白光LED智能调光数学模型

LED灯的光通量不仅受电流的影响,还受到结温变化的影响。针对传统LED调光存在只改变电流大小而忽略结温变化对光通量影响所存在的不足,结合LED结温和管脚温度存在特定的关系,利用实验装置采集HL001WY型Ga N基白光LED在不同管脚温度和正向电流下的光通量实验数据并进行二次项趋势回归,利用定标和归一化方法建立光通量、电流以及管脚温度三者变化关系的数学模型。计算结果表明,利用该方法建立的模型得到的计算数值与实验实际测量值的相对误差小于4.5%。     

三基色白光LED的司辰节律因子研究

采用司辰节律因子模型,通过计算三基色白光LED光源在不同工作电流下的司辰节律因子,对可调色温的三基色白光LED光源进行非视觉效应研究。为了获取与自然光非视觉效应类似的LED白光,建立了司辰节律因子和相关色温分别相对于工作电流的关系模型,从而已知自然光的司辰节律因子和相关色温,就可以确定三基色LED的工作电流。通过测试一天内不同时刻的自然光光谱,根据上述模型推算出了三基色LED的工作电流。在所推算的三基色电流下,测试了白光LED光谱参数并计算了相应的司辰节律因子。与自然光司辰节律因子的对比结果表明,理论值和实验值的误差在1.1%以内,证实该方法具有可行性。本文所呈现的方法对于利用三基色白光LED模拟自然光具有一定的指导意义。     

远程荧光体白光发光二极管的发光性能

研究了高色温和低色温两种球冠状远程荧光粉白光LED在不同电流、不同热沉温度下的发光性能差异.结果表明:在大电流下,LED有源层内由于量子限制斯塔克效应使其峰值波长向短波方向移动,偏离了高色温荧光粉的最佳激发波长,更加接近低色温荧光粉的最佳激发波长.高色温LED的相关色温随电流增加呈上升趋势,低色温LED的相关色温随电流增加呈下降趋势,与它们的量子效率变化引起的色坐标漂移有很大关系.两种LED量子效率和发光效能随热沉温度的升高均呈略微增大的趋势;其中,高色温LED的量子效率和发光效能随电流的增大而减小,而低色温LED的量子效率和发光效能则随电流的增大而升高;高色温LED发光性质较低色温LED好,但色特性的稳定程度不如低色温LED.     

基于PWM的三基色LED的调光调色方法

提出了一种基于脉冲宽度调制(PWM)的三基色发光二极管(LED)调光调色计算模型,建立了混合光的色品坐标与占空比、相关色温与占空比、最大光通量与色品坐标的函数关系。采用红绿蓝(RGB)三基色LED进行实验验证,实验结果表明:计算模型能较好的指导LED光色调节,混合光色品坐标的理论值和测量值之间的误差小于2.5%,模拟太阳光的色温变化误差仅为50 K。该计算模型可应用于各种三通道LED的调光调色,其高精度的优点能更精确地实现智能照明,极具实用价值。     

功率型白光LED的非线性混合调光方法

分析脉冲宽度调制(PWM)双通道输出白光LED的混合调光方法,建立PWM与混合光源输出的光通量和色温之间变化关系的非线性数学模型。基于Zig Bee无线通信模块CC2530作为双路PWM输出,控制以SN3350为核心的LED恒流驱动电源,完成占空比可调的暖白和冷白两路白光LED的色温和光通量混合调光控制系统设计,并通过高精度快速光谱辐射计HAAS-2000测试系统进行测试。实验结果表明,双路PWM能够较好地实现对LED色温和光通量的输出大小进行控制,混合光源相关色温在3 250~15 000 K范围内连续可调。理论计算与系统控制的光通量和色温存在的相对误差分别小于1.70%和8.50%。     

白光LED光谱特性及司辰节律因子

为分析白光LED的光-电-热特性及其变化,在热沉温度和驱动电流可控的条件下,测试了温度、电流对白光LED光谱分布的影响,建立了白光LED光功率和光谱蓝白比(蓝光光谱光功率与白光光谱光功率的比值)预测模型。相关性分析显示光谱蓝白比、色温及司辰节律因子之间高度相关,光谱蓝白比与色温、光谱蓝白比与司辰节律因子均存在线性关系,表明由光谱分布变化预测光谱色温漂移及其非视觉生物效应的可能性。实验结果表明,白光LED光功率、蓝白比、色温及司辰节律因子的预测值与实测值吻合较好,最大预测误差分别不超过4.22%、1.54%、1.31%和2.15%;同时,白光LED光谱蓝白比可作为一种有效手段,用于预测光谱色温及司辰节律因子,进而评估其光学特性和非视觉生物效应。     

一种基于脉冲宽度调制和脉冲幅度调制的发光二极管驱动器

发光二极管(LED)的结温变化、老化等问题会导致色温、色度等参数的漂移,目前的模拟调光和脉冲宽度调制(PWM)调光方式都不能解决这一问题,研究发现平均电流影响光通量,峰值电流影响色温,因此提出了一种PWM和脉冲幅度调制(PAM)调光技术,在保持驱动电流脉冲平均值不变的情况下,调节电流脉冲的幅值来补偿色温漂移。设计了一个基于PWM和PAM的LED驱动器,实验验证了当平均电流相等时,光通量相等,改变峰值电流时,色温改变。因此,提出的一种PWM和PAM调制技术在实际调光过程中可以对色温进行补偿,解决了LED结温变化、老化等问题导致的色温漂移问题。     

传统白光LED与远程荧光粉白光LED的发光性能比较

研究了传统白光LED与蓝光激发的球冠形远程荧光粉白光LED在不同电流、不同热沉温度下的发光性能,并对其机理差异展开了探讨。实验结果表明:随热沉温度和驱动电流的上升,传统白光LED的量子效率和电光转换效率急剧下降,并导致其Y/B比(Yellow/Blue Ratio)下降,相关色温上升。而在远程荧光粉白光LED中,其量子效率、光转换效率和相关色温在相同实验条件下变化幅度都较小。由光强空间分布和Y/B比空间分布可知,远程荧光粉白光LED的光强分布呈类似蝠翼分布,且Y/B比空间均匀性远大于传统白光LED。     

传统白光LED与远程荧光粉白光LED的发光性能比较

研究了传统白光LED与蓝光激发的球冠形远程荧光粉白光LED在不同电流、不同热沉温度下的发光性能,并对其机理差异展开了探讨。实验结果表明：随热沉温度和驱动电流的上升,传统白光LED的量子效率和电光转换效率急剧下降,并导致其Y/B比（Yellow/Blue Ratio）下降,相关色温上升。而在远程荧光粉白光LED中,其量子效率、光转换效率和相关色温在相同实验条件下变化幅度都较小。由光强空间分布和Y/B比空间分布可知,远程荧光粉白光LED的光强分布呈类似蝠翼分布,且Y/B比空间均匀性远大于传统白光LED。     

基于脉冲宽度调制的R/G/B/WW 4色发光二极管调光调色方法

提出了一种基于脉冲宽度调制(PWM)的红/绿/蓝/暖白(R/G/B/WW)4色发光二极管(LED)调光调色计算模型。该模型根据二通道和三通道PWM的特点,采用黑体轨迹的Chebyshev方法,确定合成光的色坐标和相关色温(CCT)关系。在优化目标显色性能最佳时,建立了混合光的色坐标与占空比、相关色温与占空比的函数关系,并采用R/G/B/WW 4色LED进行实验验证。结果表明:R/G/B/WW LED模块可实现相关色温在2900~7600K范围的白光调节。当光通量设定为300lm时,相关色温的最大相对误差为0.99%,混合光一般显色指数(CRI)最大相对误差为0.11%;当光通量值在[150,800]范围内变化时,其最大相对误差为2.02%。该模型可应用于4通道LED调光调色,其计算方法简单、调光精度高、硬件易于实现。     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.