高双折射80PbO·20Ga_2O_3中心填充光子晶体光纤特性（英文）

提出一种高折射率材料80PbO·20Ga2O3(PG玻璃)中心填充椭圆芯光子晶体光纤.基于有限元法对光子晶体光纤的双折射特性和模场面积进行数值模拟,并研究了椭圆芯尺寸、椭圆率和孔间距等光纤几何参量对双折射特性的影响.数值研究表明:在1 550nm波长处,双折射高达1.256×10-1,x偏振和y偏振模场面积分别为0.43μm2和0.68μm2;在910nm~1931nm的宽波段范围内,双折射始终保持10-1量级.该光纤可以作为保偏光纤应用于偏振控制、相干通信和光纤传感系统.     

基于椭圆孔微结构纤芯的高双折射光子晶体光纤

提出了一种在纤芯引入微小椭圆孔实现高双折射光子晶体光纤的方法.采用全矢量有限元方法和完美匹配层条件，依次研究了光子晶体光纤在纤芯中引入单个、双个、三个微小椭圆孔情况下的双折射特性.模拟结果表明，纤芯微小椭圆孔主导了光子晶体光纤的双折射特性，其参量及个数对双折射有着重要的影响，增大椭圆面积、椭圆率可以进一步提高光子晶体光纤的双折射.最后设计和研究了一种采用三环阵列椭圆孔微结构纤芯的光子晶体光纤，其双折射可以达到2.7×10－3.     

新型高双折射光子晶体光纤特性分析

将单模光子晶体光纤的空气孔设计成椭圆形增加其结构的不对称性,可以破坏模式中两偏振态的简并,达到实现双折射特性的目的.据此,提出了一种新型的高双折射光子晶体光纤.该模型通过在纤芯引入两个小空气孔以及将包层的第一环和中间一行变为椭圆空气孔来造成光纤模式的不对称性,获得了高双折射特性.之后对该结构的色散特性及模场面积等特性进行了数值模拟,并且讨论了外包层空气孔的几何参数改变对于该模型色散特性的影响.采用全矢量平面波展开法,并且以完美匹配层作为边界条件对该结构光子晶体光纤的上述特性进行分析.结果表明,该结构光子晶体光纤可以在较宽的波长范围内产生10-3量级的模式双折射,并且从1 100～1 800nm范围内具有平坦色散特性,同时具有小模场面积特性.为基于超平坦色散、高双折射和高非线性光子晶体光纤的光纤器件的制作和应用提供理论基础.     

八边形结构的双折射光子晶体光纤

提出一种新型的双折射光子晶体光纤,在正八边形的基础上改变纤芯附近的几个空气孔的直径产生双折射.利用多极法对该光纤基模的模场分布、色散、限制损耗及双折射特性进行数值分析,并且分析了一些参数对双折射的影响.计算了具有相同参数的六边形结构光子晶体光纤的色散系数、限制损耗及双折射率.研究表明,具有相同参数的八边形结构光子晶体光纤比六边形结构光子晶体光纤的双折射率明显提高,限制损耗大幅度减小,零色散波长也向短波方向移动. 关键词： 光子晶体光纤 双折射 色散 限制损耗     

椭圆芯非六角对称高双折射聚合物PCFs

采用全矢量平面波展开法,以聚合物PMMA为基材,研究了椭圆芯非六角对称聚合物光子晶体光纤（Photonic Crystal Fibers,PCFs）的传输模场和偏振特性,从理论上分析了其模式双折射和光纤结构参量的关系.研究结果表明,该PCFs基模的两个正交偏振态不再简并,模场呈现明显的椭圆并具有较强的线偏振特性；另外,该光纤的模式双折射强烈地依赖于光纤的结构参量,通过适当调节光纤的相对孔间距比,有望在给定波长范围内实现更高双折射单模运行.     

基于椭圆孔包层和微型双孔纤芯的新型高双折射光子晶体光纤

设计了一种新型高双折射光子晶体光纤,即其包层引入椭圆形空气孔,且以三角晶格方式周期排列,纤芯引入亚波长尺寸(~0.16 μm)的微型双孔结构阵列.采用全矢量有限元法和各向异性完美匹配层边界条件分析了该型光子晶体光纤的双折射特性和色散特性,详细介绍了该光子晶体光纤在不同的椭圆率、椭圆归一化面积、微型双孔孔径、两小孔之间间距的情况下双折射和限制损耗随波长的变化曲线.模拟结果表明,通过同时在包层和纤芯引入非对称性,获得了较高的双折射(~10^-3量级)和极低(~10^-4 dB/km)的限制损耗.提供了一种新的光子晶体光纤设计方法,即通过同时在包层和纤芯引入新结构来同时获得高双折射和低损耗.     

矩形孔光子晶体光纤

采用全矢量有限元方法和完美匹配层条件,研究了一种在光纤包层中引入矩形孔的光子晶体光纤,提出一种实现高双折射光子晶体光纤的方法.模拟结果表明矩形孔光子晶体光纤具有椭圆孔光子晶体光纤类似的高双折射特性,其双折射高达0.01的量级,两种光子晶体光纤的模场、双折射、约束损耗等特性基本类似.     

矩形孔光子晶体光纤

采用全矢量有限元方法和完美匹配层条件,研究了一种在光纤包层中引入矩形孔的光子晶体光纤,提出一种实现高双折射光子晶体光纤的方法.模拟结果表明矩形孔光子晶体光纤具有椭圆孔光子晶体光纤类似的高双折射特性,其双折射高达0.01的量级,两种光子晶体光纤的模场、双折射、约束损耗等特性基本类似.     

非对称性对光子晶体光纤偏振相关滤波特性的影响

基于表面等离子共振效应,提出了三种不同非对称因素引入的金镀膜偏振相关滤波光子晶体光纤,利用全矢量有限元法研究了光子晶体光纤偏振相关滤波传输特性.当非对称纤芯模单独作用时,波长1.55μm处x与y偏振方向纤芯模损耗分别为5.58dB/cm和461.58dB/cm,两偏振方向损耗比为83;当非对称金属表面等离子模单独作用,且镀膜厚度为55nm时,其谐振波长1.31μm处x与y偏振方向纤芯模损耗分别为2.02dB/cm和412.91dB/cm,两偏振方向损耗比高达204,镀膜厚度19.5nm时其谐振波长1.55μm处x与y偏振方向纤芯模损耗分别为5.29dB/cm和536.25dB/cm,两偏振方向损耗比为101;当纤芯模和表面等离子模同时引入非对称因素时,通信波长1.55μm处y偏振纤芯模谐振强度高达802.08dB/cm,而x偏振纤芯模损耗仅为5.57dB/cm,两偏振方向损耗比为144.数值比较可知,在金属表面等离子模中或两种模式同时引入非对称因素,可获得两偏振方向偏振损耗比更高的强偏振相关滤波传输特性的光子晶体光纤,该研究对光子晶体光纤偏振相关滤波器及相关偏振器件的设计与应用具有一定参考意义.     

椭圆高双折射光子晶体光纤的双折射及损耗研究

提出了一种椭圆型高双折射光子晶体光纤,并采用多极法分析各结构参量对模式基模模场、双折射、损耗特性的影响.结果表明:改变椭圆型空气孔的椭圆率和包层椭圆率的大小,在波长1 550nm处,该光纤可获得2.26×10-3的双折射,限制损耗为2.8×10-3dB/km,且此时x偏振方向和y偏振方向相差数十倍,有利于光信号偏振传输,可用于制造偏振单模传输的保偏光纤;在1 300~1 500nm的波长范围内,该光纤有稳定的大小为10-6的低损耗.     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.