利用三色组合脉冲激光获得孤立阿秒脉冲发射

孤立阿秒脉冲因可以跟踪和控制原子及分子内电子的运动过程而备受关注.本文从理论上开展了氦原子在3束飞秒脉冲激光组合场辐照下产生的高次谐波和阿秒脉冲辐射的研究.组合激光场由16 fs/1600 nm,15 fs/1100 nm和5.3 fs/800 nm的钛宝石脉冲构成.与前两束脉冲合成的双色场产生谐波谱相比,附加钛宝石脉冲的三色场产生的高次谐波发射谱呈现出高转换效率及宽带超连续特性,超连续谱范围覆盖从230—690次谐波,傅里叶变换后实现了128 as高强度孤立短脉冲的产生.该结果归因于合成的三色场呈现出高功率及少周期的中红外飞秒脉冲激光特性,可以有效控制原子电离以及复合发生在中红外飞秒脉冲的一个有效光学周期内.     

原子在两色组合激光场中产生的单个阿秒脉冲

利用分裂算符法求解含时薛定谔方程,对一维氦原子处于红外场（IR）与紫外场（UV）组合的两色激光场中产生的高次谐波进行研究,分析了由高次谐波产生的阿秒脉冲的特征. 发现在组合场中可以通过增加红外场的强度,来缩短阿秒脉冲的宽度,通过调节组合场中两束激光的时间延迟,提高一个电子轨道对谐波的贡献,而抑制另一个电子轨道的贡献,从而得到低于100 as的单个脉冲. 关键词： 强激光场 组合场 高次谐波 阿秒脉冲     

利用两色红外组合场驱动氦原子产生单个阿秒脉冲

利用数值求解原子在强激光场中的含时薛定谔方程,对一维氦原子处于两色红外组合场中产生的高次谐波进行了研究,研究发现,在组合场驱动下,谐波谱的截止位置可以拓展到Ip+5.7Up,从而得到脉宽较短的多个阿秒脉冲,通过改变两束激光的相位延迟,最终得到了33.8as的单个脉冲.进一步利用小波变换分析了阿秒脉冲的发射特征,发现单个阿秒脉冲实现是对电子长路径抑制的结果.     

利用两色红外组合场驱动氦原子产生单个阿秒脉冲

利用数值求解原子在强激光场中的含时薛定谔方程,对一维氦原子处于两色红外组合场中产生的高次谐波进行了研究,研究发现,在组合场驱动下,谐波谱的截止位置可以拓展到 ,从而得到脉宽较短的多个阿秒脉冲,通过改变两束激光的相位延迟,最终得到了33.8as的单个脉冲。进一步利用小波变换分析了阿秒脉冲的发射特征,发现单个阿秒脉冲实现是对电子长路径抑制的结果.     

极化门控制下中红外激光场驱动He原子产生的单个阿秒脉冲

由中红外激光场（波长为2128nm）驱动He原子,在极化门的控制下,通过强场近似方法(SFA)研究了He原子发射高次谐波的特点.研究表明,在这种组合场驱动下He原子可产生截止位置很高的高次谐波,并且在接近截止位置的平台区展现了超连续的特点,对该超连续部分的高次谐波进行叠加,可得到宽度为44.5as的单个超短脉冲．为了了解该超短阿秒脉冲的产生机理,我们对高次谐波谱的发射过程进行了时频分析,分析表明由于极化门的存在,有效地抑制了极化门以外的阿秒脉冲的发射,从而获得单个阿秒脉冲．     

两束同色激光场和中红外场驱动氦原子在等离激元中产生的单个阿秒脉冲

通过数值求解一维氦原子由两束同色激光场和中红外形成组合场中的含时薛定谔方程,研究了氦原子在纳米等离激元中发射高次谐波的性质以及合成阿秒脉冲的特点.研究表明,在等离激元中氦原子在组合场驱动下发射的高次谐波相对于均匀场情况下截止位置会得到明显扩展,但等离激元对处在连续态电子的吸收效应会对高次谐波截止位置影响较大,通过改变激元的相对位置能明显提高其中一个轨道对谐波的贡献,抑制另一些电子轨道的贡献.经典分析表明,两个电子轨道发生并合,从而实现单个阿秒脉冲的输出.与原子在均匀场驱动的情况相比,阿秒脉冲的宽度明显缩短,最短可实现28 as的单个脉冲输出.     

正交偏振双色激光场作用下生成的孤立阿秒脉冲

我们理论研究了正交偏振双色激光场作用下的高次谐波发射和孤立阿秒脉冲的产生.当y方向加一束中红外激光脉冲(12.5 fs/2000 nm),x方向加一束强度较弱的激光脉冲(12 fs/800 nm)时,我们得到从250 eV到350 eV的超连续谐波平台,在平台范围内叠加50 eV的谐波,可以得到一个脉宽约为97as的孤立阿秒脉冲. 通过时频分析,我们解释了高次谐波发射的物理机制.     

圆偏振激光附加太赫兹场作用下的高次谐波发射和孤立阿秒脉冲的产生

本文通过数值求解二维含时薛定谔方程,研究了圆偏振激光和太赫兹组合场作用下,H2+的高次谐波发射和孤立阿秒脉冲的产生。研究发现,无论在圆偏振激光场的 或 方向附加一个太赫兹场,都可以产生一个比较平滑的连续谐波谱。通过时频分析我们发现,高次谐波的贡献主要来自于短轨道。适当选取一些级次的连续谐波进行叠加,可以得到129 as或83 as的孤立阿秒脉冲。     

利用正交偏振双色场产生孤立阿秒脉冲

利用强场近似理论开展了正交偏振双色场与氦原子相互作用产生高次谐波和阿秒脉冲的理论研究。正交偏振双色场由少周期的4 fs钛宝石驱动脉冲激光和与它偏振方向垂直的8 fs倍频控制脉冲构成。研究发现,通过合理选择两束脉冲之间的相对相位,能够控制高次谐波发射过程中长、短电子轨道的选择。当相对相位调整为1.2π时,平台谐波主要来自短轨道电子的贡献,由于其运动时间短、波包扩散少,且没有与长轨道电子谐波产生干涉,沿驱动脉冲电场方向的高次谐波谱具有较高强度和较小调制幅度的超连续平台区,通过对第120次到第180次超连续谐波进行傅里叶变换,可产生脉宽为54 as的高强度孤立阿秒脉冲。所提方案对组合脉冲相对相位的选取要求并不严苛,在0.3π的变化范围内皆可获得脉宽较短的孤立阿秒脉冲,同时控制脉冲电场强度的变化对上述数值模拟结果的影响也很小。     

利用两束同色激光场和半周期脉冲驱动原子产生单个阿秒脉冲

利用分裂算符方法数值求解一维氦原子的含时薛定谔方程,研究了氦原子在两束同色激光场与半周期脉冲(Hcps)形成的组合场驱动下所发射高次谐波的特点.研究结果表明,氦原子在这种组合场驱动下,高次谐波谱的平台区域能得到很大的扩展,其截止位置可延伸到I_P+9.6U_P,通过构造截止位置附近的高次谐波谱能够得到脉宽为63 as的单个阿秒脉冲.经过分析后发现,半周期脉冲的加入不仅使高次谐波谱平台能够得到扩展,同时还抑制了电子长路径对高次谐波的贡献. 关键词： 两束同色激光场 半周期脉冲 高次谐波 阿秒脉冲     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.