffer from both the short time scales and the restricted accessibility of the interaction zone. Numerical simulations offer the possibility to acquire additional knowledge of the process as they allow a direct look into the drill hole during the ablation process. In this contribution, a numerical finite volume multi-phase simulation model for laser beam drilling with short laser pulses shall be presented. The model is applied for a basic study of the ablation process with μs and ns laser pulses. The obtained results show good qualitative correspondence with experimental data.     

湖北随州曾侯乙墓出土玉器材质分析与产源初探

曾侯乙墓位于湖北省随州市郊,是二十世纪重大考古发现之一,其中出土玉石器数量达五百余件,且种类齐全、工艺精湛。利用现代测试仪器对这批玉石器进行全面而科学的鉴定,对于东周时期曾国用玉水平的研究具有重要的学术意义。为了探知曾侯乙墓出土玉器的玉料类型及透闪石玉料可能来源地,以其中的319件玉器为研究对象,采用宝石学与光谱学的研究思路和方法对这些样品进行无损测试。通过十倍放大镜及天平等常规宝石学检测仪器对样品的表面特征、受沁程度及种类做出初步判断,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FTIR）和X射线荧光光谱仪（XRF）快速、无损的分析出土玉器样品的矿物相及化学成分。研究结果表明,常规仪器测试结合红外光谱及X射线荧光光谱可以很好的区分出土玉器的材质,在曾侯乙墓出土的319件玉器中,有264件透闪石质玉器,43件大理岩石璧、8件云母质玉器、1件石英岩、1件萤石以及2件水晶环。XRF测试结果显示,透闪石炙玉占全部检测样品的82.8%,其主要化学成分为MgO约占20.03%～27.00%（平均值为24.46%）, SiO₂约56.31%～61.17%（平均值为58.99%）, CaO约14.25%～19.91%（平均值为15.42%）, Fe_TO约0.19%～2.06%（平均值为0.551%）,计算可知m（Mg）/m（Mg+Fe）的值在0.91~0.99之间,其测试结果范围与标准透闪石含量很接近,该批样品中未检测出阳起石质的软玉。其中,大部分优质透闪石质玉器均出土自主墓室,反映出当时人们的用玉水平及用玉习惯。根据已有研究结果,结合化学成分分析及部分具有特征风化皮层及戈壁料特征的样品,推测曾侯乙墓部分出土玉器的玉料来源于甘肃古玉矿。该结论为进一步研究曾国用玉制度和战国时期玉石之路提供了更多的研究资料。     

广西合浦九只岭汉墓出土石榴子石珠饰的科学分析

为探明广西合浦九只岭汉墓出土的一批紫色珠饰的材质、制作工艺和可能的原料来源,应用X射线荧光光谱、激光拉曼光谱和以及超景深三维显微系统三种分析技术科学分析了其中8枚珠饰。根据X射线荧光光谱和激光拉曼光谱分析结果,从矿物学特征上讲,这些珠饰是由石榴子石族矿物中的铝系石榴石加工而成,除一件样品属于铁铝-镁铝榴石型外,其矿物成分体系具有较高一致性,其他样品均属于富铁铝榴石型石榴子石。结合超景深数码显微系统所获取的样品加工痕迹信息以及近年考古学和科技研究成果,探讨了这批石榴子石的加工工艺和可能的来源。判断这批珠饰采用了旋磨工艺和皮囊球磨工艺两种打磨工艺,采用双钻石钻具对钻的钻孔工艺。这批铁铝榴石宝石珠饰应是由南亚或南亚经东南亚通过海上丝绸之路输入到合浦的,是汉代海上丝绸之路贸易的重要物证,对研究海上丝绸之路的历史和文化交流等具有重要的意义。     

浙江三个新石器时代遗址出土玉玦科技分析

玉玦是我国新石器时代广泛出现的一类重要玉器。环太湖流域新石器时代遗址中出土的大量玉玦,具有鲜明时代和地域特征,为探索中国玉文化起源和传播提供了重要实物。为获取环太湖流域新石器时代玉玦的基础材料学信息(如主要矿物组成、硬度等),以及探索玉料随时间演变规律和可能的原料来源,本文以浙江省境内3个代表性新石器时代遗址--田螺山、仙坛庙和江家山遗址出土的玉玦为研究对象,采用X射线衍射(XRD)和质子激发X射线荧光(PIXE)分析技术对其进行了无损分析检测。研究结果表明： 从河姆渡文化至崧泽文化晚期,所分析玉玦的主要组成矿物为萤石、迪开石、石英、白云母、透闪石和蛇纹石等,以萤石、玉髓和迪开石为主,且时代早于透闪石和蛇纹石。结合已有的研究成果,探讨了相关遗址出土玉玦的原料随时间变化特征、原料来源,以及玉玦的材料学特征与加工工艺之间的内在联系。     

Energy efficiency of drilling granite and travertine with a CO2 laser and 980 nm diode laser

Using lasers to drill hard rock presents potential advantages compared to conventional mechanical drilling, such as higher penetration rates and reduced vibration. Before realistic drilling tools can be proposed, the influence of important parameters and the mechanisms involved in drilling different rocks with different lasers must be understood. In this work, we investigate the efficiency of laser drilling of granite and travertine with a CO₂ laser and a 980 nm fiber coupled diode laser. At the drilling surface, the maximum CW power delivered by the CO₂ laser was 140 W, while the diode laser delivered up to 215 W. Even at these modest power levels, it was possible to drill holes with diameters of the order of 8 mm at efficiencies varying from 40 kJ/cm³ to 150 kJ/cm³. The optimum laser exposure period of time was also investigated. Finally, x-ray diffraction and fluorescence analysis, as well as Tg (Thermogravimetry) and DTA (Differential Thermal Analysis) measurements, were performed on the rocks samples used.