一种从短期蠕变断裂柔量测试和主组合曲线外推来预测老化玻璃态聚合物长期失效行为的普适对比态断裂蠕变法

通过准确理论分析和计算提出了一种从短期蠕变断裂柔量测试和主组合曲线外推来预测老化玻璃态聚合物长期失效行为的普适对比态断裂蠕变法. 首先,从理论上推导出PMMA的对比态拉伸失效蠕变普适方程. 它成功地把对比态拉伸失效蠕变柔量同老化时间、温度、应力水平、平均生长维数及参数以K-W-W形式方程联系起来. 基于该普适方程,创建了一种有效预测PMMA失效行为、失效应变判据和失效时间等的新方法|又称为普适对比态断裂蠕变法. 实验结果证实预测到的不同老化时间不同应力水平下的失效应变量、失效时间均同实验符合. 说明所提出的方法是实用可行的. 此外,还讨论了普适对比态拉伸失效柔量对老化时的老化条件、失效应力和流动微区链组结构间的依赖性. 最后,从理论上分别定义了在不同应力水平下移动因子、移动指数和时间-应力叠加原理方程,以及不同老化时间下移动因子、移动指数和时间-老化时间叠加原理方程.     

失效物理学中多因素试验设计

失效物理试验有许多种，它们各有其特定用途。可接受度试验，极限载荷试验，寿命试验，加速试验等都是常用的试验。与失效相关的一系列因素往往需要通过试验进行分析，并找出控制因素。方差分析和因素试验是进行失效物理试验设计的有用工具，本文将对它们作扼要阐述，并 给出应用实例。     

基于耗损失效模型的金属化膜脉冲电容器可靠性评估

 高储能密度金属化膜脉冲电容器是惯性约束聚变装置的关键元器件，由于其“自愈”特性，在短时间内很难得到它的失效数据。通过分析电容器的失效机理，给出了金属化膜脉冲电容器的一个耗损失效模型，推导了该模型的失效概率密度函数和分布函数，并利用电容器的性能衰退数据对其进行了可靠性分析。所选的某型金属化膜脉冲电容器未知参数估计值为0.000 119 4和0.006 7，将该值代入失效分布函数和概率密度函数中，从而确定电容器的失效模型，由此模型求得该型电容器充放电10 000次的可靠度为0.988 5，预计寿命为23 461次充放电。在工程实践中使用该模型对该型电容器进行可靠性分析可节约大量的试验成本。     

冲击压缩下玻璃等脆性材料中失效波的研究进展

失效波的研究始于Rasorenov和Kanel发现K1 9玻璃样品后自由表面速度时程曲线上有反常再压缩信号。失效波是二十世纪九十年代冲击动力学研究领域的一个重要发现 ,它是指在一维平面应变冲击压缩下 ,在玻璃等脆性材料中由冲击波引起的一种独特的失效或破坏现象。较为系统地回顾近年来对失效波的研究工作 ,评述了研究现状、最新结果、发展趋势、研究方法和实验手段 ,对尚存的问题进行了分析讨论 ,并介绍了玻璃材料的基本特性。最后简单汇报了作者在这方面的研究工作和取得的阶段性结果。     

集成电路(IC)可靠性物理问题

IC即集成电路是未来信息世界的主要物质基础之一.它自1960年前后在Si平面技术基础上发明以来,先后经历了小、中、和大规模电路(即SSI,MSI和LSI)以及当前的超大、超高速集成电路(即VLSI,VHSIC)阶段.为了适应这种飞速的演变,其可靠性技术也相应由分立器件的统计失效发展成为以控制和预防、消除失效为主.后二者是以失效物理或可靠性物理学研究为基础.本文试图就IC可靠性物理学这一交叉学科领域的概貌及其若干进展作一扼要介绍. 一、IC可靠性物理学的基本任务 自五十年代末开始,随着Si平面工艺和器件的迅速发展和广泛应用,人们对分立…     

自愈式金属化膜脉冲电容器耗损失效模型

 自愈式金属化膜脉冲电容器广泛应用于各类激光装置的能源系统中，它的可靠性直接影响到系统的可靠性与运行费用。在参考国外相关研究方法的基础上，分析了金属化膜脉冲电容器的失效机理，提出了一种新的耗损失效模型-Gauss Poisson模型，该模型将电容器的损耗分成自然损耗和突发损耗，与脉冲电容器传统的寿命分布模型Weibull模型相比具有预测更为精确的特点，而且基于该模型的寿命试验具有设计简单、时间较短、费用较低等优点，是一种较好的退化失效模型，应用前景较为广阔。     

牛津型斯特林制冷机的失效分析方法

分析了牛津型斯特林制冷机的主要失效机理、参数表征及探测方法,提出了制冷机的失效分析方法和程序。该方法将用于80K/2W制冷机加速寿命试验后的失效分析,为确认其失效模式和机理提供依据。     

锂电池失效分析与研究进展

锂电池在使用或储存过程中会出现一定概率的失效,包括容量衰减(跳水)、循环寿命短、内阻增大、电压异常、析锂、产气、漏液、短路、变形、热失控等,严重降低了锂电池的使用性能、一致性、可靠性、安全性.对锂电池失效进行准确诊断并探究其失效机理是锂电池失效分析的主要任务,对锂电池性能提升和技术发展具有深远意义.为了全面且深入地介绍锂电池失效分析,本文从锂电池失效分析的定义、失效表现、失效原因、分析内容、分析流程、困难点等方面进行了简述,希望能为推动中国锂电池失效分析技术的发展起到积极作用.     

冲击压缩下玻璃等脆性材料中失效波的研究进展

失效波的研究始于Rasorenov和Kanel发现K19玻璃样品后自由表面速度时程曲线上有反常再压缩信号。失效波是二十世纪九十年代冲击动力学研究领域的一个重要发现,它是指在一维平面应变冲击压缩下,在玻璃等脆性材料中由冲击波引起的一种独特的失效或破坏现象。较为系统地回顾近年来对失效波的研究工作,评述了研究现状、最新结果、发展趋势、研究方法和实验手段,对尚存的问题进行了分析讨论,并介绍了玻璃材料的基本特性。最后简单汇报了作在这方面的研究工作和取得的阶段性结果。     

有机薄膜电致发光器件失效过程的动态观测及分析

对有机薄膜电致发光器件失效的全过程进行了显微动态观察，发现器件工作时，有机层／金属界面形成的气泡逐渐变大变多，最终导致器件完全失效，气泡不仅含有水汽，还存在大量有机气体。     

Reliability analysis of stochastic structural system considering static strength, stiffness and fatigue

Multi-failures are possible to appear in the process of using the structural system, such as dead load failure, fatigue failure and stiffness failure. The expression of residual resistance is given based on the impact of random crack propagation in- duced by the fatigue load on the critical limit stress and section modulus in this paper. The failure modes of every element of the structural system are analyzed under dead and fatigue loads, and the influence of the correlation of failure modes on reliability of the element is considered. Failure mechanism and the correlation of failure modes under dead and fatigue loads are discussed, and the method of reli- ability analysis considering static strength, fatigue and stiffness is given. A nu- merical example is analyzed, which indicates that the failure probability is different for different use life and the influence of dead and fatigue loads on reliability of the structural system is different as well. This method of reliability analysis, in the pa- per, is better than the method only considering a single factor (or static strength, or fatigue, or stiffness, etc.) in the case of practical engineering.     

用电位差计校正电表实验的仪器故障判断与排除

用电位差计校正电表实验是主要针对工科学生所开的一个电学实验。由于仪器较多容易出的故障也较多,所以怎样根据仪器故障现象尽快对故障可能存在的部位作出判断,然后排除故障,是实验课能否顺利进行的根本保证。     

Detonability limits in thin annular channels

In this paper, detonability limits in two-dimensional annular channels are investigated. Since the channel heights are small in comparison to the tube diameter, curvature effects can be neglected and the annular channels can be considered to be essentially two-dimensional. Mixtures that are highly diluted with argon are used since previous investigations seem to indicate that detonations in such mixtures are “stable” in that cellular instabilities play minor roles on the propagation of the detonation. For stable detonations where the ZND structure is valid, boundary layer effects can be modeled as a flow divergence term in the conservation of mass equation following the pioneering work of Fay [J.A. Fay, Phys. Fluids 2(3) (1959) 283–289]. Expansion due to flow divergence in the reaction zone results in a velocity deficit. There exists a maximum deficit when an eigenvalue detonation velocity can no longer be found, which can be taken as the onset of the detonability limits. Experimentally, it was found that unlike “unstable” detonations, the detonability limits for “stable” detonations are well-defined. No unstable near-limit phenomena (e.g., galloping detonations) was observed. Good agreement is found between the theoretical predictions and the experimentally obtained velocity deficits and limits in the two channel heights of 2.2 and 6.9 mm for hydrogen–oxygen and acetylene–oxygen mixtures diluted with over 50% argon. It may be concluded that at least for these special mixtures where the detonation is “stable,” the failure mechanism is due to flow divergence caused by the negative displacement thickness of the boundary layer behind the leading shock front of the detonation wave.     

双极型晶体管高功率微波的损伤机理

在模拟集成电路的抗高功率微波加固研究中,对电路中的单个晶体管进行高功率微波损伤机理研究。对晶体管进行洲入微波损伤效应实验和失效分析,得到了双极型晶体管损伤的基本规律。损伤效应实验采用注入法,分别从晶体管的三极注入微波,得到了损伤结果。对样品进行的失效分析探明了器件的损伤部位和失效机理。结果表明,高功率微波注入主要造成B-E结的退化和损伤;从基极注入微波最易损伤晶体管,而从集电极注入则相反。     

婴幼儿肺炎并发呼吸衰竭时细胞内外钙浓度AAS法测定

本文采用氧化亚氮-乙炔-原子吸收法测定婴儿、幼儿细胞内外的钙,样品用三氯乙酸沉淀分离作前处理,以硝酸镧消除磷对钙的抑制干扰。本方法适应于医学单位常规分析中微量钙的分析,方法可靠和精确。     

Transitional failure of hybrid carbon nanotubes under multiaxial loads

Transitional failure envelopes of hybrid single-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized by functional groups and filled with butane molecules under combined tension–torsion are predicted using classical molecular dynamics simulations. The observations reveal that while the tensile failure load decreases with combined torsion, the torsional buckling moment increases with combined tension. As a result, the failure envelopes under combined tension–torsion are definitely different from those under pure tension or torsion. In such combined loading, there is a multitude of failure modes (tensile failure and torsional buckling), and the failure therefore exhibits the feature of transitional failure envelopes. In addition, the functionalization by functional groups decreases both tensile failure load and torsional buckling moment, while filling with butane molecules increases only the torsional buckling moment. Consequently, the transitional failure envelopes of functionalized and filled nanotubes are absolutely different relative to what is predicted for pristine nanotubes.     

Robustness analysis of network controllability

Structural controllability, which is an interesting property of complex networks, attracts many researchers from various fields. The maximum matching algorithm was recently applied to explore the minimum number of driver nodes, where control signals are injected, for controlling the whole network. Here we study the controllability of directed Erdös–Rényi and scale-free networks under attacks and cascading failures. Results show that degree-based attacks are more efficient than random attacks on network structural controllability. Cascade failures also do great harm to network controllability even if they are triggered by a local node failure.     

Compressive mechanical behavior of Au nanowires

The structural evolution, deformation mechanism, and failure behavior of Au [001] nanowires with various sizes and slenderness ratios under uniaxial compression have been investigated using molecular dynamics. The results show that the elastic modulus, yield stress, and strain all are dependent on the diameters and slenderness ratios of the nanowires. Buckling behavior is observed in a long nanowire, followed by slips in the {111} planes. Differences are identified in the failure behavior of a short nanowire and a medium nanowire, although the plastic deformation of both types of nanowire originates from the slips in the {111} planes.