高中物理实验“3因素3情境3呈现”误差来源框架的建立和应用——以新粤教版“测量匀变速直线运动的加速度”实验为例

基于物理学科核心素养的要求，高中物理实验教学中应注重对实验误差来源的分析.以误差分类为依据，建立“3因素3情境3呈现”误差来源框架，包括实验误差的3个影响因素、3个实验情境、3种误差呈现.依据误差来源框架对“测量匀变速直线运动的加速度”实验进行误差来源分析和修正，旨在提高学生对实验误差来源的认知和分析能力，培养学生解决实验误差的意识.     

牛顿环实验中的误差分析

本文对牛顿环测透镜曲率半径实验中引起误差的各种原因进行分析讨论，指出了误差的主要来源及比较完善可行的处理方法。     

平行光管测透镜焦距中的误差分析

本文讨论了用平行光管测量透镜焦距中的误差来源 ,并以测量数据说明了各误差来源对实验结果的影响程度 ,提出了相应的改正措施 ,取得了较好的效果。     

关于牛顿环实验的误差估算方法的探讨

本文对牛顿环实验的误差估算方法作了一些探讨，并指出了该实验的最大误差来源及消除措施。     

通过误差分析确定实验方案的可行性

2011年浙江省普通高考考试说明,对误差知识的要求是:认识误差问题在实验中的重要性,了解误差的概念,知道系统误差和偶然误差,能在某些实验中分析误差的主要来源;不要求计算误差.而作为一名合格的教师,不但要求熟练掌握规范的实验操作,还应该能正确运用误差理论分析实验方案的可行     

Michelson干涉仪的调节和误差分析

本文提出一种用Michelson干涉仪观察干涉的简捷的调节方法 ,并对实验测量过程中误差的来源进行了细致的分析     

利用分光计测量光波波长的误差分析

针对大学物理实验中利用分光计测量光波波长的误差进行了分析,得到影响测量精度的主要误差来源包括测量原理理解误区、分光计的调节不到位以及读数的误差;并给出了详细的物理解释。     

偏翼标模小滚转力矩测量与气浮轴承动态特性研究

基于气浮轴承的自由滚转实验技术是测量再入飞行器小不对称滚转气动力的重要方法.文章研究中对偏翼标模进行了小滚转力矩测量,并针对实验系统的特点,对气浮轴承进行了无风实验标定和真空实验标定,给出了其动态特性结果.进一步分析了气浮轴承动态特性、原始数据采集测量误差和参数辨识误差对实验结果的影响,并给出了综合误差分析结果,说明了主要误差来源.结果显示:滚转力矩系数和滚转阻尼导数测量综合误差分别约为10-7和10-4量级,实验中可根据实际情况进行误差处理.研究结果对气浮轴承自由滚转实验精度提高、方案设计和设备研制等具有重要的实际意义.      

半偏法测表头内阻的误差分析

介绍了测量表头内阻的实验方法之一“半偏法”,着重分析了此实验方法的误差来源,并提出了一些减小误差的方法。     

浅析酒精温度计的系统误差和校准方法

介绍了酒精玻璃温度计系统误差的主要来源及校准方法，及在实验中应当考虑的误差影响．     

碳纳米管的可控长度拾取及导电性分析

拾取指定长度的半导体性碳纳米管对大规模制造碳纳米管场效应管具有重要意义.本文提出了一种利用原子力显微镜探针和钨针对碳纳米管进行可控长度拾取的方法并进行了碳纳米管导电性分析.在扫描电子显微镜下搭建微纳操作系统,针对切割操作过程中原子力显微镜探针、钨针和碳纳米管的接触情况进行了力学建模和拾取长度误差分析.建立了单根金属性碳纳米管、单根半导体性碳纳米管及碳纳米管束与钨针接触的电路模型,推导了接入不同性质碳纳米管后电路的电流电压特性方程.使用原子力显微镜探针对碳纳米管的空间位姿进行调整,控制钨针对碳纳米管上目标位置进行通电切割,同时获取切割电路中的电流电压数据.实验结果表明,本文提出的方法能够有效控制所拾取碳纳米管的长度,增加碳纳米管与原子力显微镜探针的水平接触长度能够减小碳纳米管形变导致的拾取长度误差,建立的电流电压特性方程能够用于分析碳纳米管的导电性.     

Weak absorption in ATR spectroscopy: Systematic errors of Harrick’s formulas

A method for the determination of the systematic errors of Harrick’s formulas is proposed. The method is based on the expansion of the expressions for the optical density into a Maclaurin series in terms of the extinction coefficient of the medium under study. Using numerical calculations, it is shown that, under conditions of weak absorption, it is sufficient to consider only the first two terms of this series, with the relative systematic errors of Harrick’s formulas being determined in this case by dividing the first term of the series by the second. The behavior of the relative systematic errors for perpendicular and parallel polarizations is compared. These errors are shown to decrease monotonically with an increase in the angle of incidence and have finite limits both for angles of incidence tending to the critical value and at grazing incidence of probe radiation.     

光杠杆底脚、望远镜轴线不水平造成的系统误差的分析

本对拉伸法测金属弹性模量实验中光杠杆底脚水平、望远镜轴线不水平而造成的系统误差进行了定量分析，所得出的结论，不仅对本实验适用，并且对其它应用光杠杆镜尺组的同类实验也适用。     

Misalignment error calibration of faro retro probe for laser tracker system

A technique to calibrate faro retro probe using laser tracker system (LTS) is presented. The deep-access retro probe enables LTS to perform three-dimensional (3D) measurements of surface hidden features. It has been shown that misalignment errors are the key contributor to measuring errors of retro probe. A device for measuring misalignment errors of retro probe is invented. Theoretical analysis and experiment show that using this technique to calibrate retro probe, the misalignment errors of retro probe can be eliminated effectively and quickly.     

Error scrutiny of measuring coefficients of refractive indices and Soret coefficients using Mach–Zehnder interferometer

No matter how vigilantly an experiment is performed, errors always there inside the experimental results. Since the results of laser based optical experiments are somewhat loftier in precision, commonly, sources of errors are mistreated. However, ample error scrutiny is vital in quantifying of physical parameters of liquids such as Soret and diffusion coefficients. There are two types of experimental errors, explicitly, systematic error and random error. Systematic error is associated to the apparatus and cannot be enhanced by recurrent experiments. Frequent systematic errors in Mach–Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) techniques originate from stability of laser wavelength, resolution of the electronics component etcetera. Random error is interrelated to the variation in the equivalent measurements of repeating experiment. Resolution of electronic components likewise constructs random errors by providing diverse values in the recurring experiment. Foremost, random error of MZI is caused by the environmental circumstances such as nonconformity of background light, air temperature, and air humidity. In this current amendment, a meticulous error analysis has been accomplished for evaluating thermodiffusion or Soret coefficients of hydrocarbon binary mixtures. Based on our knowledge, such a completed error scrutiny for measuring Soret coefficients using MZI does not yet exist in the literature. Study reveals that the utmost error of measuring Soret coefficient using MZI is less than 0.22%.     

Reconfigurable photonic differentiators based on all-optical phase modulation and linear filtering

We theoretically propose a novel scheme to implement two types of optical differentiators using all-optical phase modulation and linear filtering. Differences between the two differentiators rely on whether the differentiated signals are formed on the optical intensity or optical field of the output signal, which in turns depends on the relative shift between the probe wavelength and the closest notches of a linear filter. A proof-of-concept experiment is carried out using a semiconductor optical amplifier and a fiber-based delay interferometer (DI). Both differentiators are obtained for periodical Gaussian pulses and pseudo random non-return-to-zero signals at various data rates. Defined as the mean absolute deviation of the measured waveform from the ideal one, total average errors of less than 18% are observed in all cases. The impact of probe wavelength on the total average errors is investigated. Due to periodical feature of the DI spectrum, we also demonstrate the capability of multi-channel differentiation.     

Experimental error of the Burnett experiment

Analysis of the errors of pressure measurement in a Burnett experiment shows them to be primarily multiplicative over most of the pressure range. In such a case the geometric mean is the best mean to average repeated measurements. A linear model of error to provide a basis for practical calculations is introduced by determining the arithmetic mean of the logarithms of the pressures. Analysis of the Burnett experiment turns on ratios of pressures, and systematic multiplicative errors cancel in these ratios. A method is developed to weight the low-pressure observations in the range where the errors are primarily additive. The weighting of the data and the errors of the virial coefficients determined in the analysis are illustrated with data for helium at 25°C.     

物距-像距法测凹透镜焦距实验中透镜的选择

本文根据对物距－像距法测凹透镜焦距存在的系统误差分析,指出实验安排上应选择长焦距、对称的双凹透镜．     

L3实验测量τ寿命的拟合方法及其误差讨论

对测量τ寿命的碰撞参数法中碰撞参数的符号作了研究后,把碰撞参数为负值的几率放入拟合公式进行L3实验数据的τ寿命拟合,并利用L3结构特别的中心径迹室研究了主要由漂移速度和零时间刻度产生的τ寿命测量系统误差.     

CO2激光成像雷达距离分辨率测距精度的分析与实验研究

分析了脉冲外差体制CO₂激光成像雷达系统的目标距离分辨率、测距精度和误差的主要来源.对于单个光脉冲测距来讲,信噪比(SNR)起伏引起的探测误差、脉冲前沿触发等概率分布以及脉冲建立时间的随机性等是激光脉冲外差测距的主要随机误差,其它随机误差在数量级上可忽略不计.同时利用现有的CO₂激光脉冲外差探测系统,进行了远目标测距对比实验,观测到了2355 m目标脉冲回波信号,并精确测量出CO₂光脉冲飞行的往返时间,该实验数据可用做系统误差的校正和补偿.