浅海二维海底散射系数的测量

本文介绍了一种在浅海中直接测量海底二维后向散射系数的方法,并用来获得散射系数对入射和散射掠角的依赖关系。使用的声频率为10kHz,测量的掠角范围为0.6°至40°。实验中我们还验证了海底散射系数对入射和散射掠角依赖关系的互易性。此外,在测量散射系数的同时,我们测量了10kHz频率的混响级及海底反射系数。实验海区的声速剖面为负跃层。把测得的海底散射和反射系数代入混响理论计算公式所求得的结果与实测到的混响级相符得很好。     

浅海远程混响与海底散射强度

利用浅海平均声场角度谱分析法,在海底散射的任意角度关系和浅海均匀层远程混响的距离关系之间建立了变换关系。与国外沿用的深海近程界面混响理论相比,多了多途传播修正因子K(公式18)。利用该变换关系式,由黄海、渤海、东海等5个海区的浅海远程混响资料,推得频率为0.8—4kHz,掠射角为2—10°的低频、小掠角海底散射强度。所得结果与国外深海直接测量的大掠角数据衔接较好。结果同时表明,大陆架高声速海底散射常数(μ)和角度指数(2n)不仅与海区、频率有关,而且与角度范围有关。在掠角很小时,海底散射强度随掠角减小比中等掠角时衰减更快。     

浅海海底反射系数幅值参数的反演

理论分析了一种通过混响强度衰减特性获取海底反射系数的幅值参数的方法.将海底反射系数的幅值参数和相位参数引入到全波动混响模型中,为海底反射系数的反演提供理论基础。理论分析和数值仿真表明,在小掠射角条件下,利用混响强度衰减特性反演海底反射系数幅值参数的可行性和准确性。该反演方法只需要输入4个变量:本地混响强度的衰减特性,反射系数的相位参数,海深以及海深处的声速,同时要求混响数据具有一定的混响噪声比(大于6 dB)才能够使反演结果准确可信。根据本地静态混响实验数据成功反演得到海底反射系数的幅值参数.      

浅海近程混响的振荡现象*

研究浅海近程混响特性对于评估和提高主动声纳性能具有重要意义。多次浅海混响实验显示,近程混响强度存在稳定的振荡现象,脉宽基本对振荡的幅度和周期没有影响。为解释这一现象,本文基于射线理论和小斜率近似给出了浅海近程混响模型,仿真与实测数据结果基本吻合。数值仿真结果表明：海底反射声场对单站声纳接收到回声信号的贡献远小于海底近垂向大掠射角散射声场的作用;混响强度振荡现象是海底近程散射声场的多途现象造成的,并由此给出了振荡周期与海深及收发深度的关系。     

基于大掠射角海底反射特性的深海地声参数反演

海底声学参数的获取对于海洋声学研究有着重要意义.通过推导分层吸收介质下的海底反射系数,理论分析了大掠射角条件下吸收系数对海底反射系数的影响.海底反射系数随频率振荡过程中,将其等于海水-沉积层界面反射系数模时所对应的频点定义为1/4振荡周期频率.在该频率下,沉积层吸收系数与基底地声参数的耦合程度小于其他频点.本文基于大掠射角下的海底反射特性,提出一种深海地声参数分步反演方法.首先,利用相关法提取得到海底反射系数的干涉周期,利用干涉周期反演了沉积层声速和厚度.声速的反演结果结合Hamilton经验公式反演密度.第二步,通过结合基底声速的穷举边界,给出沉积层吸收系数的假设值,利用1/4振荡周期频率下的海底反射系数对基底声速进行一维反演.最后利用半波层频率下的海底反射系数对沉积层吸收系数进行一维反演.大掠射角海底反射特性结合分步反演,实现了基底声速和沉积层吸收系数一定程度的解耦合.实验结果表明,在大掠射角测量条件下,该方法反演的地声参数可有效应用在一定范围内的传播损失预报.     

浅海混响的垂直相干性

浅海混响垂直相干特性是海洋混响研究中一个重要的课题。在射线简正波混响理论的基础上,给出了浅海混响垂直相关的一般表达式,并推导出了在均匀层浅海中混响垂直相关的简化解析表达式。同时,通过对数值计算及实验结果的讨论,研究了浅海混响垂直相关与混响时间、频率、声源深度、接收器深度、海底衰减特性及海底散射系数等参数的变化关系。研究表明,在海底散射满足可分离性的条件下,浅海海底混响的垂直相关与声源位置无关,随着混响时间和海底衰减的增加、或随频率、接收器间隔和海深的减小,混响的垂直相关增大。     

浅海海底界面混响平均强度特性仿真

海底粗糙界面是产生混响的主要因素之一。本文通过理论分析和数值仿真的方法,根据浅海全波动混响模型对不同海底粗糙界面所引起浅海混响平均强度特性进行研究,主要考虑Goff-Jordan谱、Gauss谱和指数谱三种不同粗糙界面条件下的海底反向散射强度和混响平均强度特性。计算结果表明:海底粗糙界面会引起海底反向散射强度的频率特性的差异,进而导致海底平均混响强度的频率特性的差异,但随入射角度的变化不大。即使界面起伏的方差和相关长度相同,不同的粗糙度谱也会引起平均混响强度的差异。     

海面冰层对声波的反射和散射特性

北极海面冰层复杂多变,其对声波的反射和散射严重影响冰下水声信道的传输特性,建立海面冰层的声波反射和散射模型对冰下水声通信研究具有重要意义.假设海面冰层为多层固体弹性介质且冰-水界面粗糙,满足微扰边界条件,导出声波从海水介质入射到海面冰层时相干反射系数满足的线性方程组.对相干反射系数随声波频率、掠射角、冰层厚度的变化进行数值分析.进一步引入根据散射声场功率谱密度计算散射系数的方法,改变掠射角,对冰层厚度、散射掠角对散射系数的影响进行研究.     

丛林地貌高功率微波传输散射特性

 采用时域有限差分方法仿真分析了高功率微波在丛林地貌传输的双站散射特性,得到了不同入射角度下的双站散射规律,对比分析了利用数值和解析两种方法得到的丛林散射系数与掠射角关系。理论分析和数值计算结果表明：散射系数曲线存在布儒斯特角,且地貌电参数越大,布儒斯特角越小;掠射角小于布儒斯特角时,散射系数随掠射角的增大而减小;掠射角大于布儒斯特角时,散射系数随掠射角的增大而增大。水平面情况下的不同丛林类型双站散射系数变化趋势一致;对于介电常数相对较大的丛林地貌类型,通过镜面反射方向时域有限差分方法得到的半功率波瓣宽度较宽;同一丛林地貌类型不同均方根高度条件下,均方根高度增大,相干分量变小,非相干分量变大;不同入射角、相同地貌和电参数情况下,散射系数的峰值向对应的镜面反射方向移动。     

基于信道传播理论的多基地远程海底混响研究

针对浅海多基地远程海底混响, 以声传播的线性信道近似理论为基础, 通过确定海底界面的不均匀起伏特性, 对入射声波的远距离异地混响脉冲响应函数进行求解. 对非水平分层介质的浅海波导, 利用绝热简正波求解信道的传输函数, 得出了小角度斜坡海底的远程海底混响强度, 以下坡海底为例, 分析对比了不同海底倾角斜坡海底对远程异地混响强度及其衰减规律的影响. 理论仿真表明, 波导的传输效应对多基地远程海底混响强度的影响不可忽略.     

The influence of large-scale seafloor slope and average bottom sound speed on low-grazing-angle monostatic acoustic scattering

Variations in large-scale seafloor slope and average seabed sound speed account for a significant portion of the variations in scattering intensity observed in low-grazing-angle monostatic reverberation. Numerical modeling using a finite-difference solution to the elastic wave equation is used to quantify the effect of these large-scale parameters in interpretations of reverberation data. For hard rough seafloor (e.g., basalt), the results of the modeling suggest that the monostatic backscattering strength increases with increasing large-scale seafloor slope up to a slope of about 15 degrees dipping toward the incident direction. Once the grazing angle of the incident wavefield exceeds the critical grazing angle for the flat reference seafloor the backscattering intensity increases only slowly with increasing grazing angle. Similarly, average subseafloor sound speed has a significant effect. Seafloor with low sound speeds characteristic of soft bottoms (e.g., sediment) generate significantly weaker backscatter signals than seafloor with sound speeds characteristic of hard bottoms (e.g., basalt). The difference is that the shear waves can always be passed into soft bottoms because even for a flat seafloor there is no shear wave critical grazing angle.     

Low frequency seabed scattering at low grazing angles

Low-frequency (LF) seabed scattering at low grazing angles (LGA) is almost impossible to directly measure in shallow water (SW), except through inversion from reverberation. The energy flux method for SW reverberation is briefly introduced in this paper. The closed-form expressions of reverberation in an isovelocity waveguide, derived from this method, indicate that in the three-halves law range interval multimode/ray sea bottom scattering with different incident and scattering angles in forming the reverberation may equivalently be represented by the bottom backscattering at a single range-dependent angle. This equivalent relationship is used to derive the bottom backscattering strength (BBS) as a function of angle and frequency. The LF&LGA BBS is derived in a frequency band of 200-2500 Hz and in a grazing angle range of 1.1°-14.0° from reverberation measurements at three sites with sandy bottoms. This is based on three previous works: (1) The closed-form expressions of SW reverberation [Zhou, (Chinese) Acta Acustica 5, 86-99 (1980)]; (2) the effective geo-acoustic model of sandy bottoms that follows the Biot model [Zhou et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 125, 2847-2866 (2009)] and (3) A quality database of wideband reverberation level normalized to source level [Zhou and Zhang, IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. 30, 832-842 (2005)].     

噪声修正的混响反演海底反射系数幅值参数

利用一种噪声修正方法解决低混噪比条件下混响数据反演海底反射系数幅值参数偏差的问题。将全波动混响理论中的混响非相干平均强度,叠加海洋环境噪声平均强度,获得包含噪声的混响平均强度理论,分析背景噪声平均强度对反演海底反射系数幅值参数的影响。数值仿真表明,背景噪声平均强度的叠加使得混响平均强度衰减趋势减缓,导致海底反射系数幅值参数反演结果偏小,混响噪声比越低,影响越明显。提出一种噪声平均强度相减的修正方法,对混响噪声比为[0,6] dB的混响平均强度数据进行修正,利用修正后的混响数据反演得到偏差较小的海底反射系数幅值参数。对比浅海混响实验数据衰减至不同混噪比时反演所得海底反射系数幅值参数,以及经噪声修正后的反演结果,验证了本文提出方法的可行性。      

低频混响信号中的简正波衰减系数提取方法

提出一种从低频混响信号中提取简正波衰减系数的方法。利用简正波过滤技术对垂直阵混响信号进行分析,获得单阶简正波混响声场。假设海底反向散射矩阵可分离,从单阶简正波平均混响强度中提取出有效海底反向散射矩阵元素,最后利用不同距离上的有效海底反向散射矩阵元素计算出简正波的衰减系数。利用该方法从混响信号中提取出的简正波衰减系数预报的声传播损失和相同海域实测声传播损失一致。该简正波衰减系数提取方法有效避免了海底散射衰减和简正波传播衰减耦合的问题,同时对海底参数反演和水声环境的快速评估也具有重要的意义。      

Low-frequency bottom reverberation in shallow-water ocean regions

A phenomenological model of long-range reverberation in a shallow sea is developed to describe the statistical characteristics and interference of the sound field scattered by bottom inhomogeneities. Experimental data on the scattering of low-frequency sound by the sea bottom are presented for a shallow-water region of the Barents Sea. The results of a numerical simulation of the low-frequency bottom reverberation in a multimode waveguide are described. The simulation is based on experimentally measured values of backscattering strength.     

Backscatter from a limestone seafloor at 2-3.5 kHz: measurements and modeling

Physics-based interface scattering models for the seafloor [H.-H. Essen, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 95, 1299-1310 (1994); Gragg et al., ibid. 110, 2878-2901 (2001)] exhibit features in their predicted grazing angle dependence. These features have a strong dependence on the assumed composition and roughness of the bottom. Verifying such predictions requires data that cover a wide range of grazing angles and involve minimal sub-bottom penetration. Such measurements were performed in the frequency band 2-3.5 kHz over an exposed limestone bottom off the Carolina coast during the second Littoral Warfare Advanced Development Focused Technology Experiment of 1996 (LWAD FTE 96-2). Direct-path bottom scattering strengths were obtained in shallow water (198-310 m deep) for grazing angles from 8 degrees to 75 degrees using data fusion from multiple experimental geometries coupled with careful signal processing. The processing included corrections for the surface-reflected path, other multipaths, and characteristics of the reverberation decay observed over the pulse duration at higher grazing angles. The resulting frequency and grazing-angle dependences exhibit trends consistent with theoretical predictions, and geoacoustic parameters obtained by inversion are consistent with values expected for limestone.