基于辐射传输理论和分形理论的云场景仿真

基于云的边缘特征和天空亮度分布特征,对有云天空场景的仿真方法进行了研究。分析了云对天空亮度影响,并据此提出了一种基于分形原理的云场景仿真方法。通过辐射传输理论,给出了有无云天空的光谱亮度分布计算方法。在分析了云边缘具有自相似分形特征基础上,利用有云天空亮度分布特征、二次随机法和分形几何的Diamond-Square算法设计了云纹理生成算法。利用混合修正δ-Eddington近似计算出了观察视场2°×2°内640×480单元的2维天空亮度数组。利用该理论模型得到有云天空的2维亮度数组,并用VC++实现了云场景的动态仿真,得到了较为逼真的结果。     

基于典型目标反射率的近红外场景仿真

利用积分球对近红外增强相机进行了可见、近红外波段的辐射定标,并采用该相机采集了典型目标的可见、近红外图像.利用便携式地物光谱仪采集了相同目标可见、近红外波段的光谱反射率曲线,并分析了目标在可见、近红外波段的光谱反射特性.通过寻找同一天气条件、同一时间段所拍摄的典型目标近红外图像灰度值与可见光图像灰度值及典型目标可见、近红外波段反射率之间的关系,提出一种基于可见光图像及目标反射率反演近红外图像的算法.在近红外图像反演过程中考虑了大气透过率的影响,反演结果表明,本文算法可以较好地体现典型目标近红外图像的全局特征,为后续不同天气条件下近红外场景仿真的实现提供参考.     

随机介质中的矢量辐射传输理论

本文讨论了极化电磁波在随机介质中多次散射，传输和热辐射的斯托克斯矢量的辐射传输理论。其中包括随机分布离散的球形和非球形粒子的矢量辐射传输方程，离散坐标——特征分析法，付利叶变换，迭代法等数值解。讨论了非球形粒子的穆勒矩阵。并研究了密集分布的散射粒子介质的辐射传输理论，考虑了密集粒子散射的相干性，计算了有效传播常数。理论及数值结果与实验用了很好的比较。     

基于光学厚度的云红外辐射计算

 为了研究不同物理厚度和不同波段下云的红外辐射特性,提出了基于光学厚度的云红外辐射计算方法。综合考虑云的红外辐射的各个因素,建立了较为完善的云的红外辐射模型,引入光学厚度经验计算公式,并根据光学厚度针对中波和长波红外分别计算了云的发射率、反射率和透过率,进而得到云的红外辐射亮度分布。利用该计算方法,计算了中波和长波红外云的辐射亮度数值,计算结果表明：随着光学厚度增大,云的发射率和反射率增大,探测器接收到的云红外辐射增强。比较发现,该计算结果与实测数据有较好的一致性,该计算模型可以为云背景的红外特性分析、探测及仿真提供参考数据。     

基于冰雪场景的大视场遥感器在轨辐射定标方法

场景定标是大视场遥感器在轨替代定标的常用方法,具有定标频率高、无需同步测量的优点。冰雪场景通常使用格陵兰冰盖（75°S,123°E）和南极冰盖（73.375°N,40°W）作为目标,由于其海拔较高（通常大于2 km）,故受到大气影响较小,能够得到数据质量较好的定标样本。此外,冰雪在可见光范围以内光谱较为平坦,因而比较方便借助于其他定标方法实现波段传递。基于对前人极地场景定标方法的研究,将冰雪场景的地表双向反射分布函数（BRDF）和大气参数代入辐射传输模型之后,对我国高分五号卫星大气气溶胶多角度偏振探测仪（DPC）载荷的在轨辐射响应变化进行测试,得出的结论与沙漠场景和海洋场景的定标结果吻合度较高,且定标结果的离散度更小。所提方法可以对载荷在轨运行期间的探测数据提供长期监测、校正,并有助于业务化应用产品的质量提升。     

污染云团红外辐射传输模型与红外光谱的计算机仿真

针对建立的三层结构污染云团红外辐射传输模型,采用实测场地背景和各种干扰物辐射光谱作为基本的辐射数据,对不同浓度的污染云团红外辐射光谱进行仿真.结果表明:利用实测场地背景辐射光谱和该模型仿真污染云团DMMP红外光谱,光谱在810 cm-1,920 cm-1和1 040 cm-1波段上有明显的特征峰.当模型考虑干扰物和背景辐射的变化影响时,污染云团在810 cm-1,920 cm-1和1 040 cm-1波段上的光谱特征明显减弱.仿真光谱与场地实测光谱有比较好的符合,两者的RMS误差约为1.0.     

大气模式与气溶胶模型对辐射传输计算的影响

大气模式与气溶胶模型选择是影响定量遥感应用的辐射传输计算的重要因素。人们一般凭感性认识去进行选择,有一定随意性,对其带来的影响程度关注甚少。以太阳辐射计测量为依据,对大气模式与气溶胶模型选择方法作了研究,并利用经辐射定标过的光谱辐射计地面测量对辐射传输计算精度进行了验证。在昆明进行的试验表明,在0.50~0.68μm范围内,选择中纬度冬季大气模式和大陆型气溶胶,经辐射传输计算后得到的光谱辐射亮度与光谱辐射计测量结果一致性很好,差别在3.3%以内;变换大气模式对辐射传输计算产生明显影响,差别达10%左右;选择不同的气溶胶模型对辐射传输计算影响也很大,差别达11%左右。基于辐射计测量的大气模式与气溶胶模型选择避免了主观选择的不可靠性,有益于减少辐射传输计算或卫星遥感大气订正的误差。     

大气模式与气溶胶模型对辐射传输计算的影响

大气模式与气溶胶模型选择是影响定量遥感应用的辐射传输计算的重要因素。人们一般凭感性认识去进行选择,有一定随意性,对其带来的影响程度关注甚少。以太阳辐射计测量为依据,对大气模式与气溶胶模型选择方法作了研究,并利用经辐射定标过的光谱辐射计地面测量对辐射传输计算精度进行了验证。在昆明进行的试验表明,在0.50～0.68 μm范围内,选择中纬度冬季大气模式和大陆型气溶胶,经辐射传输计算后得到的光谱辐射亮度与光谱辐射计测量结果一致性很好,差别在3.3%以内;变换大气模式对辐射传输计算产生明显影响,差别达10%左右;选择不同的气溶胶模型对辐射传输计算影响也很大,差别达11%左右。基于辐射计测量的大气模式与气溶胶模型选择避免了主观选择的不可靠性,有益于减少辐射传输计算或卫星遥感大气订正的误差。     

X光辐射在泡沫介质中超声速传输研究进展

X光辐射输运过程通过光子的发射与吸收使能量在介质内进行再分配,而光子的辐射和吸收过程对从介质内出射的能谱产生十分显著的影响。辐射输运由积分-微分方程来描述,得到它的解极其困难,这是因为此方程依赖于局域和非局域的条件。当外加的非局域的X光辐射场作用在介质上一个强的X光辐射能流时,介质的局域温度和密度将影响X光的吸收和发射。本文将对辐射输运的方程和基本理论进行阐述,并对辐射超声速传输的实验结果进行评述。首先,介绍辐射在介质中的传输的理论基础以及简化分析模型;其次,对辐射在介质中扩散超声速输运进行解析分析,我们首次导出辐射的超声速传输条件下的辐射能流与物质能流之比与马赫数和光学厚度的定量关系;最后,介绍国外的主要实验结果,同时也给出我们近期的研究结果。我们的实验结果表明,不同能区的光子因辐射不透明度不同使得在介质中的传播时间不同,并且实验测出光学厚度。     

X光辐射在泡沫介质中超声速传输研究进展

X光辐射输运过程通过光子的发射与吸收使能量在介质内进行再分配,而光子的辐射和吸收过程对从介质内出射的能谱产生十分显著的影响。辐射输运由积分-微分方程来描述,得到它的解极其困难,这是因为此方程依赖于局域和非局域的条件。当外加的非局域的X光辐射场作用在介质上一个强的X光辐射能流时,介质的局域温度和密度将影响X光的吸收和发射。本文将对辐射输运的方程和基本理论进行阐述,并对辐射超声速传输的实验结果进行评述。首先,介绍辐射在介质中的传输的理论基础以及简化分析模型;其次,对辐射在介质中扩散超声速输运进行解析分析,我们首次导出辐射的超声速传输条件下的辐射能流与物质能流之比与马赫数和光学厚度的定量关系;最后,介绍国外的主要实验结果,同时也给出我们近期的研究结果。我们的实验结果表明,不同能区的光子因辐射不透明度不同使得在介质中的传播时间不同,并且实验测出光学厚度。     

Noninvasive determination of tissue optical properties based on radiative transfer theory

We present a feasibility study of a new method for determining the tissue optical properties, including the absorption and scattering coefficients and the scattering asymmetry factor. A state-of-the-art radiative transfer model for the coupled air/tissue system, based on rigorous radiative transfer theory, is used in our forward modeling simulations. The concept of the effective photon penetration depth is introduced and used to help determine the depth below, which information about the tissue will not be available through noninvasive imaging of a biological tissue using reflected diffuse light. Simulation results show that for accurate determination of tissue optical properties, one can use radiative transfer theory in conjunction with measurements of reflected radiances as well as other existing techniques.     

Approximate polarization calculations with scalar radiative transfer theory

The Pomraning phase function can be used to perform approximate polarized Rayleigh transfer calculations with a scalar radiative transfer equation. The approximation is numerically tested for the albedo problem consisting of azimuthally independent radiation incident on a homogeneous semi-infinite atmosphere. The numerical tests were carried out with the same approach used by Viik (JQSRT 68 (2000) 319-326) to numerically test the approximate phase function for solving the Milne problem. Away from the surface the Pomraning phase function gives marginally better results for the diffuse radiation than the usual scalar Rayleigh phase function because it was derived from an asymptotic limit more appropriate for deeper locations in an atmosphere. For optical depths less than unity, though, the scalar Rayleigh approximation is better than the Pomraning approximation.     

Extension of the discrete-ordinate algorithm and efficient radiative transfer calculation

As an accurate and efficient algorithm, the discrete-ordinate method (DOM) has been used to solve the radiative transfer problem of plane-parallel scattering atmosphere illuminated by a parallel beam, an idealized case of the sun, from above the atmosphere. In this paper, we extend this algorithm so that radiative problems of more general sources, such as parallel surface sources that illuminate with a parallel beam in any direction from any vertical position, and general surface sources that illuminate continuously in a hemisphere, can be solved. For a problem where intensity distributions are sought for a number of different sources within the same atmosphere-surface system, the intrinsic properties of DOM are used so that the time required for the solution for extra sources is reduced to a substantially small amount. In the case of parallel surface sources, numerical testing has shown that the amount can be reduced to as little as 15% of a full solution. Examples of applications are presented.     

Fluctuation theory for radiative transfer in random media

We consider the effect of small scale random fluctuations of the constitutive coefficients on boundary measurements of solutions to radiative transfer equations. As the correlation length of the random oscillations tends to zero, the transport solution is well approximated by a deterministic, averaged, solution. In this paper, we analyze the random fluctuations to the averaged solution, which may be interpreted as a central limit correction to homogenization.With the inverse transport problem in mind, we characterize the random structure of the singular components of the transport measurement operator. In regimes of moderate scattering, such components provide stable reconstructions of the constitutive parameters in the transport equation. We show that the random fluctuations strongly depend on the decorrelation properties of the random medium.     

Comparison between numerical models for radiative transfer simulation in the atmosphere-ocean system

An extensive comparison between radiative transfer codes in the atmosphere-ocean system is proposed and performed. The full angular radiance distribution at several optical depths in atmosphere and water is intercompared on a set of idealized problems designed to study codes’ accuracy in modeling separate, specific system features. In-water profiles of upwelling nadir radiance, upwelling and downwelling irradiance are intercompared for a realistic case extracted from an experimental data set. Two models are involved: the FEM numerical algorithm, based on the finite element method, and the PHO-TRAN 3D backward Monte Carlo code. The results show an optimal agreement between the codes under any condition. Codes’ relative differences are always lower than the estimated statistical error on the PHO-TRAN results.     

Generalized form of the direct and adjoint radiative transfer equations

The main goal of this paper is to give a rigorous derivation of the generalized form of the direct (also referenced as forward) and adjoint radiative transfer equations. The obtained expressions coincide with expressions derived by Ustinov [Adjoint sensitivity analysis of radiative transfer equation: temperature and gas mixing ratio weighting functions for remote sensing of scattering atmospheres in thermal IR. JQSRT 2001;68:195-211]. However, in contrast to [Ustinov EA. Adjoint sensitivity analysis of radiative transfer equation: temperature and gas mixing ratio weighting functions for remote sensing of scattering atmospheres in thermal IR. JQSRT 2001;68:195-211] we formulate the generalized form of the direct radiative transfer operator fully independent from its adjoint. To illustrate the application of the derived adjoint radiative transfer operator we consider the angular interpolation problem in the framework of the discrete ordinate method widely used to solve the radiative transfer equation. It is shown that under certain conditions the usage of the solution of the adjoint radiative transfer equation for the angular interpolation of the intensity can be computationally more efficient than the commonly used source function integration technique.     

Towards linearization of atmospheric radiative transfer in spherical geometry

We present a general approach for the linearization of radiative transfer in a spherical planetary atmosphere. The approach is based on the forward-adjoint perturbation theory. In the first part we develop the theoretical background for a linearization of radiative transfer in spherical geometry. Using an operator formulation of radiative transfer allows one to derive the linearization principles in a universally valid notation. The application of the derived principles is demonstrated for a radiative transfer problem in simplified spherical geometry in the second part of this paper. Here, we calculate the derivatives of the radiance at the top of the atmosphere with respect to the absorption properties of a trace gas species in the case of a nadir-viewing satellite instrument.     

Robust and accurate filtered spherical harmonics expansions for radiative transfer

We present a novel application of filters to the spherical harmonics (P_N) expansion for radiative transfer problems in the high-energy-density regime. The filter we use is based on non-oscillatory spherical splines and a filter strength chosen to (i) preserve the equilibrium diffusion limit and (ii) vanish as the expansion order tends to infinity. Our implementation is based on modified equations that are derived by applying the filter after every time step in a simple first-order time integration scheme. The method is readily applied to existing codes that solve the P_N equations. Numerical results demonstrate that the solution to the filtered P_N equations are (i) more robust and less oscillatory than standard P_N solutions and (ii) more accurate than discrete ordinates solutions of comparable order. In particular, the filtered P₇ solution demonstrates comparable accuracy to an implicit Monte Carlo solution for a benchmark hohlraum problem in 2D Cartesian geometry.     

A linearized vector radiative transfer model for atmospheric trace gas retrieval

We present a plane parallel radiative transfer model for polarized light, that provides the intensity vector as well as the derivatives of the four Stokes parameters with respect to atmospheric trace gas profiles. These derivatives are essential for retrieval of height resolved trace gas information from satellite measurements of backscattered sunlight. The model uses the Gauss-Seidel iteration technique for solving the radiative transfer equation. For the first time, the forward-adjoint radiative perturbation theory is applied for the linearization of a radiative transfer model including polarization. The accuracy of the model is better than 0.025% for all four Stokes parameters and better than 0.03% for the derivatives.