Plasma synthesis and liquid-phase surface passivation of brightly luminescent Si nanocrystals

While silicon's optical properties are improved at the nanoscale, they also become highly sensitive to the properties of the surfaces and interfaces of silicon nanostructures. For instance, while reported quantum yields for photoluminescence of silicon quantum dots covered by a native oxide are often in the few percent range, quantum yields as high as 30% have been found in quantum dots whose surfaces were passivated by covalently bonded organic molecules. In this paper, we describe an approach that is based on the gas phase synthesis of silicon quantum dots in a nonthermal plasma, and the subsequent organic surface passivation in the liquid phase. Nanocrystals are formed within a few milliseconds with a high mass yield in a nonthermal plasma. Various organic ligands such as octadecene, dodecence, and styrene are grafted onto the nanocrystal surfaces in a reaction known as hydrosilylation. Materials are characterized through transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and fluorescence measurements. The particle size distributions are found to be relatively monodisperse and are well controllable through the plasma process parameters. Photoluminescence quantum yields as high as 60-70% have been achieved for particles luminescing in the red range of the visible spectrum.     

Statistical definition of observable and the structure of statistical models

A purely statistical characterization of measurements of observables (described by spectral measures in conventional formalism of quantum mechanics) is given in the framework of the general statistical (convex) approach. The relation to physical premises underlying the conventional notion of observable is discussed. Structural aspects of general statistical models such as central decomposition and characterization of classical models are considered. It is shown by explicit construction that an arbitrary statistical model admits a formal introduction of “hidden variables” preserving the structural properties of a single statistical model. The relation of this result to other theorems on hidden variables is discussed.     

Statistical Gauge Theory for Relativistic Finite Density Problems

A relativistic quantum field theory is presented for finite density problems based on the principle of locality.It is shown that,in addition to the conventional ones,a local approach to the relativistic quantum field theories at both zero and finite densities consistent with the violation of Bell-like inequalities should contain and provide solutions to at least three additional problems,namely,i) the statistical gauge invariance;ii) the dark components of the local observables;and iii)the fermion statistical blocking effects,based upon an asymptotic nonthermal ensemble,An application to models is presented to show the importance of the discussions.     

Photon-bunching, photon-antibunching and the nonclassical photon statistics of coherent light coupled to a driven harmonic oscillator of time dependent mass and frequency

The analytical solution of the quantum driven harmonic oscillator of time dependent mass and frequency (DHTDMF) is exploited to obtain the photon-bunching, photon-antibunching and the nonclassical photon statistics of the input coherent light coupled to the oscillator. We observe that the model Hamiltonian of a DHTDMF coincides with those of the model Hamiltonian of a two-photon coherent state due to H.P. Yuen [Phys. Rev. A 13 (1976) 226]. To substantiate our analytical results, we give a special case corresponding to a damped harmonic oscillator subject to an external periodic force. The quantum statistical properties of the radiation field are discussed for under-, over-, and for critically-damped situations of the oscillator coupled to an initial coherent field. The off-resonance and the near- or on-resonance of the oscillator with respect to the frequency of the external force are discussed. In the determination of quantum statistical properties of the radiation field, we observe that the effects of the driving force are important only when the frequency of the oscillator is in near- or in on-resonance condition with that of the frequency of the external periodic force.     

Absorption spectrum of molecules in a nonthermal vibrational field

The effects of nonthermal vibrations on light absorbing molecules are investigated. The average over the phase fluctuations of nonthermal vibrations is carried out using a new statistical theorem. In the absorption spectrum the zero phonon line is found to be suppressed and the phonon side bands differ in shape from those in the thermal case. The temperature dependence is discussed.     

Quantum Statistical Properties of a Nanoelectromechanical System

In the present work, we devised an interaction model between a quantum nanoelectromechanical system (QNEMS) and a quantum bit (QBit), such that the effective Hamiltonian of the model results in a parametric oscillator. The implication is that the statistical properties of the QNEMS modes are dynamical, leading to bunching and antibunching of phonons. We also present two situations in which we obtain sub- and super-poissonian distributions.     

On the Similarity of the Statistical Characteristics of Spontaneous Radiation of a Quantum Amplifier at Different Gain Factors

The transformation laws governing the statistical properties of the quantum noise of an optical amplifier when its gain factor and spectral line profile are varied are considered. The correlation functions of quantum noise both at the amplifier output and after nonlinear transformation normalized to the correlation time of quantum noise at the amplifier output were found to be independent of the amplifier gain provided that it exceeds 10 for the Gaussian spectral line profile and 10³ for the Lorentzian profile. The spectral density of quantum noise transformed in a nonlinear system was shown to possess the same similarity property. It was found that the statistical characteristics possess a similarity property even in the case of variation of the spectral line profile from Gaussian to Lorentzian. It was concluded that such a characteristic of quantum noise of an optical amplifier as the correlation time bears virtually all information on the above-mentioned statistical properties at a reasonably large amplifier gain. The similarity property revealed has an important application. It allows finding the matching condition between the optical signal spectrum and the gain profile of the optical quantum amplifier to achieve the highest sensitivity of signal detection by the amplifier.     

三能级电磁感应透明中辐射场的量子统计特性

对Λ型三能级原子电磁感应透明（EIT）过程中辐射场的二阶相干度进行了研究。理论分析表明，在电磁感应透明系统中，由于原子的相干效应导致其上能级共振荧光场的二阶相干度将呈现单光子场的量子统计特性。并对其随耦合场强度和探测光失谐的变化进行了详细的分析和讨论，结果发现：在｜Ω｜〉（Γ2＋Γ3）／2情况下．采用较弱的耦合光功率（由托比频率Ω表征）及较大的探测光失谐，在较长时间延迟范围内，二阶相十度保持小于1，更利于实现非经典场的量子统计行为；相反，在｜Ω｜≤（Γ2＋Γ3）／2情况下，探测光的失谐量越小，越利于获得二阶相干度小于1的量子统计光场。南此可见选取合适的参量可优化电磁感应透明过程中单光子场的量子统计特性。     

在变值测量模拟中的条件概率统计分布

针对常见的两类量子交互干涉实验,Young 氏双缝干涉和超低强度长时间曝光量子交互结果显示出的明显波动统计分布特性,本文基于另一种经典概率测量模型Bayes统计依据的条件概率方法,提出条件概率变值测量模型,建立了测量模拟方法,给出了不同参量的测量公式,并对相关的重要条件进行描述.通过2个具体例子按每个函数形成四组16个直方图统计分布进行比较,对给定例子中的重要特性进行了分析.分析表明,在同步/异步、对称/反对称的作用下,条件概率测量模拟系统能针对左路、右路、双路粒子和双路波动交互作条件形成两类8种不同的统计分布.从不同的侧面显现了双路粒子同左/右路异步加算符信号之间的直接耦合关系,以及左/右路同步加算符信号与双路波动之间的干涉输出关系.在条件概率模型的条件下,单路/双路、粒子和波动的区别非常明晰,可以从中看到Feynman提炼的经典和量子统计之间的区别,统计判据直接从直方图分布中即可区分. 这类特性从基础层面显示了波/粒二重性的怪异特性,可以通过粒子性的模型完整描述.     

A compact high-voltage pulse generator using a rotary airhole sparkgap

A pulsed-corona-discharge nonthermal plasma technique offers the advantages of energy efficiency and capability for the simultaneous removal of coexisting pollutants. The key to success in a nonthermal plasma approach is to produce a corona discharge in which the bulk of the electrical energy goes into the production of energetic electrons, rather than into gas molecules heating. By driving the nonthermal plasma reactor with very short pulses of high-voltage, short-lived corona discharge plasmas are created that consist of energetic electrons, which in turn produce the radicals and ozone responsible for the decomposition of the toxic molecules. Because of the short lifetime of the pulsed corona discharge, little electrical power is dissipated in movement of heavy molecule ions in the processing region, thus avoiding heating the gas and providing good electrical energy efficiency.A high-voltage pulse generator with a rotary airhole sparkgap, instead of a conventional rotary ball sparkgap, has been proposed. Its rise and fall time characteristics to be used as a smart pulse generator for pulsed corona discharge-type nonthermal plasma reactor were investigated. Parametric studies showed that the proposed airhole sparkgap had a very fast rise time, very short fall time, very low-and-stable breakdown voltage, and reliable pulse repetition characteristics, compared with the conventional rotary ball sparkgap.     

Quantum relaxation after a quench in systems with boundaries

We study the time dependence of the magnetization profile, m(l)(t), of a large finite open quantum Ising chain after a quench. We observe a cyclic variation, in which starting with an exponentially decreasing period the local magnetization arrives to a quasistationary regime, which is followed by an exponentially fast reconstruction period. The nonthermal behavior observed at near-surface sites turns over to thermal behavior for bulk sites. In addition to the standard time and length scales a nonstandard time scale is identified in the reconstruction period.     

A model for quantum jumps in magnetic resonance force microscopy

We propose a simple model which describes the statistical properties of quantum jumps in a single-spin measurement using the oscillating cantilever-driven adiabatic reversals technique in magnetic resonance force microscopy. Our computer simulations based on this model predict the average time interval between two consecutive quantum jumps and the correlation time to be proportional to the characteristic time of the magnetic noise and inversely proportional to the square of the magnetic noise amplitude.     

Quantum statistical relaxation in a classically chaotic system

Classical statistical relaxation is quantitatively characterized by the ergodicity, an important relation connecting the time-averaged and ensemble-averaged properties of dynamical observables. In principle, the quantum statistical relaxation should be characterized correspondingly by the quantum ergodicity. In this paper, we have theoretically shown that quantum ergodicity can only be realized under the condition M ΔN 1, and this condition can be readily satisfied as the effective Planck constant approaches zero. These theoretical results are numerically testified in a nuclear model, known as a three-level Lipkin model whose classical counterpart can exhibit classical chaos.     

Dust-acoustic solitary waves in a dusty plasma with two-temperature nonthermal ions

By using reductive perturbation method, the nonlinear propagation of dust-acoustic waves in a dusty plasma (containing a negatively charged dust fluid, Boltzmann distributed electrons and two-temperature nonthermal ions) is investigated. The effects of two-temperature nonthermal ions on the basic properties of small but finite amplitude nonlinear dust-acoustic waves are examined. It is found that two-temperature nonthermal ions affect the basic properties of the dust-acoustic solitary waves. It is also observed that only compressive solitary waves exist in this system.     

Tunneling time distribution by means of Nelson’s quantum mechanics and wave-particle duality

We construct a tunneling time distribution by means of Nelson’s quantum mechanics and investigate statistical properties of the tunneling time distribution. As a result, we find that the relationship between the average and the variance of the tunneling time shows ‘wave-particle duality’.     

Letter: Quantum Nonthermal Radiation of Nonstationary Kerr-Newman-de Sitter Black Holes

Quantum nonthermal radiation of a nonstationary Kerr-Newman-de Sitter black hole is investigated. A crossing of the positive and negative Dirac energy levels occurs in a region near the event horizon of the hole, and spontaneous quantum nonthermal radiation takes place in the overlap region.     

三势垒隧穿结构中由外加垂直磁场引入的高子带非热占据

在一个特殊设计的三垒双阱异质结构中 ,注入到入射端量子阱中的电子 ,首先经过子带间弛豫填充到较低能级 ,紧接着通过共振隧穿逃逸出后面的双势垒结构 ,流入收集电极 ,完成了整个输运过程。通过比较带间光荧光谱中E2 HH1 与E1 HH1 两峰的强度 ,我们发现外加垂直磁场可以抑制子带间的LO声子和LA声子散射 ,使能量较高的子带上出现了明显的非热平衡占据。这一发现提供了一种新的控制子带间散射速率 (量子级联激光器的主要机制 )的有效方法 ,使得在量子阱子带间实现粒子数反转变得更加容易。     

Efficiency at Maximum Power Output of a Quantum-Mechanical Brayton Cycle

The performance in finite time of a quantum-mechanical Brayton engine cycle is discussed, without intro- duction of temperature. The engine model consists of two quantum isoenergetic and two quantum isobaric processes, and works with a single particle in a harmonic trap. Directly employing the finite-time thermodynamics, the efficiency at maximum power output is determined. Extending the harmonic trap to a power-law trap, we find that the efficiency at max/mum power is independent of any parameter involved in the model, but depends on the confinement of the trapping potential.