基于光谱和成像技术的果蔬质量检测研究进展

为保证食品安全和消费者健康,无损检测技术广泛应用于果蔬质量检测中。光谱和图像技术可分别获取果蔬的内部和外部信息,成为质量检测的有效工具。为跟踪国内外研究进展并分析研究现况,从果蔬外部品质(尺寸、形状、表面缺陷、颜色、纹理等)、内部品质(内部缺陷、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、水分、类胡萝卜素等单一品质及综合品质)、成熟度、货架期/贮藏期、产品溯源、生长监测、安全(农药残留、病虫和细菌侵染、转基因产品等)检测及光学系统设计等方面综述了光谱和成像技术的应用,分析了存在的图谱库不完善、解混处理算法复杂、高精度和便携式的光学系统开发力度不够、校正模型的影响因素复杂等问题。然后,归纳了发展趋势,指出了各组分可视化分析及交互作用机理解析、光与果蔬组织的交互作用机理分析和光学特性参数反演等光学特性分析、科学合理的综合评价体系的建立、新算法的应用和多种算法的联合使用、不同算法的可靠性和稳定性的提高、稳定和普适模型的建立、低成本和便携式等光学分析仪器的商品化开发和商业化应用等成为进一步探索的方向,为基于光谱和成像技术的果蔬质量检测发展提供了参考。     

ICP-AES测定肉苁蓉及其提取物中矿质元素含量

采用ICP-AES法测定两种肉苁蓉及其提取物中11种矿质元素,结果表明：肉苁蓉中Mn,K,Ca,Mg,Na含量（μg·g-1）显著高于管花肉苁蓉,分别为17.70,16 278.03,1 947.25,1 662.76,106.79;肉苁蓉50%甲醇提取物中Fe,Cu,P含量为水提物的1.5倍、2.4倍、1.1倍,Mn,Zn,K,P,Mg,Na含量为100%甲醇提取物的3.8倍、1.2倍、1.6倍、2.3倍、2.2倍、1.1倍;管花肉苁蓉50%甲醇提取物中Cu和P含量为水提物的1.6倍和1.2倍,Mn,Zn,K,P,Mg,Na,Al含量为100%甲醇提取物的2.0倍、1.6倍、1.6倍、1.4倍、1.8倍、1.2倍、1.2倍;肉苁蓉和管花肉苁蓉内矿质元素在50%甲醇中的溶出率分别是60.79%～83.10%和44.58%～83.84%,且Mn, Zn, K, P, Ca, Na, Al的溶出率显著高于水和100%甲醇提取。此研究为高效利用肉苁蓉药材中的矿质元素提供了科学依据。     

染发对头发中重金属含量的影响

化妆品和染发剂是重金属的污染源之一。应用ICP-MS对经常染发的人群头发中的重金属含量与不染发人群作了比较。结果显示,长期染发对头发中的重金属含量有明显影响,但是不同重金属变化不同。染发人群头发中重金属Mn,Fe,Ni,Cu,Cd和Sb含量明显增加,As,Cr,Zn,Ag,Pb和 Hg等重金属含量却明显减少。分析上述结果的原因可能是染发剂中含Mn,Fe,Ni,Cu,Cd和Sb偏多,含As,Cr,Zn,Ag,Pb和Hg等重金属少,而经常染发有可能影响人体对重金属As,Cr,Zn,Ag,Pb和Hg的代谢。     

The Eighth Liquid Matter Conference

The Eighth Liquid Matter Conference (LMC8) was held at the Universit?t Wien from 6-10 September 2011. Initiated in 1990, the conferences of this series cover a broad range of highly interdisciplinary topics, ranging from simple liquids to soft matter and biophysical systems. The vast spectrum of scientific subjects presented and discussed at the LMC8 is reflected in the themes of the ten symposia: Ionic and quantum liquids, liquid metals Water, solutions and reaction dynamics Liquid crystals Polymers, polyelectrolytes, biopolymers Colloids Films, foams, surfactants, emulsions, aerosols Confined fluids, interfacial phenomena Supercooled liquids, glasses, gels Non-equilibrium systems, rheology, nanofluids Biofluids, active matter This special issue contains scientific papers, authored by participants of the LMC8, which provide a cross-section of the scientific activities in current liquid matter science, as discussed at the conference, and demonstrate the scientific as well as methodological progress made in this field over the past couple of years. The Eighth Liquid Matter Conference contents The Eighth Liquid Matter ConferenceChristoph Dellago, Gerhard Kahl and Christos N Likos Comparing light-induced colloidal quasicrystals with different rotational symmetriesMichael Schmiedeberg and Holger Stark Hydrogen bond network relaxation in aqueous polyelectrolyte solutions: the effect of temperatureS Sarti, D Truzzolillo and F Bordi Equilibrium concentration profiles and sedimentation kinetics of colloidal gels under gravitational stressS Buzzaccaro, E Secchi, G Brambilla, R Piazza and L Cipelletti The capillary interaction between two vertical cylindersHimantha Cooray, Pietro Cicuta and Dominic Vella Hydrodynamic and viscoelastic effects in polymer diffusionJ Farago, H Meyer, J Baschnagel and A N Semenov A density-functional theory study of microphase formation in binary Gaussian mixturesM Carta, D Pini, A Parola and L Reatto Microcanonical determination of the interface tension of flat and curved interfaces from Monte Carlo simulationsA Tr?ster and K Binder Phase diagrams of particles with dissimilar patches: X-junctions and Y-junctionsJ M Tavares and P I C Teixeira The unbearable heaviness of colloids: facts, surprises, and puzzles in sedimentationRoberto Piazza, Stefano Buzzaccaro and Eleonora Secchi Exploring water and other liquids at negative pressureFrédéric Caupin, Arnaud Arvengas, Kristina Davitt, Mouna El Mekki Azouzi, Kirill I Shmulovich, Claire Ramboz, David A Sessoms and Abraham D Stroock The configurational space of colloidal patchy polymers with heterogeneous sequencesIvan Coluzza and Christoph Dellago Repeated sorption of water in SBA-15 investigated by means of in situ small-angle x-ray scatteringM Erko, D Wallacher, G H Findenegg and O Paris Transition of the hydration state of a surfactant accompanying structural transitions of self-assembled aggregatesM Hishida and K Tanaka The effects of topology on the structural, dynamic and mechanical properties of network-forming materialsMark Wilson Surface tension of an electrolyte-air interface: a Monte Carlo studyAlexandre Diehl, Alexandre P dos Santos and Yan Levin Water and other tetrahedral liquids: order, anomalies and solvationB Shadrack Jabes, Divya Nayar, Debdas Dhabal, Valeria Molinero and Charusita Chakravarty Diffusion coefficient and shear viscosity of rigid water modelsSami Tazi, Alexandru Bo?an, Mathieu Salanne, Virginie Marry, Pierre Turq and Benjamin Rotenberg Phase behaviour of colloidal assemblies on 2D corrugated substratesSamir El Shawish, Emmanuel Trizac and Jure Dobnikar Structural properties of dendrimer-colloid mixturesDominic A Lenz, Ronald Blaak and Christos N Likos Fluid-fluid demixing of off-critical colloid-polymer systems confined between parallel platesE A G Jamie, R P A Dullens and D G A L Aarts Simulations of nematic homopolymer melts using particle-based models with interactions expressed through collective variablesKostas Ch Daoulas, Victor Rühle and Kurt Kremer Smectic shellsTeresa Lopez-Leon, Alberto Fernandez-Nieves, Maurizio Nobili and Christophe Blanc Intrinsic profiles and the structure of liquid surfacesP Tarazona, E Chacón and F Bresme Competing ordered structures formed by particles with a regular tetrahedral patch decorationGünther Doppelbauer, Eva G Noya, Emanuela Bianchi and Gerhard Kahl Heterogeneous crystallization in colloids and complex plasmas: the role of binary mobilitiesH L?wen, E Allahyarov, A Ivlev and G E Morfill Isotope effects in water as investigated by neutron diffraction and path integral molecular dynamicsAnita Zeidler, Philip S Salmon, Henry E Fischer, J?rg C Neuefeind, J Mike Simonson and Thomas E Markland Confined cubic blue phases under shearO Henrich, K Stratford, D Marenduzzo, P V Coveney and M E Cates Depletion-induced biaxial nematic states of boardlike particlesS Belli, M Dijkstra and R van Roij Active Brownian motion tunable by lightIvo Buttinoni, Giovanni Volpe, Felix Kümmel, Giorgio Volpe and Clemens Bechinger Structure and stability of charged clustersMark A Miller, David A Bonhommeau, Christopher J Heard, Yuyoung Shin, Riccardo Spezia and Marie-Pierre Gaigeot Non-equilibrium relaxation and tumbling times of polymers in semidilute solutionChien-Cheng Huang, Gerhard Gompper and Roland G Winkler Thermophoresis of colloids by mesoscale simulationsDaniel Lüsebrink, Mingcheng Yang and Marisol Ripoll Computing the local pressure in molecular dynamics simulationsThomas W Lion and Rosalind J Allen Gradient-driven fluctuations in microgravityA Vailati, R Cerbino, S Mazzoni, M Giglio, C J Takacs and D S Cannell.     

光谱及成像技术在果蔬损伤检测研究中的应用现状与展望

果蔬在收获、运输、贮藏、分拣、包装和销售过程中均会遭受不同程度的挤压、碰撞或摩擦,从而造成果蔬损伤,如挤伤、开裂、擦伤等外部损伤,同时,在生长过程中会产生黑心、水心、褐腐、霉心等内部损伤。果蔬损伤初期特征不明显,外观与正常果实基本无异,然而随着时间的推移,损伤组织恶化扩散,最终导致整个果实腐烂变质,又进而接触感染其他果实,造成周边甚至整箱果蔬病变,对果蔬产业造成巨大的经济损失。果蔬采后损伤检测方法多种多样,其中人工检测最为简单常用,但是该方法不仅耗时耗力,容易造成错判和漏判现象,而且无法实现肉眼不可见的皮下或内部损伤检测。近年来,随着计算机技术的快速发展,越来越多的无损检测技术被广泛应用于果蔬损伤检测,其中最为常用的当属光谱和成像技术。光谱成像技术通常结合图像处理、光谱分析、化学计量学方法、统计分析等手段,利用损伤果蔬和正常果蔬的图谱信号差异实现损伤检测,具有无损、快速等优点,能解决人工检测耗时耗力且准确率低的问题。在此主要概述了8种光谱及成像技术（近红外光谱、拉曼光谱、荧光光谱、高光谱成像、空间频域成像、核磁成像、X射线成像和热成像）在果蔬损伤检测的最新研究进展,包括检测原理及其技术特点,总结分析了各技术在果蔬损伤检测方面的应用情况,并展望未来发展趋势,以期为果蔬损伤无损检测提供借鉴与参考。     

电感耦合等离子体光谱法测定新疆奎屯氟砷中毒患者尿中的14种元素含量的研究

建立一种用电感耦合等离子体光谱法测定氟中毒,氟砷联合中毒患者尿中的K,Na,Ca,Mg,P,Zn,Al,Ba,Co,Cu,Ni,Sr,Cr,Ti 14种元素含量的方法。研究了电感耦合等离子体光谱法的操作条件及各元素的检出限,精密度和线性范围,方法的相对标准偏差为0.24%～2.47%(n=10)。平均回收率为90.4%～100.5%。与健康对照组比较,氟中毒和氟砷联合中毒患者组尿中的K,Na的含量高于健康对照组;氟砷联合中毒患者尿液中的Ba,Co,Cu,Ni,Cr的含量比氟中毒组和对照组的要高,具有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。P,Ca,Mg,Zn,Al,Ti,Sr三组间比较无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。方法灵敏,简单,重现性好,数据可靠。     

Features and states of microscopic particles in nonlinear quantum-mechanics systems

In this paper, we present the elementary principles of nonlinear quantum mechanics (NLQM), which is based on some problems in quantum mechanics. We investigate in detail the motion laws and some main properties of microscopic particles in nonlinear quantum systems using these elementary principles. Concretely speaking, we study in this paper the wave-particle duality of the solution of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, the stability of microscopic particles described by NLQM, invariances and conservation laws of motion of particles, the Hamiltonian principle of particle motion and corresponding Lagrangian and Hamilton equations, the classical rule of microscopic particle motion, the mechanism and rules of particle collision, the features of reflection and the transmission of particles at interfaces, and the uncertainty relation of particle motion as well as the eigenvalue and eigenequations of particles, and so on. We obtained the invariance and conservation laws of mass, energy and momentum and angular momentum for the microscopic particles, which are also some elementary and universal laws of matter in the NLQM and give further the methods and ways of solving the above questions. We also find that the laws of motion of microscopic particles in such a case are completely different from that in the linear quantum mechanics (LQM). They have a lot of new properties; for example, the particles possess the real wave-corpuscle duality, obey the classical rule of motion and conservation laws of energy,momentum and mass, satisfy minimum uncertainty relation, can be localized due to the nonlinear interaction, and its position and momentum can also be determined, etc. From these studies, we see clearly that rules and features of microscopic particle motion in NLQM is different from that in LQM. Therefore, the NLQM is a new physical theory, and a necessary result of the development of quantum mechanics and has a correct representation of describing microscopic particles in nonlinear systems, which can solve problems disputed for about a century by scientists in the LQM field. Hence, the NLQM built is very necessary and correct. The NLQM established can promote the development of physics and can enhance and raise the knowledge and recognition levels to the essences of microscopic matter. We can predict that nonlinear quantum mechanics has extensive applications in physics, chemistry, biology and polymers, etc.     

Features and states of microscopic particles in nonlinear quantum-mechanics systems

In this paper, we present the elementary principles of nonlinear quantum mechanics (NLQM), which is based on some problems in quantum mechanics. We investigate in detail the motion laws and some main properties of microscopic particles in nonlinear quantum systems using these elementary principles. Concretely speaking, we study in this paper the wave-particle duality of the solution of the nonlinear Schr?dinger equation, the stability of microscopic particles described by NLQM, invariances and conservation laws of motion of particles, the Hamiltonian principle of particle motion and corresponding Lagrangian and Hamilton equations, the classical rule of microscopic particle motion, the mechanism and rules of particle collision, the features of reflection and the transmission of particles at interfaces, and the uncertainty relation of particle motion as well as the eigenvalue and eigenequations of particles, and so on. We obtained the invariance and conservation laws of mass, energy and momentum and angular momentum for the microscopic particles, which are also some elementary and universal laws of matter in the NLQM and give further the methods and ways of solving the above questions. We also find that the laws of motion of microscopic particles in such a case are completely different from that in the linear quantum mechanics (LQM). They have a lot of new properties; for example, the particles possess the real wave-corpuscle duality, obey the classical rule of motion and conservation laws of energy, momentum and mass, satisfy minimum uncertainty relation, can be localized due to the nonlinear interaction, and its position and momentum can also be determined, etc. From these studies, we see clearly that rules and features of microscopic particle motion in NLQM is different from that in LQM. Therefore, the NLQM is a new physical theory, and a necessary result of the development of quantum mechanics and has a correct representation of describing microscopic particles in nonlinear systems, which can solve problems disputed for about a century by scientists in the LQM field. Hence, the NLQM built is very necessary and correct. The NLQM established can promote the development of physics and can enhance and raise the knowledge and recognition levels to the essences of microscopic matter. We can predict that nonlinear quantum mechanics has extensive applications in physics, chemistry, biology and polymers, etc.      

Nanodiamonds in magnetic recording system technologies

Features of the codeposition process of Ni, Ni-Fe, Co-P, Co-Fe-P, Ni-P, Ni, and Cu matrices with ultradispersed diamond particles from a sulfate, chloride, acetate, glycine, citrate, and sulfamate baths were investigated in view of applications in magnetic recording systems. The cation and anion surfactants were used to study the liophobic colloid systems and the behavior of ultrafine particles, to prevent agglomeration and sedimentation, and to control particle incorporation into the metal matrix. The mechanical properties of composite films were described from the point of view of applications in high-tech devices. It was determined that wear resistance increased by 2–2.5 times, the microhardness increased by 2 times, and the coefficient of friction and corrosion current decreased by a factor 1.5 and 1.6, respectively. The application of nanodiamond particles in the technology of composite functional layers of hard disks, magnetic heads, micromotors, and micromechanical components makes it possible to considerably increase the reliability of storage information systems.     

拉曼光谱对高地钩叶藤纤维S2层主要成分的预测

棕榈藤(rattan)属于棕榈科(Palmae)省藤亚科藤类植物,是一种产于热带森林中,仅次于木材和竹材的、重要的非木材林产品,具有很高的经济价值和开发前景。全球棕榈藤总共有13个属660余种,其中我国自然分布有4属37种5变种,但有较高经济价值的不到30种。由于目前对棕榈藤的细胞结构,尤其是藤纤维的细胞壁结构知之甚少,严重限制了对棕榈藤材的研究和加工利用。因此,为构建棕榈藤材纤维细胞壁结构模型,以高地钩叶藤(Plectocomia himalayana Griff.)为研究对象,对其基部、 2 m处、中部和梢部四个部位分别截取试样、软化、聚乙二醇包埋、切片。切片在室温下经0.2 mol·L-1的硼氢化钠(NaBH4)溶液浸泡5~6 h后用蒸馏水洗净,利用LabRam XploRA显微共聚焦拉曼光谱仪,采用逐点扫描显微探针成像方法获取光谱数据集。将获得的光谱数据利用LabSpec5软件进行处理,从而得到藤茎不同部位藤皮、藤中、藤芯处纤维细胞次生壁中层(S2)主要成分,即纤维素、半纤维素、木质素相对含量,并就相对含量在径向、轴向变异进行了分析。结果表明,在径向上,高地钩叶藤藤皮处纤维细胞S2层纤维素与半纤维素相对含量最高,木质素相对含量最低;而藤芯处纤维细胞S2层纤维素与半纤维素相对含量最低,木质素相对含量最高;藤中处纤维素、半纤维素及木质素相对含量居中。在轴向上即不同藤龄处,藤皮纤维细胞S2层纤维素和半纤维素的相对含量在2 m处最大,木质素的相对含量在梢部最大;藤芯纤维细胞S2层纤维素、木质素、半纤维素的相对含量分别在中部、 2 m处、基部处最大。藤皮、藤芯与藤茎一样,纤维细胞S2层纤维素相对含量最小值在梢部,半纤维素和木质素相对含量均在中部最少。分析可知,棕榈藤藤茎不同部位,藤纤维细胞壁中层(S2)纤维素、半纤维素及木质素相对含量是不同的。     

粮油品质安全高光谱成像检测技术的研究进展

粮油品质安全至关人类营养健康与生命安全。常规检测粮油品质安全方法,由于操作困难、破坏性强、费用高、试剂污染等缺点,不能满足快速无损,高效无污染的要求,难以与工业4.0接轨。整合光谱和图像手段的高光谱成像技术,伴随着化学计量学的发展,突破了常规检测方法局限性,是粮油品质安全检测技术的发展趋势。在大量文献的基础上,综述了高光谱成像技术原理,以及在品质方面(组分测定、发芽检测、品种分类)和安全方面(真菌检测、虫害检测)的研究进展,特别分析了高光谱成像技术检测粮油品质安全的应用光谱范围、化学计量学方法、仪器设备和模型准确性,指出了现阶段在粮油品质安全检测中存在的主要问题,并对今后的研究方向和重点进行了展望,以期推动高光谱成像技术在粮油领域的应用发展。     

Determination of mineral element concentrations in wheat,sunflower, chickpea and lentil cultivars in response to P fertilization by polarized energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence

Concentrations of elements (P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Si, Cl, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo, Na, Al, Ti, Ni, Ba, As, Br, Rb and Sr) of wheat, sunflower, chickpea and lentil cultivars grown in low and high phosphorus soil were investigated by polarized energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (PEDXRF). The phosphorus treatment x cultivars interaction was significant for the growth and element concentrations, and cultivars within plant species differed considerably with respect to element concentrations as the result of P fertilization. Shoot growth of the cultivars of each plant species was increased in response to phosphorus fertilization. Application of P increased the P concentrations of wheat, sunflower, chickpea and lentil cultivars. Under high P conditions, mean K concentrations of wheat and sunflower cultivars were decreased while the mean K concentrations of chickpea and lentil were increased. With the exception of sunflower cultivars, applied P significantly increased S concentration of the cultivars of wheat, chickpea and lentil. Calcium concentrations of wheat and sunflower cultivars were reduced by P fertilization and that of chickpea and lentil were increased. Applied P decreased mean Mg concentrations in sunflower, increased in chickpea and lentil cultivars and showed no effects on the wheat cultivars. Applied P significantly decreased mean Si concentrations of wheat and sunflower while mean Si concentrations of the chickpea and lentil cultivars were increased. Chloride concentrations of the wheat and sunflower cultivars were decreased and those of the chickpea and lentil cultivars were increased by applied P. In general, Fe concentrations of the wheat and chickpea cultivars were significantly increased by applied P. Zinc and Cu concentrations of all the cultivars of the four plant species were reduced by P, particularly Zn concentrations. However, applied P increased mean Mn concentrations of wheat and chickpea and decreased those of chickpea cultivars. Mean Mo concentrations of wheat and chickpea increased but decreased in sunflower and lentil cultivars. In general, applied P increased mean Na concentration of wheat and decreased that of chickpea and lentil. Aluminum concentrations of wheat and chickpea cultivars were decreased by applied P. Applied P decreased Ti concentrations of wheat and sunflower cultivars and increased Ti concentrations of chickpea and lentil. Nickel concentrations of wheat and chickpea were increased and those of sunflower and lentil were decreased by applied P. Applied P reduced the Ba and increased As and Rb concentrations of all the cultivars within the plant species. Bromine concentrations of wheat and lentil were decreased and those of sunflower and chickpea were increased by applied P. Finally, Sr concentrations in wheat and sunflower cultivars were reduced, and increased in chickpea cultivars with applied P. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Principles of demineralization: modern strategies for the isolation of organic frameworks. Part II. Decalcification

This is the second paper on principles of demineralization. The initial paper is dedicated to the common definitions and the history of demineralization. In present work we review the principles and mechanisms of decalcification, i.e., removing the mineral Ca-containing compounds (phosphates and carbonates) from the organic matrix in its two main aspects: natural and artificial. Natural chemical erosion of biominerals (cavitation of biogenic calcareous substrata by bacteria, fungi, algae, foraminifera, sponges, polychaetes, and mollusks) is driven by production of mineral and organic acids, acidic polysaccharides, and enzymes (cabonic anhydrase, alkaline and phosphoprotein phosphataes, and H(+)-ATPase). Examples of artifical decalcification includes demineralization of bone, dentin and enamel, and skeletal formations of corals and crustacean. The mechanism and kinetics of Ca-containing biomineral dissolution is analyzed within the framework of (i) diffusion-reaction theory; (ii) surface-reaction controlled, morphology-based theories, and (iii) phenomenological surface coordination models. The application of surface complexation model for describing and predicting the effect of organic ligands on calcium and magnesium dissolution kinetics is also described. Use of the electron microscopy-based methods for observation and visualization of the decalcification phenomenon is discussed.     

The origin of blue photoluminescence from nc-Si/SiO2 multilayers

Intensive blue photoluminescence （PL） was observed at room temperature from the nanocrystalline-Si/SiO2 （nc-Si/SiO2） multilayers （MLs） obtained by thermal annealing of SiO/SiO2 MLs for the first time. By controlling the size of nc-Si formed in SiO sublayer from 3.5 to 1.5 nm, the PL peak blueshifts from 457 to 411 nm. Combining the analysis of TEM, Raman and absorption measurement, this paper attributes the blue PL to multiple luminescent centres at the interface of nc-Si and SiO2.     

稀土纳米金对银染效果的影响及其UV-Vis吸收光谱

制备了La,Ce,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd,Dy微粒和纳米金,分别用La,Ce,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd,Dy微粒替代部分的纳米金,研究了La-Au,Ce-Au,Nd-Au,Sm-Au,Eu-Au,Gd-Au,Dy-Au微粒分别对银染效果的影响及其紫外可见(UV-Vis)吸收光谱。与纳米金相比,La-Au,Ce-Au,Nd-Au,Sm-Au,Eu-Au,Gd-Au,Dy-Au微粒可延长银染后的斑点持续的时间,其中Nd-Au微粒的效果最好,斑点持续的时间为30 min,是纳米金的2.7倍;可大幅度加深斑点的颜色,其中Nd-Au,Sm-Au微粒的效果最好,用Nd微粒替代部分的纳米金,纳米金用量降低了80%,但还能提高银染法的灵敏度。在200～800 nm范围,La,Ce,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd,Dy微粒和纳米金溶液的UV-Vis吸收光谱只有一个吸收峰,λ_max分别为275,277,276,276,278,277,278和521 nm;La-Au,Ce-Au,Nd-Au,Sm-Au,Eu-Au,Gd-Au,Dy-Au微粒混合液的UV-Vis吸收光谱有两个吸收峰,λ_max(RE)和λ_max(Au)分别为276和522 nm,276和522 nm,276和523 nm,276和523 nm,276和522 nm,276和522 nm,276和523 nm,纳米金和La微粒的吸收峰的波长发生了红移,Ce,Eu,Gd,Dy微粒的吸收峰的波长发生了蓝移,Nd,Sm微粒的吸收峰的波长不变,纳米金与稀土微粒可能有相互作用。     

Electroluminescence of Thin Films of Organic Compounds (Review)

This paper is a brief review of investigations on the electroluminescence of organic compounds. It considers the background of the problem, the organic electroactive materials, the structures based on them and the technology of their preparation, the main physical characteristics of electroluminescence (spectra, polarization, volt-luminance and volt-ampere characteristics, kinetics, temperature dependence, quenching, efficiency and operation time, and ways of increasing them). A brief analysis of the investigations on injection of charge carriers, their transport, and the formation of excited states of molecules as well as applications and prospects of development of organic electroactive materials and structures is carried out.     

XRF与ICP-MS法在福建省安溪县和华安县的铁观音茶中元素含量测定的应用研究

安溪是铁观音茶的源产地,茶叶总产值每年数亿元,但不同品质的铁观音茶价格参差不齐,市场上存在以次充好的现象。福建省安溪县和华安县为铁观音主要的茶产地,两县市的茶叶产量市场占有率较高,地理位置毗邻,但茶叶品质和风味各有不同,造成茶叶市场的困扰。铁观音中微量元素种类和含量的检测,对产地的溯源具有重要的意义。采用X射线荧光光谱无标样半定量分析法（XRF）和微波消解/电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）对福建省主要茶产区安溪县（感德、西坪、祥华）和华安县（良村、华丰、仙都）的30份铁观音进行元素含量对比分析。XRF法检测出两县茶样中存在的元素种类有K,Ca,S,P,Mg,Al,Si,Cl,Fe,Mn,Rb,Zn,Na和Sr,但含量上存在一定的差异。根据XRF法检测结果进行快速、准确稀释茶样用于ICP-MS法对比测定金属元素,优化样品前处理方法以满足痕量检测要求。对比发现当测定Ca,Mg,Al,Fe,Mn和Zn金属元素时,相关性系数R2在0.824 8~0.892 8,趋势线斜率在0.806 0~0.944 9,XRF法和ICP-MS法的可比性较好,说明检测这六种元素采用这两种方法皆适合。同1份安溪铁观音茶样采用XRF法的相对标准偏差皆＜6.0%,ICP-MS法的相对标准偏差皆＜3.0%。相对于ICP-MS法,XRF法前处理更简单,耗时少,因此需低成本、快速、简便检测茶样中的Ca,Mg,Al,Fe,Mn和Zn元素含量时,可选择XRF检测法。采用ICP-MS检测出的K,Ca,Mg,Al,Fe,Mn,Rb,Zn,Na和Sr金属元素进行逐步判别分析,通过建立Fisher判别模型对安溪县和华安县铁观音茶样实现有效区分,模型建立的判别函数的产地检验判别率为96.7%,交叉检验判别率为96.7%,对测试样品的识别正确率为100%。ICP-MS法检测金属元素结合逐步判别-Fisher判别分析,对安溪县和华安县铁观音茶样产地溯源具有较强的可行性。     

基于多光谱漫反射的牛肉品质参数检测方法研究

为了满足生鲜肉品质参数无损检测领域,对轻便式、低成本设备的开发需求,提出一种基于多光谱漫反射技术的生鲜肉品质检测方法。首先根据漫反射近似理论,结合牛肉样品散射系数、吸收系数及折射率等参数,在无线细垂直光束的蒙特卡洛仿真的基础上,对具有一定发散角度LED光源进行了初始化的校正,分别从光源照射位置概率分布、不同角度的照射概率分布、仰角、方向角的概率分布、不同角度光线入射样品时反射引起能量损失及对光子权重的影响,得到在LED光源发散角情况下,不同源探距下的漫反射率与检测深度,确定了光源与检测器之间的最佳距离为15 mm,然后根据此距离,搭建了多光谱漫反射检测平台,检测平台由8组中心波长为470,535,575,610,650,720,780和960 nm的LED光源组成,与所要检测的生鲜牛肉品质参数相对应。同时利用LED光源的发散角,确定了光源到样品表面的垂直距离与每个光源的安装位置,保证光源照射到样品的区域是均匀的。样品的漫射光强经由信号采集与放大电路的处理后传至上位机,并在上位机完成建模与分析。最后为验证该检测系统的性能,以生鲜牛肉新鲜度参数中的颜色(L*,a*,b*)与pH值为指标,利用60个样品进行了试验,分别得到8个光源下的原始光强值与校正后的反射率值,然后将牛肉样品按照3∶1比例分为校正集与预测集,针对原始光强值与反射率值,分别利用多元线性回归(multiple linear regression, MLR),偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression, PLSR)与偏最小二乘支持向量机回归(partial least-squares support vector machine, LS-SVM)三种方法,建立各个参数在原始光强与反射率数据两种情况下的预测模型,并得到最佳模型结果。结果表明,利用反射率数据建模结果均好于光强数据结果,其中参数L*,a*,b*的MLR建模结果优于PLSR与LS-SVR,其预测集相关系数分别为0.983 2,0.907 2及0.935 9,预测集误差分别为1.00,2.14及0.67。参数pH值的LS-SVR建模结果优于PLSR与MLR,其预测集相关系数为0.942 0,误差为0.19。最后利用未参与试验的20块牛肉样品对模型进行了验证,颜色L*,a*,b*及pH参数的预测值与实测值的相关系数均大于0.85,结果证明,利用多光谱漫反射技术以及所搭建的多光谱漫反射检测系统对生鲜牛肉品质参数检测是可行的,该方法能够为设计便携式或微型化生鲜牛肉品质的无损检测仪器提供参考与依据。     

用于环境监测的生物传感技术

论文评述了用于水、大气及其他环境监测的生物传感技术,展望了生物传感技术和传感器的前景。具体评述了水环境中BOD(生化需氧量)、酚、NO_3~-、有机磷盐的检测和赤潮的监测;大气环境中CO_2,SO_2和NO_x检测;残留有毒有害物、持久性有机污染物的检测,污染物毒性评价,细菌总数的测定等方面。     

天然杂质对黄铁矿的电子结构及催化活性的影响

采用密度泛函理论和平面波赝势方法对含天然杂质黄铁矿的电子结构和光学性质进行了计算,并讨论了二十种天然杂质:钴、镍、砷、硒、碲、铜、金、银、钼、锌、铊、锡、钌、钯、铂、汞、镉、铋、铅和锑,对黄铁矿催化活性的影响.结果表明在过渡金属杂质中,杂质能级主要由它们的d轨道产生,而在主族金属及非金属杂质中,杂质能级主要由它们的s或p轨道产生.含铜、钼、砷、金、银或镍的黄铁矿对氧的还原的电催化能力增强.除锌、钼、钌、砷、锑、硒和碲外,其余杂质能增强黄铁矿表面俘获电子的能力,使光生电子和空穴复合的概率减小.光学性质计算表 关键词： 天然黄铁矿 杂质 电子结构 光学性质