Reducing Occupational Noise Propagated from Centrifugal Fan through Dissipative Silencers: A Field Study

Acoustic performance of dissipative silencer was evaluated to determine the effectiveness of perforated duct porosity and absorbent material density in reducing occupational noise exposure propagated from centrifugal fan. Design charts were applied to predict noise reduction and length of a dissipative silencer. Dissipative silencers with various punched duct porosity (14%, 30% and 40%) and sound absorbent density (80 Kg/m³, 120 Kg/m³, and 140 Kg/m³) were designed and fabricated. According to ISO9612 and ISO11820, noise level was measured before and after installing all nine test silencers at fixed workstations around the discharge side of a centrifugal fan in a manufacturing plant. On average, the noise level at the discharge side of a fan without silencer was measured to be 93.6 dBA, whereas it was significantly mitigated by 67.4 dBA to 70.1 dBA after installing all silencers. Dynamic insertion loss for a dissipative silencer with 100 cm length was predicted to be 27.9 dB, which was in agreement with experimental ones. Although, there was no significant differences between insertion loss of silencers, the one with 30% porosity and 120 Kg/m³ rock wool density had the highest insertion loss of 26.2 dBA. Dissipative silencers noticeably reduced centrifugal fan noise exposures. Increasing sound absorbent density and duct porosity up to a certain limit could probably be effective in noise reduction of dissipative silencers.     

阵列式阻性消声器传递损失计算模型

针对气流通道彼此独立且截面尺寸较小的直管式阻性消声器,Belov基于声波导管理论推导了其消声量计算公式,但该公式不适用于气流通道彼此连通且截面尺寸较大的阵列式阻性消声器。为此,提出了一种阵列式消声器消声量计算方法。将阵列式消声器划分为周期性排列的消声单元,每个消声单元包含1个吸声柱。分别参照扩张式消声器和直管阻性消声器计算消声单元的抗性部分(进出口气流通道截面突变处)和阻性部分消声量的理论值TL₁和TL₂。在此基础上,采用有限元法仿真得到消声器消声量仿真值TL_s,基于阻性部分消声量仿真值和理论值的比值(TL_s-TL₁)/TL₂,拟合确定各倍频带阻性消声量修正函数N_f,即修正后的消声量理论值计算模型为TL′_t=TL₁+TL₂·Nf。作为算例,建立了多孔吸声材料流阻率为11425 Pa·s/m²时适用于不同结构尺寸的阵列式消声器消声量计算模型。实测结果...     

Effect and importance of static-load on airflow resistivity determination and its consequences on dynamic stiffness

Airflow resistivity is a physical parameter which characterizes porous and fibrous sound absorbent materials. It is well-known that such property allows the evaluation of the acoustic behaviour of sound absorbent materials in various fields of application, including automotive noise mitigation, architectural acoustics and building acoustics. In structure-borne sound insulation, airflow resistivity is essential for the evaluation of the dynamic stiffness of porous and fibrous resilient insulating materials used as underlay in floating floors.However, an inconsistency between the dynamic stiffness and the airflow resistivity test conditions can be recognized. In order to evaluate dynamic stiffness of a resilient material, a static load of about 2 kPa is applied, while in airflow resistivity determination this condition is not explicitly required. As a result, the density of analyzed material, in dynamic stiffness and airflow measurements, is different. Since these two quantities are correlated, it is necessary to measure materials under the same conditions of applied static load.In this work the effects of static load (or density after compression) in airflow resistivity determination of various porous and fibrous resilient materials are investigated, and the consequent influence on dynamic stiffness is discussed. A simply empirical relation between density and airflow resistivity is also put forth.The main focus of this paper is to propose an harmonization among requirements of the Standards in order to prevent significant errors in dynamic stiffness determination and incorrect evaluations of the acoustic behaviour.     

次级源近场和管壁弹性对充液管路有源消声性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

建立了含次级源结构的充液直管有源消声系统数值模型,重点分析了声激励下次级源近场和管壁弹性对有源消声性能的影响。结果表明:次级源近场为非均匀声场,误差点位于该区域时部分频点控制效果较差甚至放大,而处于声场均匀区域时可使降噪量提高10 dB以上,增加误差点数量可使绝大多数频点的降噪量提高5 dB以上;管壁弹性使次级源与管壁间的耦合较强,非对称分布的次级源容易激起管壁振动,导致降噪谷值的出现,采用对称分布的次级源可显著提升控制效果;增加次级源数量能够提高系统的有源无源复合控制效果,但使得管内声场变得复杂,多次级源模型的有源消声效果随频率升高而有所降低。     

The use of a hybrid model to compute the nonlinear acoustic performance of silencers for the finite amplitude acoustic wave

In the present study, a hybrid method is proposed for predicting the acoustic performance of a silencer for a nonlinear wave. This method is developed by combining two models: (i) a frequency-domain model for the computation of sound attenuation due to a silencer in a linear regime and (ii) a wavenumber space model for the prediction of the nonlinear time-evolution of finite amplitudes of the acoustic wave in a uniform duct of the same length as the silencer. The present method is proposed under the observation that the physical process of the nonlinear sound attenuation phenomenon of a silencer may be decoupled into two distinct mechanisms: (a) a linear acoustic energy loss that owes to the mismatch in the acoustic impedance between reactive elements and/or the sound absorption of acoustic liners in a silencer; (b) a nonlinear acoustic energy loss that is due to the energy-cascade phenomenon that arises from the nonlinear interaction between components of different frequencies. To establish the validity of the present model for predicting the acoustic performance of silencers, two model problems are considered. First, the performance of simple expansion mufflers with nonlinear incident waves has been predicted. Second, proposed method is applied for computing nonlinear acoustic wave propagation in the NASA Langley impedance duct configuration with ceramic tubular liner (CT57). Both results obtained from the hybrid models are compared with those from computational aero-acoustic techniques in a time-space domain that utilize a high-order finite-difference method. Through these comparisons, it is shown that there are good agreements between the two predictions. The main advantage of the present method is that it can effectively compute the nonlinear acoustic performance of silencers in nonlinear regimes without time-space domain calculations that generally entail a greater computational burden.     

A direct mixed-body boundary element method for packed silencers

Bulk-reacting sound absorbing materials are often used in packed silencers to reduce broadband noise. A bulk-reacting material is characterized by a complex mean density and a complex speed of sound. These two material properties can be measured by the two-cavity method or calculated by empirical formulas. Modeling the entire silencer domain with a bulk-reacting lining will involve two different acoustic media, air and the bulk-reacting material. Traditionally, the interior silencer domain is divided into different zones and a multi-domain boundary element method (BEM) may be applied to solve the problem. However, defining different zones and matching the elements along each interface is tedious, especially when the zones are intricately connected. In this paper, a direct mixed-body boundary element method is used to model a packed silencer without subdividing it into different zones. This is achieved by summing up all the integral equations in different zones and then adding the hypersingular integral equations at interfaces. Several test cases, including a packed expansion chamber with and without an absorbing center bullet, and a parallel baffle silencer, are studied. Numerical results for the prediction of transmission loss (TL) are compared to experimental data.     

Bulk reaction modeling of ducts with and without mean flow

A general formulation for analysis of sound field in a uniform flow duct lined with bulk-reacting sound-absorbing material is presented here. Presented theoretical model predicts the rate of attenuation for symmetric as well as asymmetric modes in rectangular duct lined with loosely bound (bulk-reacting) sound-absorbing material, which allows acoustic propagation through the lining. The nature of attenuation in rectangular ducts lined on two and four sides with and without mean flow is discussed. Computed results are compared with published theoretical and experimental results. The presented model can be used as guidelines for the acoustic design of silencers, air-conditioning ducts, industrial fans, and other similar applications.     

THE CALCULATION OF ACTIVELY ABSORBING SILENCERS IN RECTANGULAR DUCTS

Active silencers can provide effective solutions especially for the control of low-frequency noise in ducts. To evaluate the performance of this technology in the early design stages it is necessary to predict the insertion loss and adjust the silencer sufficiently precisely to the specific requirements of an application. This paper describes different models for the calculation of actively absorbing wall linings with proportional feedback control applied in splitter silencers as used in rectangular air-conditioning ducts. On the basis of well-established theories for the calculation of passive splitter silencers and a network model of electro-acoustic lumped elements for the wall impedance of each active cassette, it is conceivable to determine their insertion loss. Starting with a rather basic approach, the computational model is refined to increase its modelling accuracy. It is shown that a combination of active wall linings with passive linings yields a high attenuation for a wide frequency band. The theoretical findings compare well with experimental results from a laboratory set-up.     

A displacement-pressure finite element formulation for analyzing the sound transmission in ducted shear flows with finite poroelastic lining

In the present work, the propagation of sound in a lined duct containing sheared mean flow is studied. Walls of the duct are acoustically treated with absorbent poroelastic foams. The propagation of elasto-acoustic waves in the liner is described by Biot's model. In the fluid domain, the propagation of sound in a sheared mean flow is governed by the Galbrun's equation. The problem is solved using a mixed displacement-pressure finite element formulation in both domains. A 3D implementation of the model has been performed and is illustrated on axisymmetric examples. Convergence and accuracy of the numerical model are shown for the particular case of the modal propagation in a infinite duct containing a uniform flow. Practical examples concerning the sound attenuation through dissipative silencers are discussed. In particular, effects of the refraction effects in the shear layer as well as the mounting conditions of the foam on the transmission loss are shown. The presence of a perforate screen at the air-porous interface is also considered and included in the model.     

Diffraction of sound by a rigid screen with an absorbent edge

A solution is obtained for the problem of diffraction of a plane wave sound source by a semi-infinite plane. A finite region in the vicinity of the edge has an impedance boundary condition; the remaining part of the half plane is rigid. The problem which is solved is a mathematical model for a rigid barrier with an absorbing edge. It is found that the absorbing material that comprises the edge need only be of the order of a wavelength long to have approximately the same effect on the sound attenuation in the shadow region of the barrier as a semi-infinite absorbent barrier. Also the softer the absorbent lining the greater the attenuation in the shadow of the barrier. In the illuminated region a reduction in the sound intensity level can be achieved by a suitable choice of the absorptive material of the strip and its length. It is found that the effect of the absorptive strip is lost if its length is less than two wavelengths long. For a strip length of six wavelengths or more the system is equivalent to an absorbing half plane.     

Effect of acoustical damping with a porous absorptive layer in the cavity to reduce the structure-borne sound radiation from a double-leaf structure

Structure-borne sound radiation from a double-leaf structure with a porous absorptive layer in the cavity is studied theoretically as well as experimentally. The study is for establishing a countermeasure to reduce the structure-borne noise radiated from an interior leaf into rooms and for clarifying its reduction effect. The sound field radiated from a double-leaf elastic plate with layers of arbitrary media in the cavity set into vibration by a point force excitation is theoretically analyzed. The effect of the bulk vibration of an absorptive layer is also considered by a simple model into the present theory. Radiation reduction of an inner-layer derived from the theory is experimentally validated. Parametric studies reveal that increasing the ratio of an absorptive layer thickness to the cavity depth is effective to reduce the structure-borne sound radiation but high flow resistivity of the absorbent material is not necessarily required. A practical equation to predict the mass-air-mass resonance frequency for absorbent cavity case is given in a simple form.     

Sound absorption characteristics of a double-leaf structure with an MPP and a permeable membrane

As for the sound absorbing system using an MPP (microperforated panel), a double-leaf MPP sound absorber has been studied so far. However, this structure uses two MPPs, which are still expensive, and is disadvantageous when its cost is concerned. Therefore, it is considered that it can be advantageous if one of the leaves can be replaced with a less expensive material keeping high sound absorption performance. In this study, the possibility of producing a useful sound absorbing structure with an MPP and a permeable membrane as an alternative less expensive material is examined. The acoustic properties of this MPP and permeable membrane combination absorber are analysed theoretically with a Helmholtz integral formulation. The absorption performance and mechanism are discussed through the numerical examples. Also, the effect of a honeycomb in the air cavity, which is to be used for reinforcing the structure, is also discussed through a theoretical analysis.     

A comparison between analytic and numerical methods for modelling automotive dissipative silencers with mean flow

Identifying an appropriate method for modelling automotive dissipative silencers normally requires one to choose between analytic and numerical methods. It is common in the literature to justify the choice of an analytic method based on the assumption that equivalent numerical techniques are more computationally expensive. The validity of this assumption is investigated here, and the relative speed and accuracy of two analytic methods are compared to two numerical methods for a uniform dissipative silencer that contains a bulk reacting porous material separated from a mean gas flow by a perforated pipe. The numerical methods are developed here with a view to speeding up transmission loss computation, and are based on a mode matching scheme and a hybrid finite element method. The results presented demonstrate excellent agreement between the analytic and numerical models provided a sufficient number of propagating acoustic modes are retained. However, the numerical mode matching method is shown to be the fastest method, significantly outperforming an equivalent analytic technique. Moreover, the hybrid finite element method is demonstrated to be as fast as the analytic technique. Accordingly, both numerical techniques deliver fast and accurate predictions and are capable of outperforming equivalent analytic methods for automotive dissipative silencers.     

梯度穿缝型双孔隙率多孔材料的吸声性能

在传统单一孔隙率多孔材料中引入宏观尺度的周期性梯度穿缝结构设计,构造出梯度穿缝型双孔隙率多孔材料,其包含多孔材料基体微孔尺度与穿缝尺度两个尺度。采用分层等效的理论建模方法,将复杂梯度渐变问题变为多层均匀等效层叠加问题。针对不同特征尺寸的多孔材料薄层,分别采用低、高两种渗透率对比度双孔隙率理论,给出了其等效密度和动态压缩系数,再应用传递矩阵方法得到了相邻薄层之间的声压和质点速度传递关系并求得其表面声阻抗,从而建立了梯度穿缝型双孔隙率多孔材料的吸声理论模型。发展了多尺度材料声学有限元数值模型,在所考虑的100~3000 Hz频段范围内数值模拟结果完全吻合理论模型结果。理论与模拟分析了多尺度结构参数对双孔隙率多孔材料吸声性能的影响,结果表明引入多尺度梯度结构设计能够显著提高单一孔隙率多孔材料的吸声性能,且穿缝尺度比穿缝梯度影响更为显著;精细数值模拟获得的声压和能量密度分布云图揭示了多尺度结构设计的吸声增强机制。该工作可用于指导双孔隙率多孔材料的多尺度结构设计,从而提高多孔材料的中低频吸声性能。      

基于高吸水/保水材料的红外隐身复合材料的可行性研究及效能评价

根据战场条件及红外材料的性能要求,在研究高吸水/保水材料特性的基础上对开发基于高吸水/保水材料的红外隐身复合材料的可行性进行研究分析,提出以高吸水/保水材料为基底的红外隐身复合材料的两种设计方案并制备出该红外隐身复合材料样板.通过对其进行红外效果评价,结果表明,该材料若作为军事目标的表面材料能有效改变目标的红外辐射特性...     

Sound absorption performance of gradiently slit-perforated double-porosity materials

A gradiently slit-perforated double-porosity material is proposed by introducing macro-scale periodic gradient slit-perforations into traditional porous materials with singleporosity.This material is one kind of multiscale material since it includes two scales of matrix micro-pore size and slit-perforation size.A theoretical model is developed for the sound absorption of the gradiently slit-perforated double-porosity material.In the model,the material is divided into lots of thin layers and each layer is approximated to be straight slit-perforated material.The equivalent density and dynamic compressibility of each thin layer are given by using the low or high permeability contrast double-porosity theory.Then the sound pressure and particle velocity relations between adjacent thin layers are obtained by employing the transfer matrix method.Finally,the surface acoustic impedance and the sound absorption of the gradiently slit-perforated porous material can be calculated.A finite element model is further established to validate the accuracy of the theoretical model.In the considered frequency range of 100-3000 Hz,the simulation results agree well with theoretical results.The influence of multiscale structural parameters on the sound absorption performance of the porous materials is analyzed theoretically and numerically.It is proved that the multiscale structure design can significantly improve the sound absorption performance of porous materials.Compared to the slit-perforation gradient,the slit-perforation width plays a more significant influence on sound absorption.The sound absorption enhancement mechanism of the multiscale structure design is revealed by the analysis of the sound pressure and energy dissipation distributions in the material.This work provides a multiscale structural design method for improving the sound absorption performance of traditional porous materials at broadband frequency.     

NUMERICAL MODELLING OF MEDIAN ROAD TRAFFIC NOISE BARRIERS

Outdoor sound propagation from road traffic is modelled by solving a boundary integral equation formulation of the wave equation using boundary element techniques in two dimensions. In the first model, the source representing a traffic stream can be considered as a coherent line source of sound. The results can then be transformed to derive a pseudo-three dimensional solution to the problem. In the second model the line source is incoherent. For receivers near the ground, the second model predicted significantly higher values of ground attenuation than the first. The first model generally produced better agreement with ground attenuation results obtained using the U.K. traffic noise prediction model. For conditions when a noise barrier was present and the ground was absorbent, the incoherent line source model generally predicted significantly higher values of attenuation than those from the barrier and ground attenuation calculated separately. Over a range of receiver positions and barrier heights a similar, but less marked effect was observed when the coherent line source model was used. On dual carriageway roads, it is possible to incorporate barriers on the central reservation as a noise control measure. These are “median” noise barriers. The incoherent line source model is used to assess the performance of median barriers in reducing noise when installed alone and also with associated roadside barriers. A sound absorbent median noise barrier 1m in height produced consistent values of insertion loss of between 1 and 2dB over the range of receiver positions and ground conditions considered. When the median barrier was used in conjunction with a roadside barrier it produced a consistent improvement in insertion loss of between 1 and 2 dB over the range of conditions considered.     

基于拓扑优化设计的宽频吸波复合材料

本文基于拓扑优化方法设计并制备了一种宽频吸波复合材料,该吸波复合材料由高强玻璃纤维透波板、电阻损耗型超材料、聚氨酯泡沫和碳纤维反射板组成.仿真及测试结果表明,该吸波复合材料在2–18 GHz频段内的平板反射率均小于-12 dB.并且由于采用高强玻璃纤维及碳纤维复合材料作为面板层,聚氨酯泡沫作为芯材,因此该吸波复合材料不仅在较宽频带内对电磁波具有高的吸收率,同时还具有质量轻、耐高温、耐低温、耐湿热、抗腐蚀等特点,便于实现吸波与力学性能及耐环境性能的兼容,具有一定的工程应用价值.     

Acoustic technique to monitor the kinetics of porous development phenomena in viscoelastic media

In this paper, the potential of a low frequency acoustic technique for the study and characterisation of viscoelastic porous media is investigated. This work was based on the limits of ultrasonic applications in highly absorbent porous media. In this context, fermenting dough was used as a model propagation medium. This type of product has a very complex matrix in terms of texture, openings and moisture. The basic theory of sound in such matter is recalled, especially the effects of the scattering of sound energy in matrices like that of the product under investigation. Depending on the properties of the openings, acoustic velocity and intensity of sound were chosen to represent the state of evolution of the matter. A tap-test acoustic technique was employed and allowed a quality indicator to be obtained. The results of the validation step using various technological parameters indicate that a high degree of sensitivity can be reached with non-destructive acoustic techniques.     

Numerical studies on venting system with multi-chamber perforated mufflers by GA optimization

Research on new techniques of perforated silencers has been well addressed and developed; however, the research work in shape optimization for a volume-constrained silence requested upon the demands of operation and maintenance inside a constrained machine room is rare. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to not only analyze the sound transmission loss of a multi-chamber perforated muffler but also to optimize the best design shape under space-constrained condition.In this paper, both the generalized decoupling technique and plane wave theory are used. The four-pole system matrix in evaluating the acoustic performance of sound transmission loss (STL) is also deduced in conjunction with a genetic algorithm (GA). To demonstrate the precision of the tuning ability in a muffler, various targeted pure tones are proposed in numerical cases. Results reveal that the maximal acoustical performance precisely occurred in the desired frequency. Furthermore, a noise reduction with respect to full-band exhausted noise emitted from a diesel engine is also introduced and assessed. To achieve a better optimization in GA, several test parameter values were used. Before a GA operation can be carried out, the accuracy of the mathematical models have to be checked by experimental data.The optimal result in eliminating full-band noise reveals that the overall noise reduction of a multi-chamber muffler can achieve 68 dB under space-constraint conditions. Consequently, the approach used for the optimal design of the STL proposed in this study is indeed easy, economical and quite effective.