基于SolTrace的线性菲涅尔式聚光器建模与仿真

利用几何光学原理推导了线性菲涅尔式聚光器在SolTrace软件中建模所需参数的计算公式，给出了建模方法。结果表明，对于反射镜列数为21列、宽度为0.38 m、长度为4 m，复合抛物面聚光器(CPC)最大接受半角为45°，接收器距反射镜所在平面5.3 m的线性菲涅式聚光器，随着太阳入射角的增大，集热管表面能流密度逐渐增大且分布更均匀；当太阳入射角大于40°后，能流密度和均匀度趋于稳定；CPC为渐开线+cusp reflector曲线比渐开线+抛物线的集热管表面能流密度更大且分布更均匀。该结果对线性菲涅尔式聚光器的推广应用具有指导意义。     

平板型玻璃镜反射太阳能聚光光伏系统的实验研究

提出了一种平板型玻璃镜反射太阳能聚光器,用于太阳能聚光光伏/光热利用.其结构主要由平面框架上倾斜放置粘贴或镶嵌在平直型材上的多块条形玻璃镜构成,聚光接受体为平板光伏电池或集热管.条形玻璃镜的宽度和倾斜角度随自身所处位置、聚光接受体形状尺寸和安放角度,是否考虑太阳入射光立体角影响等因素由所给公式确定.利用CCD 法测量了...     

High concentration and homogenized Fresnel lens without secondary optics element

In this paper, we design a single concentrator to homogenize and concentrate the solar energy. The proposed concentrator only consisted of an array of refraction prisms. In order to homogenize the irradiance, all pitches of the Fresnel concentrator focus on the different position of the receiver. Finally, the Fresnel lens that achieves the uniformity of U is 14.6. An acceptance angle of 0.305° is achieved without using additional secondary optics. Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) of illumination distribution is 1.4 mm.     

Design of a solar concentrator combining paraboloidal and hyperbolic mirrors using ray tracing method

A solar concentrator combining primary paraboloidal and secondary hyperboloidal mirrors is numerically designed by using the ray tracing method to obtain higher concentration ratio when the concentrator tracing error exists. It is found that, when the concentrator tracing errors are 0.5° or 1°, the concentration ratios are about 2027 or 1220 without the detector in the radial-direction, and the concentration ratios are about 5447 or 4701 with the detector in the radial-direction. It is shown that such method can increase the concentration solar flux by two folds when the concentrator tracing error exists. Obviously, it is an effective method to reduce the effect of concentrator tracing error even when the angle of concentrator tracing error is considered. In addition, when the angle of concentrator tracing error is small than 1°, a set of mirror shapes is suggested where the primary mirror has a f-number of 0.22 and the secondary mirror has a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.61.     

Design of an off-axis XR photovoltaic concentrator with SMS method

We present a novel off-axis XR concentrator design that enables a high efficiency energy collection while avoiding the shadowing problem encountered in the designs of symmetry XR type concentrator. Combining with a 1 cm² multi-junction solar cell, the off-axis XR concentrator is able to achieve high optical efficiency of the photovoltaic system. The concentrator design is performed based on the non-imaging optic principle, with one reflective mirror (X) and one refractive lens (R). Both surfaces of the reflective and refractive element are of freeform shapes and fitted as freeform expression in the design analysis. The concentrator has concentration ratio greater than 500× and acceptance angle greater than 2°. A square homogenizing irradiance distribution on the cell is achieved with the help of a suitable rob. The tolerance of the system is analyzed. The results show that the high concentration ratio and greater acceptance angle relax all optical and mechanical tolerances reduce the production and operation cost.     

聚光光伏系统的发展及未来趋势

介绍了聚光光伏系统的发展历史和研究现状。对聚光光伏系统中的主件一聚光器和光伏电池进行了详细分类，给出了它们的特点和主要参数。描述了国外一些厂家为提高光伏系统效率并降低成本而研制的太阳跟踪系统。总结出聚光光伏系统的发展趋势，主要是指高倍聚光器＋跟踪系统和低倍大角度聚光器＋分光元件＋多节电池等。最后就目前状况提出了聚光光伏系统商业化还需要解决的问题。     

Thermal modeling and the optimized design of metal plate cooling systems for single concentrator solar cells

A metal plate cooling model for 400× single concentrator solar cells was established.The effects of the thickness and the radius of the metal plate,and the air environment on the temperature of the solar cells were analyzed in detail.It is shown that the temperature of the solar cells decreased sharply at the beginning,with the increase in the thickness of the metal plate,and then changed more smoothly.When the radius of the metal plate was 4 cm and the thickness increased to 2 mm or thicker,the temperature of the solar cell basically stabilized at about 53 C.Increasing the radius of the metal plate and the convective transfer coefficient made the temperature of the solar cell decrease remarkably.The effects of Al and Cu as the metal plate material on cooling were analyzed contrastively,and demonstrated the superiority of Al material for the cooling system.Furthermore,considering cost reduction,space holding and the stress of the system,we optimized the structural design of the metal plate.The simulated results can be referred to the design of the structure for the metal plate.Finally,a method to devise the structure of the metal plate for single concentrator solar cells was given.     

Is the LMA solar-neutrino solution ruled out by SN1987A data?

The development of new supernova neutrino detectors relies on the expected hard energy spectrum of the ν_μ and ν_τ emitted in the supernova. We show that SN1987A was sensitive to the large mixing angle (LMA) and “just so” solution to the solar neutrino problem. We review the previous analysis of the SN1987A data and propose a new analysis. The results of this analysis strongly disfavor the LMA solution, provided the ν_μ and ν_τ are hard as predicted     

矩形复合抛物面空间双向照明节能多功能反光杯设计

提出了充分利用灯具空间,具有单体双向多功能的光学设计新理念。结合LED与CPC,根据光学扩展量守恒,借助光路可逆原理与边缘光线原理,构造矩形复合抛物面。根据我国最新的《读写作业台灯性能要求》GB/T 9473-2017,以出光口半宽、台灯辐照高度、截短后杯体长度比为3个因素,设计正交实验,确定台灯矩形复合抛物面最适合参数为:出光口半宽50 mm、最大进光半角47.73°、截取杯体长度36 mm。在照明方面,该矩形复合抛物面能够满足关于A、AA级的照度和照度均匀度要求;在弱光聚集方面,其太阳能芯片位置的照度是不经聚光情况的1.25倍;在聚光模式下,太阳能芯片的光伏转化效率是非聚光模式下的1.66倍。这是对当前市面上非聚光模式收集太阳能方式的补充。     

Beyond nanosizing: an approach to shape analysis of fluorescent nanostructures by SMI-microscopy

Using spatially modulated illumination (SMI) light microscopy it is possible to measure the sizes of fluorescent structures that have an extension far below the conventional optical resolution limit (“subresolution size”). Presently, the sizes are determined as the object extension along the optical axis of the SMI microscope. For this, however, “a priori” assumptions on the fluorochrome distribution (“shape”) within the examined fluorescent structure have to be made. Usually it is assumed that the fluorochrome follows a Gauss-distribution or a spherical distribution. In this report we overcome the necessity to make an assumption on the shape of the fluorochrome distribution. We introduce two new experimentally obtained parameters which allow the determination of a shape measure to describe the spatial distribution of the fluorescent dye. This becomes possible by independent measurements with different excitation wavelengths. As an example, we present shape parameter measurements on individual fluorescent microspheres with a nominal geometrical diameter (“size”) of 190 nm. In the case investigated, the experimental shape correlated well with a homogeneous fluorochrome distribution (“spherical shape”) but not with a variety of other “shapes”.     

Comparison of different types of secondary mirrors for solar application

Two-stage solar concentrators make solar beams downwards providing flexible choices for energy utilization. Five types of secondary mirrors (a flat mirror, an ellipsoidal mirror, a hyperboloidal mirror with upper/lower sheet and a paraboloidal mirror) are compared. Effects of geometry parameters and concentrator precisions on the optical performance are analyzed using Advanced System Analysis Program. The results indicate that concentrators with a flat mirror or hyperboloidal mirror with lower sheet are more sensitive to rim angle or relative location. The secondary mirror is better a convex surface especially when rim angle is more than 90°. A flat mirror or hyperboloidal mirror with lower sheet performs better with higher redirect focal points. A hyperboloidal mirror with upper sheet is the best however numerical aperture changing. The intercept factors decreased with the increase of random errors or optical errors. Both the fabrication and assemblage requirements for a concentrator with a hyperboloidal mirror with lower sheet are the strictest. Experiments are carried out based on a hyperboloidal mirror with upper sheet. The experiments results are in accordance with the ray-tracing results. Therefore, further studies on optimization of the two-stage concentrators using the ray-tracing model can be conducted.     

Photophysical properties of fluorescent PMMA/SiO2 nanohybrids for solar energy applications

This work concerning the photophysical properties of fluorescent nanohybrid films based on poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) doped with coumarin dyestuff and entrapped with different concentrations of hydrophilic nanosilica. Spectroscopic tools were applied in order to determine the optimum concentration of nanosilica for the best optical properties for a matrix used as fluorescent solar concentrator. The optical constants and photoluminescence spectra of fluorescent nanohybrid films showed an enhancement of the photon trapping efficiency and matrix stability by increasing the concentration of SiO₂ nanoparticles.     

Spectrum splitting using multi-layer dielectric meta-surfaces for efficient solar energy harvesting

We designed a high-efficiency dispersive mirror based on multi-layer dielectric meta-surfaces. By replacing the secondary mirror of a dome solar concentrator with this dispersive mirror, the solar concentrator can be converted into a spectrum-splitting photovoltaic system with higher energy harvesting efficiency and potentially lower cost. The meta-surfaces are consisted of high-index contrast gratings (HCG). The structures and parameters of the dispersive mirror (i.e. stacked HCG) are optimized based on finite-difference time-domain and rigorous coupled-wave analysis method. Our numerical study shows that the dispersive mirror can direct light with different wavelengths into different angles in the entire solar spectrum, maintaining very low energy loss. Our approach will not only improve the energy harvesting efficiency, but also lower the cost by using single junction cells instead of multi-layer tandem solar cells. Moreover, this approach has the minimal disruption to the existing solar concentrator infrastructures.     

An experimental investigation of the propagation mechanism of critical deflagration waves that lead to the onset of detonation

The reflection of a CJ detonation from a perforated plate is used to generate high speed deflagrations downstream in order to investigate the critical conditions that lead to the onset of detonation. Different perforated plates were used to control the turbulence in the downstream deflagration waves. Streak Schlieren photography, ionization probes and pressure transducers are used to monitor the flow field and the transition to detonation. Stoichiometric mixtures of acetylene–oxygen and propane–oxygen were tested at low initial pressures. In some cases, acetylene–oxygen was diluted with 80% argon in order to render the mixture more “stable” (i.e., more regular detonation cell structure). The results show that prior to successful detonation initiation, a deflagration is formed that propagates at about half the CJ detonation velocity of the mixture. This “critical” deflagration (which propagates at a relatively constant velocity for a certain duration prior to the onset of detonation) is comprised of a leading shock wave followed by an extended turbulent reaction zone. The critical deflagration speed is not dependent on the turbulence characteristics of the perforated plate but rather on the energetics of the mixture like a CJ detonation (i.e., the deflagration front is driven by the expansion of the combustion products). Hence, the critical deflagration is identified as a CJ deflagration. The high intensity turbulence that is required to sustain its propagation is maintained via chemical instabilities in the reaction zone due to the coupling of pressure fluctuations with the energy release. Therefore, in “unstable” mixtures, critical deflagrations can be supported for long durations, whereas in “stable” mixtures, deflagrations decay as the initial plate generated turbulence decays. The eventual onset of detonation is postulated to be a result of the amplification of pressure waves (i.e., turbulence) that leads to the formation of local explosion centers via the SWACER mechanism during the pre-detonation period.     

像面照度均匀的环带式菲涅尔透镜设计

为了解决太阳光经传统菲涅尔聚光镜聚光后太阳能电池接收面上的光强分布不均匀问题,设计了一种环带式菲涅尔聚光镜。根据菲涅尔环带设计方法,把接收面划分为与之对应的环带,使光线在经过菲涅尔聚光镜的表面环带后进入相应的接受面环带,减少了光能损失并提高了光强分布均匀性。给出了在350 nm ~760 nm波段范围内太阳张角角度为0.54°、口径200 mm、高宽比为0.65、聚光比为400的菲涅尔聚光系统设计实例,通过Tracepro模拟并分析了菲涅尔聚光镜的光学能力。结果表明:在接收面尺寸相同的情况下与参数相同的的传统匀光菲涅尔聚光镜相比,此环带菲涅尔透镜光斑能量分布均匀性达到75%。     

光漏斗聚光定向传光中央接收太阳能集热系统

提出了一种新型中央接收式太阳能高温集热系统,介绍了系统的运行原理,分析了系统的热效率影响因素。这个新型的太阳能高温集热系统具有如下特点:可将多个光漏斗和偏光器组成一个太阳能聚光器阵列,每个聚光器都能将低能流密度的太阳光束会聚成高能流密度的平行光束,并由偏光器传送到中央接收器,于是中央接收器可获得很高的太阳光照射能流,转化为热能后将产生很高的温度,从而实现太阳光高温聚能。本系统的中央接收器无需建在高塔上,节省了建设费用,而且所有光漏斗跟踪太阳的方式相同,控制策略简单,定向偏光器的出光方向设定后可以固定不变,因而使整个系统结构简单,技术上易于实现。     

容积式吸热器内聚集太阳能的传输特性研究

将泡沫孔筋等效成粒子系,建立了抛物面聚光器与容积式吸热器数理模型。基于Mie理论计算泡沫材料的散射特性,采用蒙特卡洛射线踪迹法模拟聚集太阳光在泡沫材料内的传输衰减特性。通过计算,获得了吸热器体积内的太阳能流吸收分布。结果表明:吸收太阳能流集中在吸热器底部,随着孔隙率和孔隙直径增加,吸热器内的太阳能吸收分布均匀性更好。研究结论为容积式太阳能吸热器结构设计与性能分析提供了参考。     

Photovoltaic modules with cylindrical waveguides in a system for the secondary concentration of solar radiation

The parameters of the concentrating photoelectric modules with triple-junction (InGaP/GaAs/Ge) solar cells whose focusing system contains an original secondary optical element are studied. The element consists of a plane-convex lens in optical contact with the front surface of an intermediate glass plate and a cylindrical waveguide that is located on the rear side of the glass plate above the surface of the solar element. It is demonstrated that the structure of the secondary optical element provides a wide misorientation characteristic of the concentrator and the cylindrical waveguide allows a more uniform radiation density over the surface of the solar cell. The effect of chromatic aberration in the primary and secondary optical systems on the parameters of photoelectric modules is analyzed. It is demonstrated that the presence of waveguides with a length of 3–5 mm leads to effective redistribution of radiation over the surface of the solar cell whereas shorter and longer waveguides provide the local concentration of radiation at the center of the photodetecting area.     

等光强分布的折平板反射聚光系统的实验研究

基于平板玻璃镜反射聚光获得等光强分布的方法,提出了折平板反射聚光太阳能系统的设计方案。推导了平行光聚光公式,可在给定接收截面宽度、倾角和安装高度时,给出一定聚光比所需的反射板数量、宽度、倾角及坐标位置;建立了CCD法测量能流密度分布的测试平台以及聚光光伏实验装置,并对折平板聚光系统进行了实验研究。结果表明,折平板玻璃镜聚光系统可以得到较为均匀的辐射能流密度,并且系统的发电效率也较高。     

抛物碟式太阳能聚光器的聚光特性分析与设计

点聚焦碟式太阳能聚光反射器,应用光线追迹法模拟分析了存在太阳张角时,相同开口采光面积、不同形状的聚光器分别在相同焦距、相同边缘角情况下的聚光特性。考虑到太阳形状、开口采光面形状、抛物面焦距、抛物面边缘角及接收器的遮挡作用等几何因素,并结合旋转抛物面聚光器的光学特性,建立了模拟仿真的几何模型。采用光线追迹法直观地模拟了聚光接收面上的平均能流分布特性。为对聚光器的聚光特性进行定量评价,采用了面积效率因子的概念。模拟结果表明,采光面积相同时,等焦距的4种不同开口形状的聚光器具有相近的聚光能流比;等边缘角时,除圆形聚光器外的3种聚光器有较大光能损失。设计了多碟共焦聚光器,用低聚光比聚光器组合达到高倍聚光效果,并分析了聚光特性,为碟式太阳能聚光反射系统的设计和优化提供了参考。