Surface of room temperature ionic liquid [bmim][PF6] studied by polarization- and experimental configuration-dependent sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy

Understanding and control of the surface properties such as molecular orientations are of great importance in numerous applications of ionic liquids. However, there remain discrepancies among the previous experimental and theoretical studies on the surface orientation and structures of room temperature ionic liquids(RTIL) systems. In this article, the orientation of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium([bmin]) cation at the air/liquid interface of a characteristic RTIL, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate([bmim][PF6]), was investigated by the sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy(SFG-VS). Detailed polarization and experimental configuration analyses of the SFG-VS spectra showed the possibility of a small spectral splitting in the CH3 symmetric stretching region, which can be further attributed to the probable existence of multiple orientations for the interfacial [bmim] cations. In addition, the(N)–CH3 vibrations were absent, ruling out the prediction by several recent molecular dynamics simulations which state that portions of the [bmim] cations orient with a standing-up(N)–CH3 group at the ionic liquid surface. Hence, new realistic theoretical models have to be developed to reflect the complex nature of the ionic liquid surface.     

Directing the Selectivity of CO Electrolysis to Acetate by Constructing Metal-Organic Interfaces

Electrochemically converting CO₂ to valuable chemicals holds great promise for closing the anthropogenic carbon cycle. Owing to complex reaction pathways and shared rate-determining steps, directing the selectivity of CO₂/CO electrolysis to a specific multicarbon product is very challenging. We report here a strategy for highly selective production of acetate from CO electrolysis by constructing metal-organic interfaces. We demonstrate that the Cu-organic interfaces constructed by in situ reconstruction of Cu complexes show very impressive acetate selectivity, with a high Faradaic efficiency of 84.2 % and a carbon selectivity of 92.1 % for acetate production, in an alkaline membrane electrode assembly electrolyzer. The maximum acetate partial current density and acetate yield reach as high as 605 mA cm⁻² and 63.4 %, respectively. Thorough structural characterizations, control experiments, operando Raman spectroscopy measurements, and density functional theory calculation results indicate that the Cu-organic interface creates a favorable reaction microenvironment that enhances *CO adsorption, lowers the energy barrier for C−C coupling, and facilitates the formation of CH₃COOH over other multicarbon products, thus rationalizing the selective acetate production.     

中心裂纹圆盘应力强度因子的测试误差分析

本文在中心裂纹圆盘应力强度因子解析解的基础上,利用一阶微分法则,给出了与裂纹相对长度和加载角相关的应力强度因子(K 和K )的4个误差传递函数。这4个误差传递函数关于裂纹相对长度和加载角均是非线性的,它们既是误差分析的基础,又是合理确定裂纹相对长度和加载角的基础。分析结果表明,加载角的误差Δθ除了对纯 型K 的误差几乎没有影响,对纯 型K 影响较小外,对复合型K 、K 的误差均有较大影响。最后,本文建议裂纹相对长度的取值范围为0.4～0.6;还建议在复合型断裂试验时,必须依据对K 、K 的总体精度要求来严格控制加载角的精度。     

EFFECTS OF FINELY DISPERSED METALLIC PALLADIUM ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF NANOCOMPOSITES PRODUCED BY SOL-GEL TECHNIQUE

Nanosized palladium particles were incorporated into mesoporous silica matrix to obtain nanocomposites using the sol-gel technique. Effects of the finely dispersed metallic palladium on the microstructure and properties of the nanocomposites were investigated. By means of X-ray diffraction and optical absorption, it was found that palladium particles were 5-9 nm in diameter and their uniform dispersion in the mesoporous silica depended on both the content of the palladium and the structural features of the silica matrix. The results showed that the mixing method of preparation led to wider size distribution of the nanosized particles as compared to the immersion method, but dispersed degree was reduced. Although the incorporation of nanosized palladium particles could not substantially induce significant structural changes of the matrix, the apparent red-shifted optical absorptions for the nanocomposites were observed as compared to the parent monolithic silica, particularly with increase in palladium loading and calcination temperature.     

颗粒流的动力学模型和实验研究进展

首先叙述了颗粒流研究的背景和基本概念，接着概述了颗粒流动 力学研究的三种基本数学力学模型：颗粒动理论(kinetic theory)模型、 摩擦塑性模型和离散元模拟模型.介绍了它们的基本原理，并分析了各个 模型的优缺点和适用范围.随之，对颗粒流的实验研究情况作了简要的介 绍，列举了研究中几种常用的试验方法和观测手段，以及观测到的一些 典型现象.最后，我们简述了颗粒流研究的主要困难，并提出了某些有待 解决的研究课题.     

Application of the Fourier transform in electronic speckle photography

In speckle photograph technology, to determine the displacement of the points on the surface of the measured body, the conventional method is to put the film which has recorded the speckle patterns before and after displacement into a system of optical Fourier transforms. After filtering on the spectrum plane, the experimentalist can obtain the displacement information from the interference pattern on the image plane. Instead of setting up a complex optical Fourier transform system, we consider the speckle field as a light intensity function of 2 dimensions, which will change with different positioning of the points. After working on the function's discrete Fourier transform (DFT), according to one of the properties of Fourier transformation, the displacement of the measured point is involved in the phase of its spectrum. Having extracted the displacement information from the phase, we obtain the distribution of the displacement field. In this paper, we deduce the expression for the displacement field by using Fourier transformation under conditions of both equal and unequal displacement and show their applications.     

玻璃纤维带隙间环氧胶渗流特性的试验研究

 对环氧胶在含有玻璃纤维带的间隙中的渗流进行了试验研究. 通 过试验确定纤维的松紧度、输胶压力、抽口真空度和输胶温度等不同参 数对渗流流速的影响，为环氧胶的VPI(真空压力浸渍或浇铸)工艺提供 工艺参数.     

数值研究激波与旋涡的相互作用

从非定常形式的Euler方程出发,数值模拟了运动激波与旋涡相互作用的非定常流动过程。为保证激波具有较高的分辨率,采用对称型TVD格式进行了数值计算。结果表明。这样可以有效地模拟流场中一些复杂的流动现象,如激波变形、激波分叉和三波点的形成,以及旋涡结构的变化过程等,并与已有的实验流动显示相符良好。同时,也是对TVD格式求解这类问题的一次初步尝试。     

Seed‐Mediated Synthesis of Gold Tetrahedra in High Purity and with Tunable,Well‐Controlled Sizes

We report a facile synthesis of Au tetrahedra in high purity and with tunable, well‐controlled sizes via seed‐mediated growth. The success of this synthesis relies on the use of single‐crystal, spherical Au nanocrystals as the seeds and manipulation of the reaction kinetics to induce an unsymmetrical growth pattern for the seeds. In particular, the dropwise addition of a precursor solution with a syringe pump, assisted by cetyltrimethylammonium chloride and bromide at appropriate concentrations, was found to be critical to the formation of Au tetrahedra in high purity. Their sizes could be readily tuned in the range of 30–60 nm by simply varying the amount of precursor added to the reaction solution. The current strategy not only enables the synthesis of Au tetrahedra with tunable and controlled sizes but also provides a facile and versatile approach to reducing the symmetry of nanocrystals made of a face‐centered cubic lattice.     

各向异性本构关系在板料成形数值模拟中的应用

对几种能表达面内各向异性的屈服准则Hill、Barlat-Lian、Barlat进行了比较。以弹性变形服从各向同性广义虎克定律的情况下，给出了基于张量算法推导的弹塑性本构关系的一般表达式，并由此导出了相应屈服准则的弹塑性本构关系的显式表达。借助ABAQUS软件本构模块用户子程序接口，分别实现了这些屈服准则在ABAQUS的嵌入。以模拟方形盒的拉延过程为例，分析了不同的屈服准则在板料成形过程数值模拟中的应用。模拟结果表明，基于弹塑性本构关系一般表达所列出的相应屈服准则的显式表达式是正确的；在采用壳元来模拟板料成形时，采用Barlat准则的模拟结果和采用Barlat-Lian准则的结果差别不大。