INAA for determination of trace elements in bottom sediments of the Selenga river basin in Mongolia

Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was used for the determination of major, minor and trace elements in samples of bottom sediments of the inflows of the Selenga river basin to assess the impact of the contamination from the industrial complex Erdenet and other industrial enterprises in Mongolia. A total of 42 elements (Na, Mg, Cl, K, Ca, Al, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Sr, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Tm, Hf, Ta, W, Au, Hg, Th, and U) was determined by combination of conventional and epithermal neutron activation analysis at the IBR-2 reactor, FLNP JINR, Dubna. For the first time such a large set of elements was used for characterization of the bottom sediments as accumulating media which may reflect industrial contamination of the water basin. The concentrations of heavy metals and other trace elements in the samples from three inflows of the Selenga river basin were compared with data from the previous studies. It was shown that the industrial zone of the Erdenet Mining Corporation (EMC) and gold mining zone Zaamar are the sources of strong environmental contamination. The concentrations of Cu and Sb determined in sediment samples of the River Khangal and Govil near the EMC exceed average crustal rock and soil values by factors of 50 and 15, respectively. In the area of the gold mining zone Zaamar concentrations of Au, As, and Sb exceed crustal rock and soil values by factors of 4, 25, and 6, respectively. The relatively high levels of As, V, Zn, V, and Sr in the sediments of the studied rivers are obviously due to the discharges of untreated wastewater of desalination plant, electrical power station, textile industry and mining activities as well as domestic wastewater.     

Use of homogeneous neuron-like media for image processing

A homogeneous neuron-like medium with close nonlocal coupling between the positive center and the negative surroundings is used for image processing. The input image is transformed into a stationary structure dependent on the form of the coupling function and the type of the element's response to external action. Using the idea of plausible activity structures, we can determine the model parameters needed to extract the features of the medium such as the contour, the lines of definite direction, the ends of lines, the central axes of the image, the negative, the points of intersection of lines, the texture boundaries, and the objects of definite scale as well as the parameters that permit reconstruction of broken lines, smoothing of lines, automatic determination of image scales, and binarization of the initial image by a medium with a tunable coupling function.Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 37, No. 8, pp. 1053–1061, August, 1994.     

指纹识别技术的发展

指纹识别技术由于具有独特的防伪性、可靠性、方便性、实时性、灵活性、可接受性、安全性和兼容性，因而可广泛应用于公安、保安、机要军事、商业等领域。本文首先对指纹识别技术的技术背景做了较为详细的介绍，包括个人识别和特征识别、指纹识别及其优点、指纹识别的发展历史、其它识别办法的限制、指纹自动识别系统的发展现状等，然后对指纹识别技术的市场前景做了综述，包括指纹锁和指纹卡的潜在应用。总之，随着市场的推动和技术的提高，指纹识别应用领域将会越来越广泛，在人们生活中的作用也会越来越重要。     

固体物理学发展简史

固体物理学研究多体问题,是物理学的重要分支,涉及面极其广泛,也是包括材料科学等在内的多个技术学科的基础。本文论述了固体物理学的发展简史,包括初期发展史、对热性质研 究、魏德曼–弗兰兹定律、晶体微观几何结构的研究历程、自由电子气体模型、固体能带论、对固 体磁性的研究、信息时代、中国固体物理学的发展、固体物理学教材等多个部分,简述了固体物 理学发展中的大事件和具有较大影响力的科学家及其贡献。     

Tasting nuclear pasta made with classical molecular dynamics simulations

Recently the AMS-02 reported the precise measurements of the energy spectra of medium-mass compositions (Neon, Magnesium, Silicon) of primary cosmic rays, which reveal different properties from those of light compositions (Helium, Carbon, Oxygen). Here we propose a nearby source scenario, together with the background source contribution, to explain the newly measured spectra of cosmic ray Ne, Mg, Si, and particularly their differences from that of He, C, O. Their differences at high energies can be naturally accounted for by the element abundance of the nearby source. Specifically, the abundance ratio of the nearby source to the background of the Ne, Mg, Si elements is lower by a factor of ~ 1.7 than that of the He, C, O elements. Such a difference could be due to the abundance difference of the stellar evolution of the progenitor star or the acceleration process/environment, of the nearby source. This scenario can simultaneously explain the high-energy spectral softening features of cosmic ray spectra revealed recently by CREAM/NUCLEON/DAMPE, as well as the energy-dependent behaviors of the large-scale anisotropies. It is predicted that the dipole anisotropy amplitudes below PeV energies of the Ne, Mg, Si group are smaller than that of the He, C, O group, which can be tested with future measurements.

     

Holstein极化子能带和有效质量的温度依赖性

使用正则变换方法,考察了一维Holstein极化子能带和有效质量的温度依赖性。结果表明,对于一定的电子声子耦合强度,Holstein极化子能带宽度随温度升高而变窄,有效质量随温度升高而增大。特别是当电子声子耦合强度足够大时,极化子能带宽度在很小的温度范围内会迅速地变为零,我们认为这种情况实际上是极化子从能带状态向自陷局域态的迅速转变,这与通常的相变现象有点相类似。当电子声子耦合常数越大时,极化子有效质量随温度的升高而增加得越快。很显然,研究电子声子相互作用,对理解固体的光学和输运等性质将有重要的意义。     

雪的偏振高光谱反射影响因素分析

针对雪监测的需要和全球变化对雪的影响,在传统对雪研究的基础上,从多角度偏振反射入手,对光线的入射天顶角、探测天顶角、探测方位角、偏振角、雪密度、雪中污染情况、雪下覆背景等影响因素进行了分析。发现这些因素对雪的反射光谱曲线均有影响,而且某些因素对偏振高光谱反射的影响较垂直观测更显著。这些影响因素中雪污染情况对雪的反射光谱曲线有明显的改变,其他因素对雪的反射光谱曲线形状变化影响不大,主要是影响雪的反射比值。雪的偏振反射信息的研究具有重要理论意义,也有广泛的应用前景,同时也为利用遥感技术对雪的定量研究提供新的思路和方法。     

无火焰原子吸收光度法连续测定化探样品中铜、铬、钴、镍、铅、镉

本文主要介绍了化探样品相态分析中无火焰原子吸收光度法测定化探样品中的铜、铬、钴、镍、铅、镉的分析方法。近年来，随着地质找矿工作的发展，地球化探人员对相态分析技术越来越感兴趣，在相态分析中，不同相态同一种元素的含量相差很大，给溶液的提取，制备及测定工作带来了很多不便，加之，大量的常量元素的存在尤其是钙、镁、锰、铁等元素极易产生干扰，在水溶态，离子态的分析液中铜、铬、钴、镍、铅、镉的含量又很低，给测试带来了很大难度，在相态的提取过程中，如果做平行、样品分析的话一个样品至少要制备八份溶液，工作量很大，因此，找到一个简单，快捷而又稳定可靠的测试方法是十分必要的，在测定中采用了磷酸为基体改进剂，它不仅可以消除基体的干扰，并可使各种元素测定的精密度得到很大改善。     

无回热混合制冷剂循环(MRC)液化天然气流程的系统模拟

针对混合制冷循环液化天然气流程的热力学研究进行流程的系统模拟。系统介绍了第一个多股换热器前高低压制冷剂之间不进行回热的典型混合制冷循环液化天然气流程的计算方法;指出了进行此类流程计算时应注意的事项:针对特定的参数进行了全流程的模拟,得到了流程各节点压力、温度、焓、熵、汽液两相流量、总流量、汽液两相摩尔分率;同时得到了流程中压缩机耗功、丙烷预冷量、制冷剂流量、各换热器的换热量等表示流程性能的参数     

大气湍流像差散焦和像散与高斯涡旋光束焦面光强

分别研究了构成大气湍流波像差中的散焦和像散两个低阶像差对高斯涡旋激光束传输和成像的影响.采用菲涅耳-基尔霍夫衍射积分理论和大气湍流波相位结构函数的平方近似研究了聚焦高斯涡旋光束在大气湍流中散焦和像散影响下焦面光强的分布特性.导出了斜程传输条件下接收面上平均光强分布的积分表达式,并采用数值模拟方法研究湍流强度、传输距离和拓扑电荷对焦面光强的调制规律.结果表明:在弱湍流起伏区域,散焦和像散两类像差对高斯涡旋光束的光强分布影响都很小,可以忽略;在中等湍流区域,随着光束传输距离和湍流强度的增加,两类像差都导致高斯涡旋光束的光强峰值降低、束径扩展、中心暗斑扩大.当单拓扑电荷高斯涡旋光束传输时,在同等传输条件下,像散导致的光强峰值降低比散焦更严重,主亮斑区域外的次级亮环强度更大,光斑和中心暗斑扩展更明显.与单拓扑电荷光束相比较,散焦和像散导致双拓扑电荷光束的扩展更加明显,中心光斑更大,亮环区域外的次级亮环更明显;但是,由于光的相干性的降低和光束的偏折效应,像散导致光束中心的暗斑变为次级亮斑.     

Pressure, temperature and plasma frequency effects on the band structure of a 1D semiconductor photonic crystal

In this work using the transfer-matrix formalism we study pressure, temperature and plasma frequency effects on the band structure of a 1D semiconductor photonic crystal made of alternating layers of air and GaAs. We have found that the temperature dependence of the photonic band structure is negligible, however, its noticeable changes are due mainly to the variations of the width and the dielectric constant of the layers of GaAs, caused by the applied hydrostatic pressure. On the other hand, by using the Drude's model, we have studied the effects of the hydrostatic pressure by means of the variation of the effective mass and density of the carriers in n-doped GaAs, finding firstly that increasing the amount of n-dopants in GaAs, namely, increasing the plasma frequency, the photonic band structure is shifted to regions of higher frequencies, and secondly the appearance of two regimes of the photonic band structure: one above the plasma frequency with the presence of usual Bragg gaps, and the other, below this frequency, where there are no gaps regularly distributed, with their width diminishing with the increasing of the plasma frequency as well as with the appearance of more bands, but leaving a wide frequency range in the lowest part of the spectrum without accessible photon states. Also, we have found characteristic frequencies in which the dielectric constant equals for different applied pressures, and from which to higher or lower values the photonic band structure inverts its behavior, depending on the value of the applied hydrostatic pressure. We hope this work may be taken into account for the development of new perspectives in the design of new optical devices.     

The energetic balance of the two different electrostatic processes: Electrostatic liquid spraying and electrostatic induction for electrical field measuring

In the specialized literature, two previous studies [S. Zhao, G.S.P. Castle, K. Adamiac, The effect of space charge on the performance of an electrostatic induction charging spray nozzle, J. Electrostat., 63 (2005) 261–272; S. Zhao, G.S.P. Castle, K. Adamiac, Comparison of conduction and induction charging in liquid spraying, J. Electrostat., 63 (6–10) (2005) 871–876] aim to clarify, by theoretical and experimental means, the following aspects concerning the charge through conduction and induction: charging mechanism, distribution of electrical field, conversion of energy and effect of spatial charge. This paper presents the energetic balance of the two systems, namely induction and conduction charge systems, with the purpose of establishing the quantitative energetic aspects of the phenomena that take place and, most of all, establishing the contribution to the energetic value of the drops that end up on the target and come from the high voltage source supplying power to the system and from the air flow that contributes to spraying and transporting particles to the target. At the same time, the energetic balance of a device which uses electrostatic induction for measuring electrical field intensity and high voltage is presented for exemplification. The device scheme, the way of functioning, the equivalent electrical schemes and the expression of the electrical current generated by the device as a consequence of the electrostatic induction are presented, and it is demonstrated that the electrical energy of the generated current does not result from the energy stored in the electrical field which is being measured, respectively of the one generating the electrostatic induction, but from the mechanical energy, by conversion, consumed by the motor which sets in motion the mobile part of this device.     

熔石英表面杂质元素在酸蚀过程中的变化

为了探寻熔石英表面痕量杂质元素种类以及随HF酸蚀刻过程中的变化情况,用质量分数为1%HF酸溶液对熔石英进行长达24,48,72,96 h的静态蚀刻实验。结合飞行时间二次离子质谱（TOF-SIMS）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）测试分析结果发现,熔石英试片表面的痕量杂质元素主要含有B,F,K,Ca,Na,Al,Zn和Cr元素,其中绝大部分都存在于贝氏层中,在亚表面缺陷层检测到有K,Ca元素。所含有的K,Na杂质元素会与氟硅酸反应生成氟硅酸盐化合物。分析表明,在HF酸蚀刻的过程中一部分杂质元素将被消除,一部分杂质元素和生成氟硅酸盐化合物会随着蚀刻液逐渐从熔石英表面向表面纵深方向扩散并被试片吸附沉积,且随着深度的加深各元素的相对含量逐渐减少。     

荆芥不同器官在不同采收时间的ICP-AES矿质元素分析

各种矿质元素在荆芥各器官间贮藏差异。从矿质元素角度了解荆芥合理的药用部位组成以及收时间。应用ICP-AES技术,测定并分析了在不同采收时间,荆芥的不同器官矿质元素含量、累积量和比例。结果显示, 在不同采收时间,(1)荆芥穗中常量矿质元素K, P和微量矿质元素Cu含量最高,荆芥叶中常量元素Mg, Ca, Na和微量元素Fe, Mn, Zn含量最高。(2)荆芥不同器官所含常量元素中Ca和K含量最高,Na含量最低;所含微量元素中Fe含量最高,Mo含量最低。(3)在荆芥茎中,K∶P最高,而Zn∶Cu则为最低;Ca∶Mg和Fe∶Mn在荆芥穗中最低。(4)随着采收时间的推移,各元素在荆芥不同器官中的含量变化并不显著。荆芥茎中各矿质元素含量均较低; 从矿质元素含量的角度看,在合理的采收时间范围内,荆芥的质量受时间影响不显著。     

旋转机械电动振动台的PLC自动控制器设计

当前电动振动台自动控制器利用PID作为控制核心,其抗干扰能力较弱,启动时间过长,导致控制器的使用寿命较短。提出旋转机械电动振动台的PLC自动控制器设计。将PLC作为主控单元对PLC自动控制器进行设计,制定PLC自动控制器的总体结构,采用RS-485串行通讯口和EEPROM数据存储器对电源模块、LED显示模块、报警模块、通讯模块、信号采集模块及存储器模块等硬件设备进行细节改进;对控制器软件部分的自动控制功能主程序和中断、LED显示功能子程序进行重新编程,实现控制器自动控制效果的优化,完成旋转机械电动振动台PLC自动控制器的设计。实验结果表明,改进设计的控制器有效提高了旋转机械电动振动台的抗干扰能力,缩短了电动振动台的启动时间,延长了电动振动台的使用寿命。     

W-Cu合金力学性能的第一性原理计算

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理分析方法的CASTEP软件,计算了W-Cu_x(x=6.25,12.5,18.75,25,31.25,37.5,43.75,50)合金的晶格参数、体模量、剪切模量、杨氏模量等力学常数,还计算了焓变值、能带结构、电子态密度和电荷布局,研究Cu不同含量对W-Cu合金力学性能的影响.结果表明：Cu的添加会增加W基体触头材料的可塑性,韧性大小随着Cu含量的升高而增加,在掺杂比例为43.75%时达到最大值,韧性增加使得产生微裂纹的概率减小;另外还计算了W-Cu合金的态密度、能带结构和电荷布局,结果表明随着Cu含量的增加,共价性降低,金属性增强,便于加工成型.     

Fluorescence of free complex molecules

A number of phenomena that determine the nature of the fluorescence of free complex molecules and the possibility of its analytical application are considered. Attention is specially paid to the specific features of the energetics of radiationless transitions, the role of statistical factors in the formation of spectral properties and the interrelationship among the luminescence-spectrum characteristics of rarefied vapors of complicated molecules, and the processes of energy transfer in collisions. The properties of polarized fluorescence of hot and jet-cooled vapors, the processes of relaxation of anisotropy in time and during collision reorientation, and transfer of anisotropy in photodisintegration are analyzed. Institute of Molecular and Atomic Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 70, F. Skorina Ave., Minsk, 220072, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 65, No. 5, pp. 620–634, September–October, 1998.     

二值噪声激励下欠阻尼周期势系统的随机共振

研究了二值噪声和周期信号共同激励下欠阻尼周期势系统的随机共振. 利用随机能量法计算了系统的平均输入能量和平均输出信号的振幅和相位差, 讨论了二值噪声对随机共振的影响. 发现随着噪声强度的增大, 平均输入能量曲线存在一个极小值和一个极大值, 系统出现先抑制后共振的现象; 同时, 系统信噪比曲线随噪声强度的增加出现单峰现象, 说明系统存在随机共振现象.     

荆门龙王山墓葬出土玉器的材质及矿源特征研究

龙王山墓葬位于湖北省荆门市，属于大溪文化向屈家岭文化过渡的关键时期，距今约5 000年。该墓葬共出土玉器73件，玉器品质普遍较好。长江中游地区历来鲜少出土玉器，而时代更迭之期更是社会变革之际，无论是从地理位置还是从时期上来看，研究龙王山墓葬出土的玉器都具重大意义。采用相对密度检测，红外光谱仪（FTIR）及激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（LA-ICP-MS）研究出土玉器的谱学及化学成分特征，鉴定其材质，并对用料水平及矿源进行了探究。红外光谱结果显示龙王山墓葬出土玉器的红外吸收谱图可分为两类：软玉类和玛瑙类。软玉类玉器的红外吸收峰表现为1 207，1 123，1 028，928，775，700，602，488和425 cm-1处。玛瑙类玉器的红外吸收峰表现为1 158，814，790，702，572，521及405 cm-1。软玉类玉器有71件，且品质都非常好，说明龙王山墓葬先民对玉料的分选能力很强。将龙王山墓葬的用料水平与同时期其他地区的考古学文化的用料水平进行对比，龙王山墓葬的用料水平远超同期；将龙王山墓葬的用料水平与湖北地区新石器时代的用料水平进行对比，龙王山墓葬的用料水平远超湖北地区平均水平。LA-ICP-MS的结果显示软玉质玉器的微量元素主要包含K和P等，微量元素赋存情况以W，U，P及Sb元素富集，Th和Ti元素亏损为主。玉器的稀土配分型式图多样，水平海鸥状、左倾式、右倾式皆有。Ce异常普遍不明显，Eu以正异常及负异常为主。采用多元统计方法中的逐步判别法，辅助SPASS软件，对龙王山墓葬出土玉器的稀土元素及微量元素含量进行投点，推断大部分玉料来自某个与新疆成矿环境类似的矿床，但因其地球化学特征的多样性，不排除玉料多来源的可能性。     

Effect of Ga and As sublayers on the structures and properties of Ni-GaAs contacts

Studies were made of heat-treated Ni-GaAs contacts, at which, prior to the electrochemical deposition of nickel, thin layers of gallium or arsenic were deposited. The physicochemical reactions at the interfaces were investigated, as well as the electrophysical characteristics of the diodes, the morphology of the metallic coatings, and the mechanical stresses. The phase composition of the contacts and the height of the barrier are seen to be practically independent of the introduction of excess Ga or As, whereas the thermal stability of the electrical parameters of the diodes varies considerably. This difference is associated with the effect of the Ga and As sublayers on the magnitude of the mechanical stresses arising at the metal-semiconductor interface.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 5, pp. 46–51, February, 1987.