Radiation of Gas Layer over Hot Surface

A method is presented for evaluation the radiation flux produced by a gas layer near a heated surface, where the gas temperature depends on a distance from the surface. This method refers to small temperature gradients and operates with an effective radiation temperature for each frequency, as well as with the width of the gas absorption band. These parameters are determined by the absorption spectrum of atoms or gas molecules, and also by the shape of the spectral line for the radiative transition between certain states of atomic particles of a gas. The possibilities of this method are demonstrated by examples of emission of photons from the solar photosphere, as well as emission of CO₂ molecules in the atmospheres of the Earth and Venus.     

Relationship between the spectral densities of Einstein coefficients for absorption and stimulated emission: Physical consequences

The spectral densities of Einstein coefficients for absorption and stimulated emission in a two-level quantum system are not equal to each other beyond the absorption (emission) line if the homogeneous broadening caused by interaction with a thermostat is much larger than the natural width. In this study, a relationship between these coefficients is derived on the basis of general thermodynamic requirements. This relationship is associated with new effects such as population inversion upon the nonresonant absorption of continuous radiation and radiation amplification without population inversion.     

Kinetic equations for a density matrix describing nonlinear effects in spectral line wings

Kinetic quantum equations are derived for a density matrix with collision integrals describing nonlinear effects in spectra line wings. These equations take into account the earlier established inequality of the spectral densities of Einstein coefficients for absorption and stimulated radiation emission by a two-level quantum system in the far wing of a spectral line in the case of frequent collisions. The relationship of the absorption and stimulated emission probabilities with the characteristics of radiation and an elementary scattering event is found.     

Studies of Silicon Erosion in Plasma-Target-Interaction from Optical Emission and Absorption Spectroscopy

The densities of eroded silicon from a target in interaction with a cylindrically symmetric plasma are determined from measurements of the transverse radiance and transmittance of Doppler broadened spectral lines with high spectral resolution. The transmission distributions, branching ratios, and the spectral line shapes, which depend on the optical depths of the emitting and absorbing particles along the line of sight, are investigated for particle density and temperature determination. First results on emission and transmission measurements of the Si I resonance multiplet spectral line branching ratios and line profiles (centered at 251 and 288 nm, respectively) for silicon as the erosion product from a C/C-SiC target in a low temperature plasma jet give absorption coefficients, from which erosion rates can be deduced, which are in good agreement with the results from the emission spectroscopy and from the gravimetric measurements.     

KrF准分子激光的饱和参量与最佳激光输出

本文研究了在激光达到饱和强度下的上能级弛豫速率及泵浦速率两个参量与激光输出强度的关系。激光达到饱和强度时,上能级弛豫速率等于受激跃迁几率。根据这一特性,研究了Ar在4个大气压到6个大气压之间的四组N_(Ar)和N_(F_2),粒子数密度的Ar—Kr-F_2系统。计算了在给定激发速率和外耦合下的激光输出能量密度随Kr所占混合气体的比例而变化的关系。最后,从饱和强度下的上能级弛豫速率和泵浦速率得到了最大激光输出的条件,相应的激发速率、气压和气体混合的比例。     

Spectral emission from MHD combustion gas mixed with pulverized coal

The spectral emission from MHD combustion gas mixed with pulverized coal was measured between 0.38 and 2.7 μm. Twenty lines of K, eight lines of Li, Na, Rb, and Ca, and two molecular spectra of calcium compounds were observed. The experimental line shape for the 4P-4S transition of K agreed well with the Lorentzian shape combined with the measured farwing absorption cross sections. The population temperature of the K electronic state in the optically thin limit agreed well with the wing-reversal temperature. Continuous emission from coal-ash particles was not observed.     

二极管激光吸收光谱法对低气压介质阻挡放电等离子体中氩的亚稳态的诊断

利用可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术对低气压氩气介质阻挡放电等离子体进行诊断,重点考察了Ar亚稳态1s₅和1s₃的数密度和气体温度随放电电压,气压,流量,极板间距,以及随N₂配比的变化情况。实验基于朗伯-比尔(Lambert-Beer)定律,通过计算吸收谱线的吸收峰面积求取Ar亚稳态的数密度,同时对谱线进行Voigt拟合得到多普勒展宽,进而求出气体温度。Ar亚稳态主要由电子碰撞产生,但同时电子也会碰撞亚稳态发生猝灭作用,从而使数密度减少;气体温度则与等离子体的实际功率、电子的状态以及粒子之间的碰撞有关。实验结果表明在本实验条件范围内,Ar亚稳态数密度和气体温度随放电电压和流量的增大都先增大,之后逐渐趋于平缓,但两者随流量的变化幅度都较之随放电电压的小,增长较缓慢。随气压的升高,Ar亚稳态数密度和气体温度先增加并达到一个极大值,而之后逐渐降低。实验数据表明,气压对谱线展宽有较明显的影响作用。适当增大极板间距,Ar亚稳态数密度明显降低,但气体温度却有所升高。N₂的加入对亚稳态有很强的猝灭作用,0.5%的N₂就会使数密度下降50%,但随着N₂浓度的进一步增大,其数密度不再明显降低。     

几类源打“新靶”和“旧靶”的对比实验

 根据氢气放电源、X光机X射线源和TiT源打“新靶”和“旧靶”的对比实验结果，证明了在氢气放电过程中产生了一种未知粒子，新谱线正是射线源轰击这种储存在“旧靶”中的未知粒子产生的。以此为依据得到如下推论：探测到的新谱线反映了未知粒子的能级特性，是未知粒子的能级谱线，所以这些新谱线是未知粒子存在的标志。     

In situ measurement of ammonia with a 13CO2-waveguide laser system

A laser gas monitoring system has been developed to measure in situ concentrations of ammonia at various temperatures. The concentration is determined by measuring absorption with a tunable ¹³CO₂ waveguide laser that is frequency modulated between two adjacent emission lines. One line coincides with a strong ammonia absorption line, while the other is used as a reference. By this referencing the system is autocalibrated continuously. The high spectral resolution of the laser suppresses interferences by other species. The system was built up to be used in industrial environment and was successfully applied in the chemical industry and in several power plants. A detection limit of 1 ppm could be reached at a time constant of 5 s.     

Spectral Characteristics of Stochastic Motion in the System of Two Interacting Particles

We report on the results of analytic and numerical investigations of spectral characteristics of the stochastic (thermal) motion of two charged particles in the anisotropic electric field of a trap. We propose analytic relations for the spectral density of displacements in such a system with homogeneous and inhomogeneous heat sources, including the spectral densities for each particle, as well as for their total and mutual displacements. The resulting relations have been verified by numerical simulation of the problem.     

Pulsed alkali pump light sources for Nd:YAG lasers

Pulsed arc discharges in alkali metal vapours are investigated for use as pump light sources for Nd:YAG lasers. Alkali lamps have a very high radiation efficiency and emit strong lines near the laser pump bands. These absorption bands are fitted by the emission spectrum of sodium and potassium lamps by changing the vapour pressure and input power. The spectral radiation distributions of the lamps are measured by a spectrograph with a gated OMA system. Ray tracing calculations for a laser cavity are used to evaluate the efficiency of the alkali radiation emission for Nd:YAG pumping. The results show that the excitation efficiency of the alkali lamps is twice as high as that of usually used rare gas lamps. For sodium resonance lines the side-on spectral radiance is calculated by a radiation transport model to estimate the pressure and the temperature profile. The results indicate that the alkali vapour lamps could be used as pump light sources with high efficiencies and low heat loading of the laser cavity.     

空气介质阻挡放电发射光谱测量及放电过程粒子分析

发射光谱是对等离子体进行检测和诊断最常见的应用方法,提供了等离子体的化学和物理过程丰富的信息,放电过程中等离子的动力学行为的分析研究对于气体放电机理及其应用具有重要的作用。设计了一套介质阻挡空气放电光谱测量装置,测量了在实验条件下的发射光谱数据,通过发射光谱分析了介质阻挡放电等离子体的粒子演化。建立了数值计算模型,耦合了密度方程、能量传递方程以及Boltzmann方程,对于介质阻挡空气放电过程中的各种粒子变化规律进行了分析,解释了发射光谱的特征。结果表明,约化场强越大,激发的粒子数的浓度越大。对于40,60与80 Td的约化场强,同一时刻同种粒子数的浓度会有一到两个数量级的差距。电场的激发产生了大量的N₂(A3),N₂(B3)与N₂(C3)的粒子,但是由于其能级较高,而迅速发生了转化,并且在放电的10-6 s后,这些粒子的产生与转化达到了平衡。相比激发态氮分子,O₂(A1) O₂(B1)与O₂(A3Σ+_u)的峰值浓度并不低,这些粒子的能量相对较低,跃迁产生的谱线波长较长,光谱仪并未清晰捕捉到氧分子的发射光谱。O粒子的峰值浓度较小,因此其跃迁产生的发射光谱较弱。放电过程中产生的较为稳定的O₃浓度持续增加,NO₂的浓度达到峰值后也不会下降。建立的模型计算结果可以很好地解释实验中测量得到的发射光谱数据。     

A cw AgGaS2 difference frequency spectrometer with diode lasers as pump sources

2 and two diode lasers as pump sources and experiments with this setup are presented. In contrast to the majority of known applications of the difference frequency mixing with solid state or gas lasers, we apply two single mode diode lasers with emission wavelengths of 690 nm and 805 nm, respectively. By fixing the emission wavelength of one diode laser and tuning the wavelength of the second laser, by changing temperature or excitation current, we can cover typically 0.87 cm^-1 (FWHM) in good agreement with recently published data and theory. With an input power of 20 mW and 6 mW we achieved an output power in the nW-range. To demonstrate the capabilities of the spectrometer we scanned CO and OCS absorption lines near 2107 cm^-1. From these experiments we deduce an overall signal-to-noise ratio of 1000:1 and a spectral resolution better than 30 MHz. With such parameters a trace gas detection of CO at sub-ppm level will be possible. Received: 19 August 1996/Revised version: 5 November 1996     

基于页岩气返排液中甲烷浓度及排放速率的红外光谱反演研究

随着页岩气的开发,传统的手持式甲烷测量仪无法继续应对复杂的开采工况。针对页岩气开发过程中温室气体甲烷的浓度及排放速率难以实时在线监测的问题,利用自主设计并搭建的开放光程傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）测量系统,对页岩气开采过程中各种工况下返排液进行实时在线测量。其中FTIR分辨率为1 cm-1, 光程为50 m,红外光源通过返排液正上方被光谱仪接收。对测量所得的红外光谱进行多次平均,提高光谱质量并进行反演计算。从HITRAN数据库中提取甲烷特征吸收截面,考虑环境与仪器等影响,对测量温度进行修正,选取合适的吸收波段,与水汽的吸收截面进行吸收峰叠加,合成标准光谱。使用最小二乘法对实测光谱与标准光谱进行拟合,从而反演出甲烷浓度。并根据返排液排放速率,结合光路通过返排池的距离及红外光谱反演浓度,对页岩气开采过程中甲烷排放速率进行计算。结果表明：不同开采工况下,光谱反演浓度呈明显起伏变化。更换三项分离器时,甲烷浓度有明显上升;在点燃火炬时,甲烷浓度持续低值;其红外光谱反演浓度符合页岩气开采过程中甲烷排放情况。改变测量光谱平均次数,对返排液甲烷进行单位小时和连续80小时测量并分析。在单位小时内,甲烷浓度在100～800 μmol·mol-1范围内呈现明显起伏变化;甲烷的排放速率在50～300 m3·h-1内波动。对返排液进行80小时连续测量,甲烷浓度最大值为936.4 μmol·mol-1,其最大排放速率达到535.1 m3·h-1;最低值为36.82 μmol·mol-1最小排放速率为18.63 m3·h-1。反演数据结果说明：在页岩气开发过程中,其返排液为一个无组织甲烷排放源,且排放速率在短时间内变化十分明显。红外光谱反演浓度和传统手持式甲烷测量仪测量结果具有较好一致性,相关系数为0.743 6。相对于传统手持式甲烷测量仪器,红外光谱反演法具有响应速度更快,非接触远距离,实时在线测量等优势。     

基于脉冲CO2激光锡等离子体光刻光源的极紫外辐射光谱特性研究

研究了不同条件下脉冲放电CO₂激光烧蚀平板锡靶产生的等离子体极紫外辐射特性, 设计并建立了一套掠入射极紫外平焦场光栅光谱仪, 结合X射线CCD探测了光源在6.5～16.8 nm波段的时间积分辐射光谱,得到了极紫外光谱随激光脉宽, 入射脉冲能量及背景气压的变化规律。实验结果发现：入射激光脉冲能量在30～600 mJ变化时,极紫外辐射光谱的强度随辐照激光脉冲能量的增加而增加, 但并不是线性关系, 具有饱和效应, 且产生极紫外辐射的脉冲能量阈值约为30 mJ,当激光脉冲能量为425 mJ时具有最高的转换效率,此时中心波长13.5 nm处2%带宽内的转换效率约为1.2%。激光脉冲半高全宽在50～120 ns范围内变化时, 极紫外辐射光谱的峰值位置均位于13.5 nm,光谱形状几乎没有什么变化, 但是脉宽从120 ns变到52 ns后,由于激光功率密度的提高,极紫外辐射强度也随之增强了约1.6倍。极紫外光谱的强度随背景气压的增大而迅速下降, 当腔内空气气压为200 Pa时, 极紫外辐射光子几乎被全部吸收,而当缓冲氦气气压为7×104 Pa时,仍能够探测到微弱的极紫外辐射信号,计算表明100 Pa的空气对13.5 nm极紫外光的吸收系数为3.0 m-1,而100 Pa的He气的吸收系数为0.96 m-1。     

基于光谱吸收法和荧光法的甲烷和二氧化硫检测系统的研究

根据污染气体的光谱吸收特性与荧光特性,设计了一套时分复用检测系统,既可以使用光谱吸收法检测甲烷和二氧化硫又可以使用荧光法检测二氧化硫。系统采用组合可切换光源、共用光路、气室及信号处理部分,首先进行光谱吸收和荧光的特性测量,然后进行光谱吸收法检测甲烷与二氧化硫浓度实验,以及紫外荧光法检测二氧化硫浓度实验。经过光谱吸收和荧光的特性测量得出吸收法测二氧化硫和甲烷的吸收峰处的激发波长分别为280nm和1.64μm,荧光法测二氧化硫最佳激发波长为220nm。经光谱吸收法实验可得甲烷浓度与相对强度的线性关系和二氧化硫浓度与输出电压的线性关系,线性度分别为98.7%,99.2%;经荧光法实验可得二氧化硫浓度与电压成线性关系,线性度达到了99.5%。研究表明,该系统能使用于污染气体的光谱吸收检测和紫外荧光检测。将两种测量方式组合在一起,降低了成本与体积,同时此系统也可用于其他气体的检测,有一定的应用价值。     

Influence of the cooperative effects on the emission and absorption spectra of atoms in a strong field

The spectral dependences of absorption and emission by an optically dense concentrated system of two-level atoms are studied with allowance made for the cooperative effects. Analytical expressions are derived for the stationary spectrum of resonance fluorescence and the absorption spectrum of a probe signal. The results obtained suggest that the system can have a bistable behavior and its spectral characteristics are significantly modified.     

Optical,structural, enhanced local vibrational and fluorescence properties in K-doped ZnO nanostructures

We studied structural, optical and vibrational properties of K-doped ZnO nanostructures. X-ray diffraction studies reveal that the prepared particles are hexagonal wurtzite in structure. Increase in lattice parameters and unit cell volume is observed after K doping. Dopant influences on stress, strain of the system are studied using W–H plots. Band gap variation by doping of K is identified from optical absorption studies. Photoluminescence studies have given insight into the enhancement in blue emission observed by K doping along with the near band emission of nano ZnO. From Fourier transform infrared spectral measurements, K-related local vibration mode is observed along with the information related to influence of doping on characteristic vibrational modes of ZnO.     

气体压强对纳秒激光诱导空气等离子体特性的影响

环境气体的压强对激光诱导等离子体特性有重要影响.基于发射光谱法开展了气体压强对纳秒激光诱导空气等离子体特性影响的研究,探讨了气体压强对空气等离子体发射光谱强度、电子温度和电子密度的影响.实验结果表明,在10-100 kPa空气压强条件下,空气等离子体发射光谱中的线状光谱和连续光谱依赖于气体压强变化,且原子谱线和离子谱线强度随气体压强的变化有明显差别.随着空气压强增大,激光击穿作用区域的空气密度增加,造成激光诱导击穿空气几率升高,从而等离子体辐射光谱强度增大.空气等离子体膨胀区域空气的约束作用,增加了等离子体内粒子间的碰撞几率以及能量交换几率,并且使离子-电子-原子的三体复合几率增加,因此造成原子谱线OⅠ777.2 nm与NⅠ821.6 nm谱线强度随着气体压强增大而增大,在80 kPa时谱线强度最高,随后谱线强度缓慢降低.而离子谱线N Ⅱ 500.5 nm谱线强度在40 kPa时达到最大值,气体压强大于40 kPa后,谱线强度随压强增加而逐渐降低.空气等离子体电子密度均随压强升高而增大,在80 kPa后增长速度变缓.等离子体电子温度在30 kPa时达到最大值,气体压强大于30 kPa后,等离子体电子温度逐渐降低.研究结果可为不同海拔高度的激光诱导空气等离子体特性的研究提供重要实验基础,为今后激光大气传输、大气组成分析提供重要的技术支持.     

Level Dynamics and Universality of Spectral Fluctuations

The spectral fluctuations of quantum (or wave) systems with a chaotic classical (or ray) limit are mostly universal and faithful to random-matrix theory. Taking up ideas of Pechukas and Yukawa we show that equilibrium statistical mechanics for the fictitious gas of particles associated with the parametric motion of levels yields spectral fluctuations of the random-matrix type. Previously known clues to that goal are an appropriate equilibrium ensemble and a certain ergodicity of level dynamics. We here complete the reasoning by establishing a power law for the dependence of the mean parametric separation of avoided level crossings. Due to that law universal spectral fluctuations emerge as average behavior of a family of quantum dynamics drawn from a control parameter interval which becomes vanishingly small in the classical limit; the family thus corresponds to a single classical system. We also argue that classically integrable dynamics cannot produce universal spectral fluctuations since their level dynamics resembles a nearly ideal Pechukas–Yukawa gas.