基于瞬态光栅频率分辨光学开关法测量飞秒脉冲的研究

超宽光谱的飞秒脉冲测量一直是超快激光领域的重要研究方向之一.常规的飞秒脉冲自相关方法是通过测量自相关倍频信号来获得,而倍频信号具有波长选择性,不同中心波长的飞秒脉冲测量需要更换不同的倍频晶体,十分不方便.因此,提出了一种改进型的瞬态光栅频率分辨光学开关(TG-FROG)方法用于测量飞秒脉冲.该方法结合四波混频和频率分辨光学开关方法,其基本过程是将待测脉冲分为三束,其中两束脉冲经过精密的延时控制并聚焦在光学介质上达到时空重合,利用三阶非线性效应产生稳定的瞬态光栅作为开关光;另一束脉冲作为探测光与产生的瞬态光栅进行相互作用产生一个信号光,使用光谱仪对该信号光的光谱与延迟时间进行测量,并通过反演迭代算法处理而获取待测飞秒脉冲的光谱与电场信息.该方法只需要待测光的功率密度达到三阶非线性效应就可以实现测量,因此可以应用于任意中心波长的飞秒脉冲测量.利用该方法对中心波长分别为800 nm, 400 nm的飞秒脉冲,以及超连续亚10 fs的周期量级超宽光谱飞秒脉冲进行了测量,并与常规的干涉自相关仪器测量结果进行了比较,所得测量结果基本一致.实验结果表明,建立的基于TG-FROG方法对不同中心波长,不同脉冲宽度的飞秒脉冲测量是十分有效的.     

用反射式达曼光栅产生飞秒激光双脉冲

采用反射式达曼光栅建立了一种产生飞秒激光双脉冲的新装置.由于采用反射式结构，避免了材料色散和吸收导致的脉冲畸变，并构建了一台二次谐波-频率分辨光学开关装置对产生的双脉冲进行了测量.实验结果表明可以实现脉冲强度相等、时间宽度相同、不同间隔的双脉冲输出.产生双脉冲的装置在飞秒激光领域有着应用的价值. 关键词： 飞秒激光双脉冲 达曼光栅 二次谐波-频率分辨光学开关     

超短脉冲激光光束在一维反射型体全息光栅中的衍射

基于Kogelnik的耦合波理论,研究了在色散效应的影响下,超短脉冲激光光束在反射型体全息光栅中衍射的性质.研究给出了衍射光及透射光在频谱域及时间域的振幅及强度分布、光栅的光谱宽度及衍射效率随光栅参量及入射条件的变化.数值研究的结果表明,在光栅记录介质色散效应的影响下,衍射光束的光谱宽度减小,脉冲展宽,衍射效率降低.通过适当的选取光栅参量及入射条件,可以控制衍射和透射光束的频谱和时间强度分布,得到满意的衍射和透射光束的带宽和波形,从而可以将其应用于脉冲整形等技术中.     

基于瞬态光栅频率分辨光学开关装置的阿秒延时相位控制

操控多路激光脉冲之间的相对延时（相对相位）对于亚周期相干合成技术意义重大.当周期量级脉冲之间的相对延时接近数十飞秒时,常见的飞秒脉冲测量手段已无法满足脉冲之间相对相位的精确调控需求.本文基于瞬态光栅频率分辨光学开关装置,精确反演出脉冲之间的相对相位.此方案不仅有助于直接产生亚周期（亚飞秒）脉冲,还可应用于时间隐身学和二维相干光谱学等相关领域.     

皮秒级时间分辨超快高能脉冲激光光谱

介绍了一种利用光电摄谱法和条纹管相结合测量ps级时间分辨超快高能脉冲激光光谱的方法。论述了条纹相机工作原理和平面衍射光栅的分光原理,分析指出利用介绍的装置,可以实现波长300 nm ～1 600 nm、脉宽＞2 ps超快高能脉冲激光的光谱测量。采用1 054 nm超快高能脉冲激光器,实验得到了条纹像,对条纹像进行数据处理后得到测量光谱曲线,通过能量标定后,得到了超快高能脉冲激光器实际光谱曲线,验证了ps级时间分辨超快高能脉冲激光光谱方法。讨论了系统中耦合透镜组对光谱测量和光纤色散角对条纹图像的影响,论述了ps级时间分辨超快高能脉冲激光光谱的作用。随着条纹管制造技术的飞速发展,该方法可用于fs级激光光谱的测量。     

记录飞秒级超快动态过程的脉冲数字全息技术

采用脉冲数字全息技术实现对飞秒级超快动态过程的数字显微全息记录.其中，全息记录系统将单脉冲分割成具有飞秒至皮秒量级时间延迟的角度相同的物光子脉冲序列和具有同样时间延迟的角度不同的参考光子脉冲序列，并以空间角分复用的方式在普通CCD的一帧图像上记录下包含多张子全息图的复合全息图，然后通过数字傅里叶变换和数字滤波的方法，分别再现出每张子全息图所记录的图像.通过对飞秒激光激发空气电离过程的全息记录，获得了具有飞秒时间分辨的等离子体形成和传播过程的动态图像. 关键词： 超短脉冲激光 飞秒全息 脉冲数字全息 空间角分复用     

飞秒脉冲通过多层体光栅后的衍射光强分布

基于单层体光栅的耦合波理论和矩阵光学知识,推导出飞秒脉冲通过多层体光栅衍射后的耦合波方程,并由此得到衍射光强谱和瞬时衍射效率表达式.研究结果发现衍射光强谱和瞬时衍射光强分布是与多层体光栅的结构参量,如中间填充层厚度、光栅层厚度、光栅常量及体光栅材料的折射率调制度有关系的.通过调节这些参量,获得了不同形状和不同宽度的衍射脉冲.该结果可用于设计基于多层体光栅的光通信和光脉冲整形器件.     

二维光栅制备及衍射特性研究

利用飞秒激光微加工平台,结合激光直写技术,在50 nm厚的金膜上制备出了二维光栅,研究了扫描速度和扫描间距固定时,飞秒激光能量密度的改变对二维光栅结构的影响。通过扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electron Microscopy,SEM)对制备的二维光栅的形貌进行表征,并准确测量了光栅参数。利用氦氖激光分析了二维光栅的衍射效果,并与数值模拟得到的图案进行比较,分析了条纹缝宽和栅格尺寸对衍射点阵列光强分布的影响。研究表明飞秒激光直写技术可以方便快速地通过加工参数的改变制备不同尺寸分布的二维光栅。     

利用棱镜减小自衍射信号光角色散的研究

自衍射效应在飞秒激光领域有非常重要的应用,如提高飞秒脉冲的时域对比度、作为自参考光谱干涉脉冲测量法的参考光、作为频率分辨光学开关法的信号光等.然而,具有较宽光谱带宽的飞秒激光在自衍射效应过程中产生的信号光存在明显的角色散,这给自衍射效应的应用带来不利影响.本文研究发现通过在自衍射效应的一个光路中加入等腰直角棱镜,当到棱镜的入射角为23fi时可以明显地减小飞秒激光脉冲自衍射信号的角色散.这就为以后将自衍射效应更好的应用到飞秒激光脉冲的研究提供了有用的参考.     

飞秒激光脉冲宽度和脉冲波形测试技术

飞秒激光在激光核聚变、卫星精密测距、激光微加工等领域具有重要的应用前景,同时也是产生太赫兹波的主要泵浦源。介绍了国内外飞秒激光脉冲宽度和脉冲波形的测试方法,比较了自相关法、频率分辨光学快门法、光谱相位相干直接电场重构法的优缺点。自相关法具有脉宽测量范围广、结构简单等特点,但不具备脉冲波形测试能力。光谱相位相干直接电场重构法对待测激光光束质量要求较高, 不适合大量程范围激光脉宽快速测量。为满足10 fs~5 ps大量程范围超短激光脉冲宽度和脉冲波形的测试需求,采用自相关法及二次谐波频率分辨光学开关法研制飞秒激光脉冲宽度和脉冲波形测试仪,时间分辨率优于2 fs。     

Direct space time-characterization of the electric fields of ultrashort optical pulses

We report the complete spatiotemporal characterization of ultrashort light pulses by use of a self-referencing device based on shearing interferometry in the space and frequency domains. The apparatus combines a spatially resolved spectral shearing interferometer with a spectrally resolved spatial shearing interferometer. The electric field as a function of one transverse spatial coordinate and time is obtained from a single experimental trace by means of a direct and fast algebraic phase reconstruction algorithm. The method has been tested in several common laboratory situations.     

Dynamic Light Diffraction by Holographic Gratings in Photopolymeric Materials

A theoretical model of light diffraction by tilted holographic gratings in photopolymeric materials in the nonstationary regime of reading, which describes the dynamic process of optical hologram amplification with allowance for the photopolymerization and diffusion mechanisms of recording, is developed. For the given model, the dynamics of the diffraction efficiency and selective properties of hologram reading are modeled numerically when Bragg's conditions are satisfied and violated. It is demonstrated that the diffraction characteristics of tilted holograms are spatially noninvariant for the reading beam direction. The optimal conditions of reading of tilted holograms are established.     

Wavelength-encoded OCDMA system using opto-VLSI processors

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a 2.5 Gbits/sper user wavelength-encoded optical code-division multiple-access encoder-decoder structure based on opto-VLSI processing. Each encoder and decoder is constructed using a single 1D opto-very-large-scale-integrated (VLSI) processor in conjunction with a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) array of different Bragg wavelengths. The FBG array spectrally and temporally slices the broadband input pulse into several components and the opto-VLSI processor generates codewords using digital phase holograms. System performance is measured in terms of the autocorrelation and cross-correlation functions as well as the eye diagram.     

Variable tomographic scanning with wavelength scanning digital interference holography

We present a new method for variable tomographic scanning based on the wavelength scanning digital interference holography (WSDIH). A series of holograms are generated with a range of scanned wavelengths. The object field is reconstructed in a number of selected tilted planes from each hologram, and the numerical superposition of all the tilted object fields results in a variable tomographic scanning. The scanning direction can be arbitrary angles in 3D space but not limited in a 2D plane, thus the proposed algorithm offers more flexibility for acquiring and observing randomly orientated features of a specimen in a WSDIH system. Experiments are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.     

飞秒激光烧蚀铝靶产生喷射物的超快脉冲数字全息诊断

采用脉冲数字显微全息技术,对50 fs单脉冲激光烧蚀铝靶过程中的物质喷射以及等离子体演化的动态过程进行了实验研究,获得了高时空分辨的动态数字全息图.由全息图观察到了热弹力波引起的二次喷射现象,并且报道了大延迟下喷射物质对400 nm探测光所引起的干涉条纹的反常移动现象.通过对全息图进行数字再现,得到了不同延迟下探测光穿过等离子体后的二维相位分布,并运用逆Abel变换算法获得了等离子体折射率以及等效电子密度的时空演化动态过程.根据实验以及计算所得到的有关于喷射物的光学性质,对喷射物的结构和成分进行了分析. 关键词： 脉冲数字全息 飞秒激光烧蚀 超快时间分辨 等离子体     

Ultraweak-absorption microscopy of a single semiconductor quantum dot in the midinfrared range

We show that we can measure the room temperature ultraweak absorption of a single buried semiconductor quantum dot. This is achieved by monitoring the deformation field induced by the absorption of midinfrared laser pulses and locally detected with an atomic force microscope tip. The absorption is spectrally and spatially resolved around lambda approximately 10 microm wavelength with 60 nm lateral resolution (lambda/150). The electronic S-D intersublevel absorption of a single quantum dot is identified around 120 meV and exhibits a homogeneous linewidth of approximately 10 meV at room temperature.     

非傍轴双曲余弦-高斯脉冲电磁光束远场特性

利用矢量瑞利-索末菲衍射积分公式,推导出了非傍轴部分空间相干部分光谱相干双曲余弦-高斯(ChG)脉冲电磁光束在自由空间传输时交叉谱密度矩阵的远场解析公式,并用来表示脉冲电磁光束的光谱密度(光强)和偏振度。结果表明,对非傍轴远场部分空间相干部分光谱相干ChG脉冲电磁光束,其非傍轴性主要由参数f, f决定,而离心参数、脉冲宽度和时间相干长度影响其非傍轴行为。非傍轴部分空间相干部分光谱相干高斯-谢尔模型脉冲电磁光束的远场传输可作为特例处理。     

Measuring sub-Planck structural analogues in chronocyclic phase space

Phase space quasi-probability distributions of certain quantum states reveal structure on a scale that is small compared to the Planck area. Using an analog between the wavefunction of a single photon and the electric field of a classical ultrashort optical pulse we show that spectral shearing interferometry enables measurement of such structure directly, thereby extending an idea of Krzysztof Wódkiewicz and others. In particular, we use multiple-shear spectral interferometry to fully characterize a pulse consisting of two sub-pulses which are temporally and spectrally disjoint, without a relative-phase ambiguity. This enables us to compute the Wigner distribution of the pulse. This spectrographic representation of the pulse field features fringes that are tilted with respect to both the time- and frequency axes, showing that in general the shortest sub-Planck distances may not be in the directions of the canonical (and easily experimentally accessible) directions. Further, independent of this orientation, evidence of the sub-Planck scale of the structure may be extracted directly from the measured signal.     

Dispersion control of a pulse stretcher– compressor system with two-dimensional spectral interferometry

The frequency dependence of the group delay of both a pulse stretcher and a stretcher–compressor system of a chirped pulse amplification laser is determined with a two-dimensional extension of a spectral interferometric method called the stationary phase point method. The 800-nm, 15-fs probe pulse from a Ti:S oscillator propagates through the stretcher or the stretcher–compressor system. The reference pulse is one of the subsequent oscillator pulses but passes the system and interferes with the probe pulse; hence, a Mach–Zehnder-type interferometer is formed. The shape of the spectrally resolved interference fringes is peculiar to the amount and sign of the relative dispersion properties of the pulses. Group-delay dispersion is obtained from the observation of the position of the stationary phase point in spectrally resolved interferograms at different time delays. This simple method allows for an almost complete and fast alignment of the stretcher–compressor system from scratch until the final adjustments. PACS 42.65.Re     

Reflection holographic lens having nonspherical wavefront designed by a microcomputer

A design of a reflection holographic lens with nonspherical wavefront is described, which is based on a ray-tracing program and a simple search algorithm suitable for a microcomputer. The optimized wavefront is encoded into a computer- generated hologram (CGH). The reflection holographic lens with the optimum wavefront produced by CGH reduces the rms spot radius at large field angles, and allows for a compact folded system and for Bragg diffraction into a single order. Experimental results are shown. Helpful data on the diffraction efficiency and the spectrally diffracted intensity of reflection holograms are presented.