Digital off-axis holography without zero-order diffraction via phase manipulation

By means of manipulating the phase information of the object beam in an off-axis digital holographic setup, we show that it is possible to fully eliminate the zero-order diffraction (ZOD) from numerically reconstructed holograms. Two different approaches are presented. In the first method, we introduce a ground glass on the object path beam to provide a random phase illumination. The subtraction between two holograms recorded with different positions of the ground glass yields a ZOD free hologram. In the second approach, a piece of window glass inserted on the path of the object beam produces a constant phase shift. The subtraction of two holograms, one recorded with and one without window glass generates a new hologram whose numerical reconstruction is ZOD free. Theoretical models and experimental results are shown to validate our proposals. They show that the proposed methods totally remove the ZOD without ruining the object information.     

Incoherent recovering of the spatial resolution in digital holography

We report on a technique to recover the spatial resolution of digitally recorded and reconstructed holograms of large objects. Due to the high-contrast speckle noise diminishes the spatial resolution in coherent imaging systems our proposal is based on the reduction of the contrast of it. This aim is achieved through the superposition on an intensity basis of digitally reconstructed holograms of the same static scene. We show a theoretical justification of the procedure and experimentally-obtained results of applying the technique with digitally reconstructed holograms of an object with very poor optical contrast.     

Wavelength-scanning digital interference holography for optical section imaging

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a simple digital holographic method that allows reconstruction of three-dimensional object images with a narrow depth of focus or axial resolution. A number of holograms are optically generated by use of different wavelengths spaced at regular intervals. The holograms are recorded on a digital camera and reconstructed numerically. Multiwavelength interference of the holograms results in images of the contour plane whose thickness can be made arbitrarily narrow. Objects at different distances from the hologram plane are imaged clearly and independently, with complete suppression of the out-of-focus images. The technique is available only in digital holography and should have useful applications in holographic microscopy.     

Simple and robust digital holography for high-resolution imaging

Based on the point spread function of holographic system,the lateral resolution of digital holographic imaging system without any pre-magnification is studied.The expression of resolution limitation of holographic imaging system is thus presented.We investigate the possibilities to improve the lateral resolution.The simple experimental setup with an off-axis arrangement is built.By using a U.S.Air Force(USAF)test target as microscopic object,the recorded holograms are reconstructed digitally based on the principle of Fresnel diffraction.The lateral resolution of 2.76 μm without any pre-magnification is demonstrated experimentally,which matches the theoretical prediction well.     

High resolution digital holographic microscopy for the study of aggregated natural cellulose nanowhisker fibers

In this paper, digital holographic (DH) microscopy demonstrates its ability to perform a full characterization of nanofibers. The high resolution and magnification of the presented method to study the nanofibers are tested using standard MIL-STD-150A 1951 USAF resolution test target. In this investigation, aggregated natural cellulose nanowhisker fibers are positioned in the front of the microscopic objective using a 3D translation stage in the object arm of DH setup. The recorded off-axis holograms are refocused using the angular spectrum method. The reconstructed complex field is used to calculate optical phase and intensity distributions of the object at different reconstruction depths. A simple algorithm is used to define the focused image with suitable accuracy. The dimensions and orientation of the fibers can be evaluated from the optical field at different depths. Then, the shape and textures along the aggregated natural cellulose nanowhisker fiber can be presented in a 3D space.     

Measurement of Slopes of a Deformed Object Corresponding to Different Directions with Digital Holography

A digital holographic method that can be used for the simultaneous measurement of slopes of a deformed object in different directions is described in this paper. In this method, two holograms are recorded numerically under the normal and deformed states of the specimen, and two object waves are numerically calculated from these two holograms. The slopes corresponding to different directions are measured by superposing the two object waves with appropriate shifts. It is a superior method in regard to the simple experiment setup, the flexibility in handing the data, and the high quality phase maps.     

Measurement of Slopes of a Deformed Object Corresponding to Different Directions with Digital Holography

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长工作距离显微成像数字全息合成孔径方法(英文)

提出了一种用于长工作距离下显微成像的数字全息合成孔径方法。首先,在不同斜入射照明条件下记录多幅包含不同物光频谱范围的数字全息图。然后,利用每一幅全息图通过数字方法重构并放大物体强度像。最后,通过非相干叠加这些强度像得到分辨力提高且散斑噪声减小的合成物体强度像。理论分析和实验结果表明,此方法可应用于长工作距离下的原位显微观测。     

Multiple-exposure high-sensitivity holographic interferometry for studying moving objects

A method for increasing the sensitivity of measurements through aberration compensation upon reconstruction of interferograms from two multiple-exposure holograms is proposed. At the early stage of object investigation, the holographic structures recorded at certain time instants are rerecorded by two coherent beams on new image carriers. In this case, the interference moiré method is employed to monitor the equality of the vectors of the holographic structures rerecorded. At the final stage, the new nonlinear holograms are processed in an optical analyzer of conjugate holograms with the use of incoherent light. The hologram thus reconstructed offers a high sensitivity of measurements and is free of aberrations. The method is tested by visualizing the temperature-field variations in a glass substrate with a conducting coating.     

Digital spatially incoherent Fresnel holography

We present a new method for recording digital holograms under incoherent illumination. Light is reflected from a 3D object, propagates through a diffractive optical element (DOE), and is recorded by a digital camera. Three holograms are recorded sequentially, each for a different phase factor of the DOE. The three holograms are superposed in the computer, such that the result is a complex-valued Fresnel hologram. When this hologram is reconstructed in the computer, the 3D properties of the object are revealed.     

水窗波段同轴X射线全息成像及其数字重现

水窗波段同轴Ｘ射线全息成像及其数字重现张玉火亘蒋诗平付绍军张新夷（中国科学技术大学国家同步辐射实验室，合肥２３００２９）陈建文徐至展陈敏（中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所，上海２０１８００）水窗波段软Ｘ射线对生物样品成像时，不需要电子显微镜观察时那样...     

Studies on aperture synthesis in digital Fresnel holography

Aperture synthesis can improve image resolution in digital holography by increasing the numerical aperture of the system. In this paper, we show that both the lateral resolution and image field of view can be enhanced at the same time using a more general Fresnel holography setup and hologram stitching. The impact of aperture synthesis on the lateral resolution is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. In the experiment, the synthesis is executed by moving the compact digital holographic system in two directions. Nine holograms are recorded and stitched into one hologram. The reconstruction results show that expanding aperture improves the lateral resolution. The lensless Fresnel holography used in this paper is demonstrated to have the ability to provide a larger numerical aperture and can compress the object spectrum in recording process.     

Soft X-ray Holographic Microscopy with Sub-micrometer Resolution

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Soft X-ray Holographic Microscopy with Sub-micrometer Resolution

Gabor X-ray in-line holograms are recorded with a photoresist at Hefei National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory. An Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) is used to read the X-ray holograms of minute granules recorded on photoresist PMMA. Digitized hologram is reconstructed by numerical method. The granules with a size less than 0.3 μm can be resolved in the reconstructed image. So the eatimated resolution reaches the level of suibmicrometer.     

利用完全复数极限学习机增强近场声全息空间分辨率

针对稀疏测量阵列条件下近场声全息重建结果空间分辨率不足的问题,提出了一种基于完全复数极限学习机的全息声压插值方法。该方法首先将已测量的全息面复声压和对应的测点坐标组成训练样本输入完全复数极限学习机,接着把插值点的坐标代入训练好的极限学习机,得到相应位置的复声压,实现全息数据的插值。利用插值后的全息数据进行重建,并与不做插值处理的重建结果和传统插值处理后的重建结果比较。仿真和实验结果均表明:与不做插值相比,该方法在不增加传声器的条件下显著提高了重建结果的空间分辨率。与基于支持向量机或传统极限学习机的插值方法相比,该方法速度更快,插值后重建结果精度更高。同时,通过添加噪声干扰验证了该方法的稳健性。      

Controlling image size as a function of distance and wavelength in Fresnel-transform reconstruction of digital holograms

A method for controlling the size of amplitude and phase images reconstructed from digital holograms by the Fresnel-transform method is proposed and demonstrated. The method can provide a constant reconstruction pixel width in the reconstructed image plane, independent of the recording and reconstruction distance. The proposed method makes it possible to maintain the size of an object for a sequence of digital holograms recorded at different distances and, therefore, to subtract phase maps for an object recorded at different distances. Furthermore, the method solves the problem of superimposition in multiwavelength digital holography for color display and holographic interferometry applications.     

Joint approach of the sub-holograms in on-axis lensless Fourier phase-shifting synthetic aperture digital holography

In on-axis lensless Fourier phase-shifting synthetic aperture digital holography, to compose all of the phase-shifting sub-holograms to a large synthetic aperture digital hologram effectively, firstly, the cross-correlation algorithm of the object waves is presented to correct the joint misplacement of the sub-holograms. Secondly, to make the phase-shifting synchronization matching of different sequence phase-shifting holograms, the cross-correlation algorithm of the phase-shifting holograms is employed. Compared with the traditional cross-correlation algorithm of the sub-holograms, the proposed approach makes the joint precision of the sub-holograms reach sub-pixel accuracy, and the resolution of the reconstructed image is improved significantly. In general, the proposed approach is effective in restraining the quality degradation of the synthetic reconstructed image that comes from the joint misplacement of the sub-holograms and the phase-shifting non-synchronization of the phase-shifting holograms.     

X射线荧光全息术中入射能量对原子像的影响

X射线荧光全息术是一种新型的显微成像技术，它能在原子水平上直接观察到晶体内部的三维结构。然而它所得到的原子像存在明显的孪生像现象。因此，采用多重能量的全息记录来消除孪生像。分别以单个和多个铁原子为模型，数值模拟了它们在4π立体角范围内、不同范围的入射能量的情况下记录的全息图。比较由这些全息图重构得到的原子像，发现入射能量范围越宽，其消除孪生像的效果越好，而且随着入射能量的提高，其原子像的分辨力也越高。     

Improvement of reconstruction in 3D computer-generated holograms using 1D Fourier transform operations

Improvement of images reconstructed from 3D computer-generated holograms using 1D Fourier transform operations is presented. Required computing time for making 3D holograms is decreased when 1D Fourier transform method is used instead of 2D Fourier transform method, but reconstructed images from the holograms created by the 1D Fourier transform method are somewhat inferior in quality to the images by 2D Fourier transform method. In this paper, we propose a method that the disadvantageous properties of the holograms made by 1D Fourier transform are improved. We have performed two step improvements in this experiment. From the numerical experiments, the images that are reconstructed from the holograms created from 1D Fourier transform method show marked improvement.     

Disturbance-free digital holographic microscopy via a micro-phase-step approach

This work proposes a cost-effective, simple, micro-phase-step (MPS) method for suppressing the zero-order diffraction and conjugate-image interferences that are caused during digital holographic microscopic image reconstruction. The proposed MPS method replaces the conventional phase modulation approach; it uses a rotatable cover glass that enables smooth modification of the incidence angle and the optical path of the reference beam. This setup allows the phase step to be accurately estimated by shifting the reference wave phase more freely close to π/2, at which the background noise can be suppressed more effectively. In the proposed MPS method, the optimal conditions for suppressing conjugate-image interference are identified using a relatively moderate intensity distribution and suppression of noise in the numerically reconstructed object wave-field. In addition, the proposed method mitigates the effect of disturbances that are caused by environmental factors, such as minor vibrations and small changes in temperature and humidity. Importantly, only two holograms are required to satisfy the objective of image reconstruction. The results in this work reveal that even with intentional interference caused by minor vibrations, conjugate-image interference can still be suppressed by determining the phase deviation between the two original holograms.