用二维含时Fokker-Planck方程分析Tokamak中α粒子的输运

按分布函数的定义不同,描述高能带电粒子在等离子体中输运的-Planck方程有不同的形式。从数值计算的观点出发对两种不同形式的Fokker-Planck方程作了比较和评价,并指出Fokker-Planck碰撞项可解释为速度空间的对流扩散项。在此基础上用有限差分方法求解二维(速度一维,几何一维)含时Fokker-Planck方程,编制了计算程序CAPT,并将其应用于α粒子的输运研究。最后计算了典型的Tokamak D-T聚变堆参数下α粒子的损失,并给出了堆内α粒子的分布及损失α粒子的速度分布。     

聚变α粒子对第一壁辐照损伤的蒙特-卡罗研究(Ⅱ)——溅射

本文应用蒙特-卡罗方法研究聚变α粒子对不锈钢第一壁的溅射损伤。首先,计算单种元素Fe,Cr,Ni的溅射产额随入射能量的变化,并与实验结果比较,以确定计算中所用到的一些重要参数,如原子位移能等。在此基础上计算聚变α粒子对不锈钢(Fe_0.73Cr_0.18Ni_0.09)的部分(和总)溅射产额,溅射粒子的能谱、角分布和源深度分布,以及上述各量与α粒子入射角的关系。结果表明,在考虑入射α粒子随能量及入射角的分布后,其平均总溅射产额为0.375。由于1     

聚变等离子体中α粒子的慢化-扩散

本文讨论α粒子在聚变堆中的分布。将α粒子分为高能的和热化的两部分,并引用慢化密度概念,得到了α粒子分布函数所满足的慢化-扩散方程组。对于典型的托卡马克聚变堆参数,在简化的条件下解析地求解了方程组,得到了α粒子的分布和自加热率。最后,比较了用不同扩散系数的计算结果。 关键词：     

等离子体理论——托卡马克环向磁场波纹引起的粒子香蕉轨道偏离

在托卡马克中，热核等离子体的磁约束必须通过有限数目的环向磁场线圈来实现，这就产生了波纹环向磁场结构和由其引起的捕获高能粒子轨道的形变，从而造成高能粒子的快速损失通道——磁波纹损失。在托卡马克聚变堆(比如ITER)的设计中磁波纹损失是一个必须要考虑的问题，因为它将使大量α粒子在未被热化前损失掉，从而降低α粒子加热，并且由于波纹损失的局域性很强，有可能形成严重的聚变堆第一壁的局部损伤。     

聚变α粒子对第一壁辐照损伤的蒙特-卡罗研究(Ⅲ)—— 固体中位移原子深度分布

本文用基于两体碰撞的蒙特-卡罗方法研究α粒子轰击固体靶的位移原子深度分布,并分析了位移原子深度分布与固体中能量沉积的关系。文中给出入射α粒子能量、入射角及靶材料的改变对位移原子深度分布的影响。结果表明,位移原子数与轰击离子在靶中的弹性能量损失密切相关。聚变α粒子在SiC中产生的位移损伤远小于它在不锈钢材料中的位移损伤。     

聚变堆燃烧等离子体温度剖面数值分析

采用聚变等离子体中α粒子慢化、扩散的多能群计算方法,结合本底等离子体的能量平衡方程,对α粒子自加热及扩散情形下对聚变堆而言甚为重要的等离子体温度剖面进行了自洽性的数值分析。对动态及稳态等离子体运行方式的模拟结果表明燃烧等离子体温度剖面比起目前实验得出的剖面更峰状化。这一特性不依α粒子在其慢化过程有无显著的扩散损失而改变,在今后对聚变堆α粒子行为及效应的严格分析中应加以考虑。     

聚变α粒子对第一壁辐照损伤的蒙特-卡罗研究(Ⅲ)——固体中位移原子深度分布

本文用基于两体碰撞的蒙特-卡罗方法研究α粒子轰击固体靶的位移原子深度分布,并分析了位移原子深度分布与固体中能量沉积的关系。文中给出入射α粒子能量、入射角及靶材料的改变对位移原子深度分布的影响。结果表明,位移原子数与轰击离子在靶中的弹性能量损失密切相关。聚变α粒子在SiC中产生的位移损伤远小于它在不锈钢材料中的位移损伤。 关键词：     

α粒子的慢化过程对D-T等离子体聚变燃烧的影响

在双温聚变燃烧点模型框架下，对比D-T等离子体聚变燃烧过程中α粒子能量逐步沉积与瞬时沉积两种描述的等离子体温度、离子数密度随时间的变化，在不同的密度条件下作了计算，考察了α粒子的慢化过程对D-T聚变点火的影响.发现考虑α粒子的慢化过程后，D-T等离子体峰值温度的出现将会推迟若干皮秒甚至几十皮秒，在较低的初始温度密度条件下，时间推迟得更多些.等离子体的峰值温度比α粒子能量瞬时沉积描述也会下降13keV左右. 关键词： α粒子 聚变燃烧 能量沉积 慢化过程     

反场构型等离子体靶压缩过程中强磁场对α粒子能量的约束效应

基于一维弹塑性磁流体力学程序（SSS-MHD）,研究了反场构型（FRC）等离子体靶在磁驱动固体套筒压缩过程中强磁场对α粒子能量约束效应,分析了α粒子的非局域和局域自加热对FRC等离子靶压缩峰值温度的影响,以及α粒子能量在整个压缩过程中端部损失效应。等离子体部分采用多温单流体的模型,能量的计算中引入了DT离子、电子及α粒子多成分温度的能量方程,同时考虑了等离子体压缩过程热平衡下的核反应和非局域自加热问题。研究结果表明,磁化靶聚变等离子体在压缩过程中具有较好的稳定性,能够保持刚性转子的靶结构,压缩过程形成的强磁场能够将α粒子的能量约束在O点附近的区域,有利于等离子体靶的点火及燃烧;α粒子对等离子体的自加热效应主要集中在等离子体电流中心区,而非等离子体中心轴处;α粒子对DT等离子体局域和非局域自加热过程存在差异,局域自加热过程的功率大于非局域自加热过程的功率,FRC等离子靶压缩峰值状态温度相差0.5倍。在反场构型的刮离层区,α粒子的能量端部损失在FRC等离子体靶的压缩和膨胀过程中逐渐增大。     

改变燃料注入实现平滑停堆的数值分析

本文从零维燃烧动力学方程出发,粒子损失由捕获离子模和赝经典扩散决定,研究了一个稳定燃烧托卡马克聚变堆的停堆过程,计算了不同燃料注入方案下等离子体参量和各种功率损失的时间行为。通过比较,得到了一些对延长第一壁寿命较为有利的停堆方案。     

Energy dependence of fusion and reaction cross sections in the 9Be + 12C system

Angular distributions of protons, deuterons. tritons and α-particles were measured for the system ⁹Be + ¹²C at lab energies between 12 and 27 MeV. The compound nucleus model with level densities calculated according to the Gilbert-Cameron formula describes satisfactorily the measured proton, deuteron and triton data. In the α-particle spectra contributions from other processes seem to be present. In the analysis the fusion cut-off angular momentum was adjusted at each energy in order to reproduce correctly the proton, deuteron and triton channels. From this analysis the fusion cross section was determined as a function of the energy. The results were compared with fusion and total reaction cross section values calculated from a potential model with the real part of the interaction potential obtained from the double folding procedure of Satchler.     

THE MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT PARTICLE EMISSION FROM 12C+159Tb,Ag AND 89Y REACTIONS

The energy spectra and angular distributions of α-particle emitted from ¹²C-induced reactions with ¹⁵⁹Tb, Ag and ⁸⁹Y targets have been measured. Meanwhile the emitted deutron's angular distributions with ¹⁵⁹Tb and ⁸⁹Y targets and proton's with ⁸⁹Y target have been also obtained.
The α-energy spectra associated with mentioned reactions have bell-like shape with probable energy near coulomb barrier. However, the main characteristic of the α-angular distribution for ¹⁵⁹Tb and Ag targets is peaked at or near the grazing angles. For the case of ⁸⁹Y target, α-differential cross-sections monotonically decrease with angles beyond 40º. The angular distributions of potons and deutrons nearly decrease exponentially.
The measured α-angular distributions could be divided into two components, one coming from α-evaporation is isotropic, another is anisotropic. The anisotropic component may be explained incomplete-fusion process in which the cross-section can be reproduced by a "Sum-Rule Model" due to J.Wliczynski.
In order to explain the anisotropic component of emitted α-particle, we propose in complete fusion model with a strong-damped sticking rotation, in which the rotation angles and interaction time of the composite system are also estimated.     

Integral equations for N-particle scattering

Integral equations are derived for the N-particle transition operators. The equations couple together only transition operators between two-body channels. The kernel of the equations becomes connected after a single iteration. Transition operators involving channels with three or more particles can be obtained by quadratures from the solution of the equations. It is also shown that the N-particle equations can be reduced to multichannel two-body equations by the use of the quasiparticle method.     

Nuclear interaction dynamics in the 56Fe (α, xn) reaction

Neutron spectra and angular distributions in the ⁵⁶Fe (α, xn) reaction are measured at α-particle energies of 12.5, 16.3, 18.3, 26.8, and 45.2 MeV. The measurements are performed using time-of-flight fast neutron spectrometers on pulsed accelerators. The measured data are analyzed in the context of equilibrium, preequilibrium, and direct nuclear reaction mechanisms. The contributions from equilibrium, preequilibrium, and direct mechanisms of neutron emission are studied over a wide range of α-particle energies.     

REGISTRATION OF LIGHT PARTICLES BY A CELLULOSE ACETATE SOLID STATE TRACK DETECTOR

In this paper, the recording energy range and efficiency of cellulose acetate trackdetector (made by Shanghai Film Works) to proton and deuteron registration were de-termined, and the upper limit of recording energy to α-particle registration was dete-rmined too The highest energies of α-particle, proton and deuteron registrated are11.7, 0.8 and 1.35 MeV respectively. At a certain removed layer thickness range, theefficiencies of vertical incident protons with energy 400--900 keV and deuterons withenergy 450--1350 keV registrated are all 100%. The model of restricted energy lossproposed by Benton was tested for the sensitive cellulose acetate track detector usingprotons, deuterons and alpha particles. It is shown that. the model may be applied tolight particle registrations. For these light particle registrations by the detector, thereis a functional relation between the etching rate ratios and ranges, thetefore, it maybe used to identify light particles.     

294MeV 20Ne＋12C出射α粒子的研究

实验测量了２９４ＭｅＶ２０Ｎｅ＋１２Ｃ反应中出射α粒子的单举能谱及角分布,用三源模型拟合了实验数据,大角度出射α粒子的实验结果表明了靶核碎裂（ｂｒｅａｋｕＰ）机制的存在． Inclusive energy spectra and angutar distribution of α-particles have been measured in the reaction of 294MeV 20N bombardment of 12C target. Three sources fitting was Performed for the experimental data. The fact of α-particle emission at large angles indicates the process of target breakup.     

Introductory paper 1. The role of atomic and molecular processes in fusion research

This paper considers the relevance of atomic and molecular processes to researh into controlled nuclear fusion and in particular their effects upon the magnetically confined plasma in Tokamak experiments and conceptual Tokamak reactors. The relative significance of collective phenomena and of single particle collisions to both plasma heating and loss processes are discussed and the pertinent principles of plasma refuelling and plasma diagnostics are outlined. The methods by which atomic and molecular data are applied to these problems, the contributing effects of surface interactions and the consequent implications upon the acccuracy and the type of data needed are described in a qualitative manner. Whilst particular atomic and molecular processes are not discussed in detail, sufficient information is given of the physical environments of Tokamak devices for significant processe to be self-evident.     

Determination of angular momenta in the incomplete-fusion channels of the reactions Ta+22Ne and Ir+12C

By using the γ-ray-multiplicity technique, experiments were carried out to determine the input angular momenta lⁱⁿ corresponding to the heavy-ion induced incomplete-fusion reactions involving the emission of fast charged particles. The α-particle and Li-nuclei emission channels were investigated in the reaction ¹⁸¹Ta + ²²Ne at the average Ne-ion energy of 155 MeV and for the α-particle emission channel in the reaction ^natIr+¹²C at E = 100 MeV. The separation of the reaction channels was carried out using an X-ray spectrometer. The angular distributions of the fission fragments were measured in the reaction ¹⁸¹Ta(²²Ne, αf). The data obtained indicate that input angular momenta are equal to about 60 ? and 50 ? for the channels of Li emission and α-emission, respectively, being practically independent of the particle energy. For the α-emission channel the lⁱⁿ values are the same for both reactions within experimental errors. The lifetime of the system of interacting target and projectile nuclei, prior to the emission of an α-particle, has been estimated to be equal to 10^?20s.