一种新型混合双包层光子晶体光纤的色散特性研究

以多极法理论为基础,设计了一种混合双包层结构的光子晶体光纤.通过改变其五层空气孔的四个结构参数（内层空气孔直径、外层空气孔直径、六边形孔间距和八边形孔间距）,理论上实现了色散绝对值在144—20 μm的波段内变化仅为125 ps·km^-1·nm^-1的平坦色散特性.在此情况下对其损耗进行了数值模拟,使所设计的光纤在144—20 μm的宽波段范围内具有小于0005 dB/km的低限制损耗特性. 关键词： 光子晶体光纤 多极法 平坦色散 限制损耗     

低损耗低非线性高负色散光子晶体光纤的优化设计

设计了一种同轴双芯六角点阵光子晶体光纤, 该光纤中心缺失一根空气柱形成内纤芯, 通过减小第4环空气孔的直径形成外纤芯. 采用全矢量有限元法并结合各向异性完美匹配层边界条件, 对其色散、非线性、约束损耗和模场等特性进行了数值模拟. 结果发现, 该光纤呈现高负色散可调效应和较强的模场约束能力, 约束损耗接近10^-2 dB· m^-1. 调整光纤结构参数(即空气孔间隔Λ, 小孔直径d₁和相对孔间隔比f), 可以控制其高负色散工作波长. 若调整光纤结构参数Λ=1.2 μ, f=0.917, d₁=0.515 μm时, 该光纤在低损耗通信窗口C波段呈现负色散和负色散斜率, 其色散斜率在-1----6 ps· km^-1nm^-2范围内波动, 在波长1.55 μm处负色散值为-3400 ps· km^-1nm^-1, 模场面积高达43 μm², 非线性系数仅有3.6 km^-1W^-1. 该光纤在C波段呈现的低损耗低非线性高负色散特性, 具有很好的色散补偿能力, 将在长距离大容量 高功率高速光通信系统中获得很好的应用.     

Ge20Sb15Se65硫系玻璃光子晶体光纤的中红外色散特性

硫系玻璃与石英玻璃相比具有高折射率(2.0~3.5)、低声子能量 (<350 cm^-1)、优良的中远红外透过性能(可至25 μm)等特性.本文制备了一种在中红外具有优良透过特性的无As环保型Ge₂₀Sb₁₅Se₆₅硫系玻璃材料,以此为基质材料设计了一种三层空气孔结构光子晶体光纤,利用多极法对光纤的中红外色散特性进行了数值模拟,系统研究了结构参量孔径d、孔间距Λ 以及d/Λ 对其色散特性的影响.分析表明:通过改变包层空气孔直径d或空气孔间距Λ,可灵活的调节光子晶体光纤的零色散波长向短波或长波方向移动.通过优化结构参量发现,当Λ=3 μm,d/Λ=0.35 附近变化时,可获得3~5 μm色散平坦,且色散值小于5 ps·nm^-1·km^-1的光子晶体光纤.     

八边形高双折射双零色散点光子晶体光纤特性分析

针对光纤通信和传感系统中高双折射、多零色散点的应用需求, 设计了一种新型结构的光子晶体光纤.该结构包层为圆形空气孔按照八边形形状排列而成, 并在内包层对称位置中加入两个椭圆空气孔以获得高双折射特性. 通过有限元数值分析方法对光纤特性进行分析,仿真结果表明,该结构光子晶体光纤在波长0.8—2 μm 范围内双折射可达10^-3量级,满足高双折射的应用需求,并且满足两个零色散点的应用需求. 同时光纤的非线性系数达10^-2·m^-1·W^-1量级,可应用于对非线性要求较高的场合.     

低损耗宽带近零色散高非线性光子晶体光纤设计

提出了一种兼具低损耗、宽带近零色散和高非线性的光子晶体光纤结构,该结构光纤包层空气孔直径从纤芯向外层方向渐进增加;应用多极法,通过改变包层空气孔间距Λ、各层空气孔直径和空气孔层数N_r,对光子晶体光纤色散、损耗和非线性特性进行分析,获得了各特性随包层结构参数变化的规律,并最终设计出最佳结构参数。计算结果表明,该结构光纤存在3个零色散点,在1.25～1.55 μm较宽的波长范围内,色散值波动小于0.27 ps·nm?1·km?1,色散斜率小于0.008 ps·km?1·nm?2,1.55 μm波长处损耗为0.021 dB/km,在常用的飞秒激光泵浦波长0.8,1.06,1.55 μm处非线性系数分别达到78.6,60.4,38.2 W?1·km?1。     

三种典型结构光子晶体光纤基本特性的比较和分析

应用多极法比较和分析了相同结构参数下的正六边形、正八边形和正十边形光子晶体光纤的色散系数、色散斜率、非线性系数和限制损耗.正六边形光子晶体光纤更适合用于色散补偿和高非线性的研究,在波长0.8 μm处的非线性系数达到了0.37 m^-1·W^-1;正十边形光子晶体光纤更适合用于色散平坦和低限制损耗的研究,在波长0.8 μm处的限制损耗相对正六边形光子晶体光纤减小了约3000个数量级,在1.4—1.65 μm波长范围内,正十边形光纤的色散系数介于-0.07—0.17 p     

3～5μm宽带超低色散平坦硫系光子晶体光纤

利用硫系光子晶体光纤色散可控特性,设计了一种宽带超低色散平坦硫系光子晶体光纤,采用多极法研究了孔间距和占空比等参量对色散曲线的影响.通过优化包层中不同层数空气孔的直径,获得内两层气孔半径为0.7μm,外两层气孔半径为0.8μm和孔间距为5μm的光子晶体光纤结构.模拟结果显示,该光纤在3~5μm波段可实现宽带色散平坦,且色散绝对值低于3.8ps·nm-1·km-1.     

方形和三角形格点分布渐变空气孔微结构光纤的色散特性比较

运用时域有限差分法计算了方形和三角形格点分布的渐变微结构光纤的色散曲线,并对它们的色散特性进行了比较.结果表明:这两种渐变微结构光纤的色散对最内层空气孔的直径的依赖性都比较高;在孔间距为2.0 μm～3.0 μm范围内,不同参数条件下,方形格点分布的渐变微结构光纤的色散曲线比较相似,空气孔间距、最内层空气孔的直径和直径递增量对它影响较小,且能在比较宽的波长范围(1.2 μm～1.8 μm)内保持平坦;而三角形格点分布的渐变微结构光纤对空气孔间距、最内层空气孔的直径和直径递增量都比较敏感,不同参数条件下它的色散曲线变化较大.     

双层孔大模场微结构光纤的模式特性分析

本文分析一种由两层低折射率孔组成的大模场光纤的模式特性.采用多极法和有限元方法数值计算并分析了内层孔与外层孔尺寸变化对光纤基模与高阶模的束缚损耗与弯曲损耗的影响,设计获得了一种具有较高的高阶模和基模损耗比同时允许一定程度弯曲的大模场光纤.结果表明:当内层孔直径为34 μm,外层孔直径为24 μm时,其基模束缚损耗为0.000 17 dB/m,而高阶模束缚损耗为1.39 dB/m;光纤的基模模场面积为2 150.9 μm²,当弯曲半径为1.2 m时,弯曲损耗为0.106 dB/m.     

包层空气孔渐变的准光子晶体光纤的色散特性研究

设计了一种准光子晶体光纤,其包层由呈准周期分布的空气孔构成,其中靠近芯区的空气孔的直径是渐变的.采用带有良匹配层(APML)吸收边界的全矢量频域有限差分(FDFD)方法对其色散特性进行了数值分析,计算了孔间距取1.5μm～2.2μm,最小空气孔直径分别取0.4μm～0.6μm,从第一层到第三层直径线性递增量分别为0.1μm和0.2μm的条件下,这种光纤基模的色散曲线.结果表明:通过调节包层中三种不同尺寸的空气孔的大小以及孔间距这四个参数,可以得到不同平坦水平的色散曲线,甚至于超低超平坦的色散曲线.例如,当孔间距取1.7μm,空气孔直径分别取0.5μm、0.7μm、0.9μm,在1.4μm～1.7～m波段内,这种光纤的色散值可以控制在6.0±3.0 ps/km.nm范围内.     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.