在顶爆作用下含裂隙锚固洞室的损伤演化及动态响应规律

基于相似模型试验,利用数值分析方法研究了含裂隙锚固洞室在顶爆下的损伤演化和动态响应规律,并探讨了裂隙倾角和长度对锚固洞室损伤分布和拱顶位移的影响。随着爆炸应力波的传播,在裂隙表面形成张拉损伤,并在裂隙尖端扩展出翼生裂纹,随后在锚固洞室附近的拱顶自由面、锚固区边界处以及底板中间依次形成较大拉伸损伤区域。随着裂隙倾角从0°加大到90°,拱顶锚固区及锚固区边界最大损伤区域面积先减小后增加,裂隙倾角为45°时面积最小。当裂隙的长度相同时,拱顶峰值位移随裂隙倾角的增大先增加后减小;当裂隙的倾角相同时,裂隙长度越长对应力波的阻碍作用越明显,裂隙长度为30cm、倾角为45°时洞室破坏最小。     

循环爆炸作用下地下洞室的动态响应及损伤累积

为研究循环爆炸对地下洞室的影响,基于相似模型试验,采用通用有限元软件ABAQUS对比研究了洞室拱顶高水平单次爆炸和低水平10次循环爆炸作用下地下洞室围岩的应力波衰减规律、损伤累积规律及洞壁位移和环向应变分布特征。结果表明:循环爆炸中,洞室围岩的应力波衰减速度随着爆炸次数的增加先减小后增大。单次爆炸中,洞壁环向峰值应变从拱顶至直墙脚由拉应变转为压应变;循环爆炸中,随着爆炸次数的增加,拱顶环向峰值应变由压应变转为拉应变。爆炸荷载总水平相同时,低水平循环爆炸中洞室围岩的损伤面积和程度比高水平单次爆炸大。循环爆炸中,围岩的损伤累积呈现不可逆的逐级增加趋势,且累积损伤和爆炸次数之间呈明显的非线性关系。     

顶爆作用下裂隙对锚固洞室振动速度的影响

基于相似模型试验,利用数值分析方法研究了含裂隙锚固洞室在顶爆作用下质点峰值振速的分布规律,并探讨了裂隙倾角和长度对峰值振速的影响。结果表明:裂隙和洞室表面在迎爆侧存在振速放大效应,洞室两侧和底部振速远小于拱顶;随着裂隙长度的增加,锚固洞室拱顶、拱脚和两帮峰值振速先减小后增加再减小,除了长度较短的情况,裂隙的存在使锚固洞室拱顶的峰值振速增加;随着裂隙向右倾斜的倾角增加,拱脚和两帮的峰值振速出现不对称,洞室右边的拱脚和侧帮峰值振速大于左边;拱顶峰值振速先减小后增加,倾角为45°时拱顶峰值振速最小,相较无裂隙洞室降低了48.2%,有效减弱了结构的动力响应。     

H型巷道内采用不同布置方式的双爆源瓦斯爆炸传播特性

为探究复杂巷道内多爆源瓦斯爆炸传播特性及热冲击动力学机制,运用计算流体力学软件Fluent,以H型巷道为模型,在巷道内设置同侧、相对、对角3种双爆源布置方式。研究发现：巷道内的2处爆源同时起爆后,前驱冲击波沿巷道未燃区传播,当两股冲击波相遇时,压力叠加,冲量抵消,在压力叠加区火焰传播受阻,导致火焰传播速度放缓甚至反向;相较于单爆源爆炸,双爆源工况中导致巷道内特定区域如联络巷、岔口中心及其边壁的压力更高;同侧和对角布置工况下的压力极值区出现在巷道封闭端,相对布置工况下的压力极值区出现在分岔口中心处。     

激光冲击强化“残余应力洞”的形成机制

利用ABAQUS有限元软件进行了单个圆形高斯光斑的激光冲击强化数值模拟,分析材料表面光斑中心区域形成的"残余应力洞"现象,并通过分析材料的动态力学响应特征揭示了"残余应力洞"的形成机制。结果表明:在冲击波加载时,光斑边界处会产生很强的剪切应力,形成向四周传播的表面稀疏波和向材料内部传播的剪切波。当稀疏波同时传播到光斑中心,发生相遇、汇聚,使材料产生急剧的上下位移过程,造成冲击波加载塑性变形后的二次塑性变形。二次塑性变形中形成了较大的剪切塑性应变,并降低了冲击波加载阶段产生的轴向和径向塑性应变,使残余压应力降低,从而形成"残余应力洞"。     

浅埋三舱管廊甲烷爆炸的地面响应规律

地下综合管廊可燃性气体爆炸事故时有发生,给地面人员的生命和财产造成了巨大损失。依托重庆市某地下综合管廊试点工程,基于物质点法,采用点火增长模型模拟浅埋管廊泄漏甲烷气体爆炸冲击管廊本体结构和围岩的过程,研究爆炸作用下地面压强与位移的响应特性。研究发现:泄爆作用下管廊及围岩会出现因接触面反射和折射产生的次生应力波,管廊横向方向次生波振幅随距起爆点水平距离的增大而增大,而管廊纵向方向产生的次生波振幅较小,且随距离增大变化较小;爆炸作用造成整体地面沉降,但在起爆点中心附近地面隆起,这种隆起由管廊本体结构破裂,气体直接冲击岩土体形成的剧烈隆起和管廊整体震动形成的轻微隆起两部分组成。     

固体爆炸作用下地铁站台及围岩的响应规律

地铁站内发生爆炸将造成巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失。依托上海某地铁站工程,将HJC模型嵌入开源物质点法程序中,研究了固体炸药爆炸作用下地铁站台及围岩的响应规律。结果表明：受爆炸应力波的影响,站台顶板和底板响应压强在短时间内达到峰值后迅速降低,站台结构在爆炸过程中既存在受拉区又存在受压区;在站台边墙处,由于应力波与反射波叠加,会出现超压突变区;爆炸作用使站台结构整体下沉,且起爆点正下方围岩会形成塌陷坑,起爆点正上方围岩和车站结构相对周围向上隆起;结构受损区域主要集中在结构底板,呈椭圆形;站台有柱区域的抗爆能力强于无柱区域。     

基于光纤镀膜探针的固体介质中应力波粒子速度测量技术

粒子速度是分析固体介质中应力波传播规律的一个重要参数。结合激光多普勒效应和全光纤干涉测速系统,提出了一种基于光纤镀膜探针的固体介质中应力波粒子速度的测量方法。将光纤镀膜探针嵌入有机玻璃（PMMA）中,距爆心同一半径处,采用0.125 g TNT当量的微型炸药球作为爆炸源,进行填实爆炸产生应力波,通过采集光纤探针端面的运动信息,基于短时傅里叶变换的时频分析方法,解调出端面运动速度,进而反推出粒子速度。实验结果表明：不同光纤镀膜探针测得的速度分别为22.648 m/s、23.505 m/s,将反推的粒子速度与传统的圆环型电磁粒子速度计方法获取到的数据进行对比,两者的相对偏差低于5.00%,验证了光纤镀膜探针测量固体介质中应力波粒子速度的可行性。     

冲击载荷作用下岩体拉-压损伤破坏的边坡抛掷爆破模拟

为了获得边坡台阶爆破时岩体在冲击载荷作用下破碎和抛掷过程中各物理参量的变化规律,将构建的岩体动态拉-压损伤本构关系嵌入模拟软件进行数值分析。结果表明:振动波三轴合成速率曲线与质点振动位移曲线的变化趋势所对应的时间节点和步长基本吻合,可作为降振减灾的判定指标;岩体最早于0.6 ms左右从坡脚位置产生裂纹,直至12.5 ms左右裂纹裂隙完成扩展,所形成的炮孔粉碎区半径约28 cm;抛掷块状分离现象从炮孔药包的中间部位开始,最大抛掷速度集中于该部位至边坡自由面之间的垂直区域内,边坡自由面抛掷速度小于炮孔周围岩块抛掷速度,导致抛掷过程中形成二次挤压破碎现象;破碎大块主要来源于边坡坡脚、炸药与堵塞物接触面两侧围岩以及台阶顶部自由面处,大块块体直径分布于1.6～2.7 m范围。     

Soda lime玻璃材料中失效波形成和传播研究

 为了研究冲击载荷作用下Soda lime玻璃材料中失效波的形成和传播,通过轻气炮加载平板撞击实验,采用双螺旋锰铜压阻传感器,在一发实验中同时测量4种不同厚度试件背面与有机玻璃背板间界面处的纵向应力时程曲线,根据测量结果得到试件中失效波的传播轨迹。通过改变碰撞速度,对不同加载条件下的失效波形成和传播规律进行了研究,结果表明,Soda lime玻璃材料在冲击作用下产生失效波所需的延迟时间随冲击载荷的增加而减小,失效波传播速度随冲击载荷的增加而增加。最后采用弹性微裂纹统计模型描述冲击载荷作用下Soda lime玻璃的破坏机制,并将模型嵌入LS-DYNA有限元程序中,模拟试件在不同加载条件下的平板碰撞,所得横向应力和自由面粒子速度曲线均可用于表征失效波破坏现象。根据数值模拟结果分析失效波的传播轨迹,与实验测量结果符合较好。     

应用弹性振子点阵模型数值模拟表面带裂痕材料中的激光激发声表面波

本文将激光等效为垂直力源,建立弹性振子点阵模型,并采用数值模拟的方法对线源激光在金属材料中所产生超声及其传播进行了研究,着重针对有无裂痕材料表面上接收到的波形进行了对比和分析。该方法特别适合处理边界问题,因此也易于处理有缺陷材料中的激光超声问题。     

A model for crack formation during active solid pyrolysis of a char-forming solid: crack patterns; surface area generation; volatile mass efflux

A model is developed for the formation and propagation of cracks in a material sample that is heated at its top surface, pyrolyses, and then thermally degrades to form char. In this work the sample is heated uniformly over its entire top surface by a hypothetical flame (a heat source). The pyrolysis mechanism is described by a one-step overall reaction that is dependent nonlinearly on the temperature (Arrhenius form). Stresses develop in response to the thermal degradation of the material by means of a shrinkage strain caused by local mass loss during pyrolysis. When the principal stress exceeds a prescribed threshold value, the material forms a local crack. Cracks are found to generally originate at the surface in response to heating, but occasionally they form in the bulk, away from ever-changing material boundaries. The resulting cracks evolve and form patterns whose characteristics are described. Quantities examined in detail are: the crack spacing in the pyrolysis zone; the crack length evolution; the formation and nature of crack loops which are defined as individual cracks that have joined to form loops that are disconnected from the remaining material; the formation of enhanced pyrolysis area; and the impact of all of the former quantities on mass flux. It is determined that the mass flux from the sample can be greatly enhanced over its nominal (non-cracking) counterpart. The mass efflux profile qualitatively resembles those observed in Cone Calorimeter tests.     

Stress-induced ultrasonic wave velocity anisotropy in fractured rock

The closure of cracks in rock under an applied compressive stress can significantly affect the permeability of the rock. Crack closure may be monitored using ultrasonic wave velocities, since these are significantly reduced in the presence of open cracks. When a non-hydrostatic compressive stress is applied to a rock, an initially isotropic distribution of cracks will become anisotropic and the rock will display an elastic anisotropy determined by the orientation distribution of those cracks remaining open. The crack orientation distribution function gives the probability of a crack having a given orientation with respect to a set of axes fixed in the rock. The coefficients W_Imn of a series expansion of this function in generalized Legendre functions can be obtained to order I = 4 from the angular variation of the elastic wave velocity. This allows construction of microfracture pole figures, which specify the orientation distribution of open cracks. The theory is applied to the measurements of Nur and Simmons, who applied a uniaxial compressive stress to a sample of Barre granite. Cracks with normals aligned along the stress direction are closed preferentially in agreement with the theory of Walsh. However, for crack normals perpendicular to the applied stress there is some evidence of crack opening that is not predicted by the theory. This is also observed in the electron microscope study of Batzle et al. and a possible mechanism is discussed.     

激光激发声表面波在缺陷板材中散射过程的有限元分析

利用有限元法模拟了金属板材中激光激发的声表面波经过缺陷位置时发生散射的瞬态过程,采用线状激光源作为超声导波的激发源.针对三种不同深度的表面缺陷以及三种亚表面缺陷的模型进行了对比计算,结果显示缺陷的深度及位置对声表面波的时域特征存在显著的影响.表面缺陷深度越深将产生较大幅度的表面反射回波,亚表面缺陷的影响将取决于缺陷上顶面距离板材上表面的距离.因此,数值模拟结果表明通过分析激光产生的表面波形可以判定近表面缺陷的尺寸和所处的位置.     

激光激发瑞利波检测表面倾斜缺陷的研究

研究激光激发瑞利波检测样品的表面倾斜缺陷。基于频域热弹耦合方程,采用有限元方法建立激光激发瑞利波检测倾斜缺陷的数值模型,研究倾斜缺陷的检测机理。数值计算含不同的长度及倾斜角度缺陷的样品中瞬态位移波形,分析瑞利波在倾斜缺陷处模式转换的过程,研究各种瑞利波的传播路径。在此基础上,研究缺陷宽度与材料黏性对瑞利波传播及缺陷检测的影响。结果表明:瑞利波在缺陷处产生的反射及透射瑞利波的到达观测点的时间可以检测缺陷位置和长度,瑞利波在缺陷的底部发生模式转换产生的切变波可以检测缺陷倾斜角度。数值结果和已有的实验结果一致,从而为表面倾斜缺陷的检测提供有效的理论依据。      

Low-cycle fatigue small crack initiation and propagation behaviour of cast magnesium alloys based on in-situ SEM observations

In-situ observations on the initiation and propagation behaviour of low-cycle fatigue small cracks in cast magnesium–aluminium alloys (AM50 and AM60B) were carried out with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to elucidate the resistance to fatigue cracking and to evaluate the fatigue small crack growth rate accurately and quantitatively. The results indicate that the fatigue small cracks formed preferentially on β-phase (Mg₁₇Al₁₂) boundaries at room temperature. In addition, the effects of the parameters of stress levels in low-cycle fatigue and temperatures as well as microstructure on fatigue small crack propagation behaviour are revealed. The variation of crack open displacement (COD) with stress levels and cycles at elevated temperature shows that it is unsuitable to estimate the fatigue small crack growth rate of cast magnesium alloys using conventional measurement methods such as the plastic-replica technique due to the obvious difference between microscopic cracks in the open and closed states. Stabilized crack propagation behaviour is limited to cases where the physical crack length is less than 1?mm in low-cycle fatigue.     

The interaction and the surface crack of single-crystal silicon induced by a millisecond laser

When the silicon material is irradiated by laser, it absorbs the laser energy leading to the temperature rise and the thermal stress. The damage effect includes melting, vaporation and thermal stress damage. Once the thermal stress exceeds the stress strength the crack will initiate. The silicon surface cracks induced by a millisecond laser are investigated. The experimental results show that three types of cracks are generated including cleavage crack, radial crack and circumferential crack. The cleavage crack is located within the laser spot. The radial crack and circumferential crack are located outside the laser spot. A two-dimensional spatial axisymmetric model of silicon irradiated by a 1064 nm millisecond laser is established. To assess what stresses generate and explain the generation mechanism of the different cracks, the thermal stress fields during laser irradiation and the cooling process are obtained using finite element method. The radial stress and hoop stress within the laser spot are tensile stress after the laser irradiation. The temperature in the center is the highest but the thermal stress in the center is not always highest during the laser irradiation. The cleavage cracks are induced by the tensile stress after the laser irradiation. The radial crack and the circumferential crack are generated during the laser irradiation.     

声波在有裂纹的固体中的非经典非线性传播

固体材料的无损检测是一个非常重要的课题,带裂纹的固体材料显示非经典非线性声学现象,本文对此现象进行了实验和理论研究。从实验上一维观察到此现象,发现奇次谐波振幅与基波振幅呈平方关系,与理论预计基本吻合;理论上从二维的角度数值模拟了声波在有损耗的带裂纹的固体中的声传播,并讨论了经典非线性和非经典非线性对声传播的影响,发现裂纹的贡献主要体现在非经典非线性上。分析了样品中裂纹的宽度和位置与非线性声参数的关系,在靠近样品中心的两个对称区域以及距离声源较近点,非线性声参数对样品的破损较为敏感,而在中央和距声源最远端敏感性较低;随着裂纹宽度的扩大,非线性声参数也开始变大,但在破损区域蔓延到棒边缘之前,有下降的趋势。