近红外光谱分析技术在蔬菜品质无损检测中的应用研究进展

蔬菜的无损检测技术包括利用其电学特性、光学特性、声波振动特性以及核磁共振技术、机器视觉技术、电子鼻技术和撞击技术等,其中应用最广泛、最成功的检测方法是光学方法。近红外光谱分析技术因分析速度快、效率高、成本低、重现性好,无需样品备制,无污染等特点,已成为一种快速、无损的现代分析技术,在很多领域得到广泛应用。文章介绍了国内外运用近红外光谱分析技术进行蔬菜品质无损检测的研究情况,分析了该技术应用于蔬菜品质检测时尚存在的问题和今后的研究方向。提出因蔬菜多样性和易腐变性等特点,需要加快研制近红外自动分析设备,以提高蔬菜品质检测的速度。指出结合核磁共振技术、图像技术等进行蔬菜品质的无损检测是未来发展的趋势。     

NIRS技术及其在口岸现场检测中的应用

近红外光谱（NIRS）分析技术是近年来发展十分迅速的一种快速、无损的新型检测技术,在农业与食品等研究领域获得越来越广泛的应用。分析了近红外光谱分析技术的原理和组成,介绍了近红外光谱分析技术的优越性,着重论述了该技术在食品、石化、有害气体等方面的现场检测应用。     

近红外光谱分析技术在农产品/食品品质在线无损检测中的应用研究进展

农产品/食品品质问题一直受到人们的广泛关注,而由品质问题引起的农产品/食品安全事故越来越多,所以急需对农产品/食品品质进行快速无损检测。目前常用的快速检测方法有化学比色分析法、近红外光谱法、免疫学分析法、生物传感器技术、生物芯片检测法以及生物学发光检测法等。近红外光谱分析技术因具有分析时间短、无需样品预处理、非破坏性、无污染以及成本低等特点, 已成为一种快速的现代分析技术, 广泛应用于农产品/食品领域的品质检测。国内外许多学者对其进行了深入的研究,并且从实验室的静态研究向在线检测研究方向发展。文章概述了近红外光谱分析技术在水果、鱼类、畜肉类、牛奶、谷物以及奶酪酒精发酵上的在线品质检测/监控应用上的研究进展,指出了近红外光谱分析技术尚存在的问题,并对今后的近红外光谱分析技术作了展望。提出近红外光谱分析技术将会与网络技术相结合,实现近红外分析模型的在线更新与升级, 指出光谱成像技术将成为21世纪近红外光谱分析技术的发展趋势。     

文物研究与保护中的无损分析技术

文物信息的提取与研究对于揭示古代遗物内涵的人类社会、文化等历史信息有着举足轻重的作用。一方面可以了解古代的工艺技术特征,探寻文物制作技术起源及其发展历程;另一方面可以进行病害调查分析,为保护文物提供有效信息。由于文物不可再生的珍贵性,探索和应用现代无损分析技术进行文物研究和保护尤为重要。该文细致梳理了目前主要在文物研究与保护中的无损分析方法及其应用现状：用于文物内部和表面影像分析的X光照相技术、红外成像技术、CT技术、多光谱成像技术和三维激光扫描技术;用于文物表面微观形貌观察和显微结构分析的光学显微镜和电子显微镜;用于文物化学组成分析的X射线荧光光谱和激光剥蚀等离子体质谱分析技术;用于文物物质结构分析的微区XRD、反射式红外光谱和显微激光拉曼光谱分析技术。同时,对这些无损分析技术的优势和局限性进行了初步分析,预期随着科技研究水平的不断提高,这些无损分析技术未来将向着小型化、自动化和便携化的方向发展,在文物研究和保护中有着十分广阔的应用前景。     

光谱分析技术在作物生长信息检测中的应用研究进展

获取作物的相关生长信息可以预测作物的生长和健康状态,是实现作物生产管理智能化的基础。植物的生长信息获取技术主要包括利用其电学特性、光学特性和机器视觉技术等,随着光谱技术的发展,近红外光谱技术、多光谱技术和高光谱技术在作物生长信息的获取应用上开始大量应用,并显示了其分析速度快、效率高、成本低、无需制备样品等优点,已成为一种快速、无损的现代分析技术。文章介绍了国内外运用光谱分析技术在作物生长信息获取上的研究情况,并分析了该技术应用于作物生长信息获取时尚存在的问题和今后的研究方向,提出了进行作物生长实时、智能化管理的必要性,需要加快研制相关的光谱自动分析设备,提高作物生长信息获取的速度,最后指出了结合机器视觉技术、红外成像技术、光谱分析技术等多种技术进行作物生长多种信息获取是未来发展的趋势。     

近红外光谱技术在中草药分析中的应用

中草药分析与鉴定对中草药质量控制意义重大,传统分析方法由于过程复杂、需要丰富的经验等不利因素,无法满足快速分析和在线分析的要求。近红外光谱技术具有预处理简单、分析速度快、适用于固体漫反射技术和光纤技术等特点,已经在中草药有效组分的快速测定、在线质量控制、药材真伪鉴别、产地及质量鉴定等方面得到广泛应用。文章介绍了近红外光谱技术的基本原理和分析方法,综述了近红外光谱技术在中草药定量及定性分析方面的具体应用。     

核物理与核探测、核分析技术的应用

文章概要介绍了随着核物理研究发展起来的辐射和粒子探测的原理、方法和主要技术,举例介绍了相关核物理与核探测、核分析的典型技术及其在高精度测量和医学中的广泛应用,如活化分析技术、穆斯堡尔谱学、核磁共振技术、加速器质谱技术、核医学成像、同步辐射技术、中子散射分析、放射性示踪技术等等.     

拉曼光谱在植物科学研究领域中的应用

拉曼光谱技术具有快速、灵敏、非破坏性等显著特点, 在植物科学研究领域得到广泛的应用。本文分析了拉曼光谱技术在植物科学研究领域应用的技术优势, 并重点总结和分析了该技术在植物生理生态学、植物遗传发育、植物化学分类学、植物天然产物分析以及植物产品的质量控制中的应用研究进展及前景。     

拉曼光谱技术在核燃料分析中的应用研究进展

对辐照前后核燃料的物理化学性质进行分析表征是实现核动力反应堆内燃料性能可靠预测的基础之一。拉曼光谱技术可以通过分析分子振动、转动方面的信息获知物质的分子形态及物相结构变化,因其具有微量、无损、原位、高效等优点的定性定量分析能力,被广泛应用于核燃料的表征中。本文简要概述了拉曼光谱技术的基本原理,从腐蚀分析、辐照损伤分析、温度监测及高放射性样品封装等4个方面介绍了近十几年来拉曼光谱技术在核燃料分析领域的应用现状及研究进展,指出了该技术目前存在的一些局限性,并针对核燃料分析,从联用技术、数据库建立等方面对未来拉曼光谱技术的研究与应用方向进行了展望。     

近红外技术在物理特性领域的应用

介绍了近红外光谱分析技术的原理及特点,综述了近红外分析技术在制药、纺织、石化、农业、烟草、木材等行业物理特性领域的应用,认为该技术的应用将会越来越宽广,并对该技术在物理特性领域的应用进行了展望.     

北魏墓彩绘陶俑颜料的显微拉曼光谱分析

利用拉曼光谱对洛阳地区两座北魏墓出土陶俑的彩绘颜料进行了分析, 与标准颜料样品的拉曼光谱相比较, 识别出了陶俑所使用的红色、黑色、白色和蓝色颜料的显色成分。研究结果表明, 显微拉曼光谱分析技术非常适合对古墓葬彩绘陶俑进行成分分析。     

An example of the complementarity of laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy and Raman microscopy for wall painting pigments analysis

Laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and Raman microscopy were used for the identification of pigments in wall painting. Raman spectroscopy, which provides the molecular ‘fingerprint’ of the compound, is nowadays widely used by the archaeometry community, especially for pigment analysis. LIBS, which provides the elementary composition of samples, is a rapid noncontact method, enabling layer‐by‐layer analysis through a precise laser ablation of the sample. This work deals with the behavior of pigments after a LIBS analysis, by trying to identify the compounds before and after the laser shot. Six commercial pigments prepared with the fresco technique were investigated: ultramarine blue, red lead, charcoal, a yellow and a red ochre, and a green earth. Raman spectra, acquired on the sample surface and in the crater induced by LIBS analysis, were compared. The results show that these pigments are well recognized after a LIBS measurement. The analysis of green earth illustrates that the combination of these two techniques gives complete information from a sample. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

元代铜镜腐蚀情形的拉曼光谱研究

应用显微拉曼光谱和电子探针技术 ,对云南禄丰出土的元代铜镜腐蚀情形进行研究 ,确定了铜镜本体及其表面腐蚀产物的成分 ,并初步分析了元代青铜镜采用的防腐技术。拉曼实验结果表明 ,铜镜表面腐蚀产物的主要成分有CuCO3 ·Cu(OH) 2 和Cu2 O。实验还发现铜镜表面有一层铁铝合金 ,具有较好的防腐作用。对金属文物的研究 ,拉曼光谱被证明是一种很有效的方法     

Raman Microspectroscopic Analysis of Polychrome Wooden Artifact from the Astana Tomb of the Tang Dynasty,Xinjiang, ChinaEI北大核心CSCD

The Turpan District is characterized by a typical dry climate, so that many organic relics have been well preserved. A piece of wooden artifact with 9 colors was unearthed from Astana graveyard which is rich in cultural connotations. In the present paper, Raman microscopy was employed for in-situ, nondestructive analysis of pigments that remained on this artifact, and many mineral pigments (gypsum, red lead, carbon black, haematite, atacamite) and vegetable dyes (gamboges and indigo) were identified. It is noteworthy that this is the earliest example that gamboges were used as yellow dye in China at present. The results show that the Gaochang people had mastered skills proficiently, including the preparation, deployment and usage of pigment. The investigation of pigments could provide a basis for the restoration and conservation of relics, and more evidence for pigments trade business and cultural exchanges.     

中国古代艺术品常用矿物颜料的拉曼光谱

拉曼光谱技术在艺术品文物和考古学领域的应用正变得日益重要, 其中对艺术品文物中所使用的颜料的分析是这方面应用的一个重要研究课题, 本文讨论了有关的实验技术, 测量了一些在中国古代艺术品中经常使用的红色、黄色和白色颜料的拉曼光谱, 介绍了相关的背景知识, 并对这些光谱进行了解析, 这些基础数据对于进一步开展对古代壁画、彩塑、雕刻、陶瓷等的拉曼光谱分析有着重要的基础参考价值。     

Discrimination of carotenoid and flavonoid content in petals of pansy cultivars (Viola x wittrockiana) by FT‐Raman spectroscopy

Fourier Transform Raman spectroscopy (FT‐Raman) has been applied for the non‐destructive in‐situ analysis of pigments on differently colored flower petals of pansy cultivars (Viola x wittrockiana). The main target of the present study was to investigate how far the Raman mapping technique through FT‐Raman spectroscopy and cluster analysis of the Raman spectra is a potential method for the direct, in‐situ discrimination of flavonoids (flavonols against anthocyanins) and of carotenoids occurring in flowers, using intact and differently colored flower petal of Viola x wittrockiana for this case study. In order to get more information about the reliability of the direct in‐situ flavonoid detection by the Raman method, pigments extracts of the petals were separated by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) and investigated by Raman spectroscopy. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) of the Raman spectra from reference pigments (carotenoids, anthocyanins and flavonols), from areas of the flower petals, and from the TLC extracts allowed discriminating the various pigments, in particular flavonoids (flavonols against anthocyanins) and carotenoids. With a two‐dimensional Raman mapping technique, which provides a chemical image of the sample under investigation, we determined by cluster analysis the distribution of carotenoids, anthocyanins and flavonols from the outer layer of the petals, and by integrating through suitable spectral regions selected as characteristic markers for particular pigments their relative concentration could approximately be determined. We found a satisfactory correlation between the patterns seen on the visible images and the patterns on the chemical images obtained by Raman mapping. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Raman spectroscopy of the components of 18th-century icon painting

The method of Raman spectroscopy is employed in the analysis of lead-containing pigments in ancient Russian painting, transformed pigments, chalk, and drying oil. The Raman spectra of white lead and the mixture of yellow lead oxide, red lead, and lead dioxide are measured, and the test Raman measurements of various fragments of the paint layer of the 18th-century Russian icon Evangelist Mark from the Kirillo-Belozerski State Historical Architectural Art Museum-Reserve are performed. The destructive action of laser radiation on various pigments is evaluated when measuring their Raman spectra.     

西藏拉萨大昭寺转经廊壁画颜料的拉曼光谱分析

利用显微激光拉曼光谱仪对大昭寺转经廊壁画颜料进行了分析。结果表明,壁画使用的红、黄、蓝、绿和白色颜料有朱砂、铅丹、甲苯胺红、雌黄、铅铬黄、铁黄、石青、群青、石绿、水胆矾、巴黎绿、菱镁矿、立德粉和方解石。首次发现壁画中使用了合成有机颜料甲苯胺红。检测分析结果提供了准确可靠的资料,有助于清晰认识不同时期壁画绘制和修复所使用颜料成分。     

Raman spectroscopy of synthetic organic pigments used in 20th century works of art

Raman microscopy allows a non‐destructive characterisation of inorganic and organic painting materials such as pigments and organic dyestuffs. The objectives of this study are the more recent organic pigments typically present in paintings and other art works from the 20th century. More than 20 organic synthetic pigments from different chemical classes could be identified by Raman spectroscopy using different excitation wavelengths (457.9, 476.5, 487.9, 514.5, 632.8, and 1064 nm). To evaluate the performance for real paint samples, varying paint mixtures of the Hansa Yellow pigment PY 3 and the binding medium Mowilith, a polyvinyl acetate (PVAC) compound, were characterised; PY 3 was determined at a 1 wt% level in the binder. In addition, commercial tube paints containing the quinacridone violet PV 19 were studied. The pigment was clearly identified in all of these more complex oil and acrylic paints. Finally, alizarin (PR 83) and a green copper phthalocyanine pigment (PG 7) could unambiguously be identified by Raman microscopy in the painting ‘Woman with mandolin in yellow and red’ of Max Beckmann dating 1950. The discovery of a red naphthol AS pigment by Raman spectroscopy in a sample from the ‘Three field workers’ by Georg Baselitz (1964/1965) demonstrated that in some cases complementary chromatographic methods are needed for a comprehensive identification of the organic pigments. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A study on red lead degradation in a medieval manuscript Lorvão Apocalypse (1189)

The mechanisms of red lead degradation were studied in a medieval Portuguese codex, Lorvão Apocalypse (1189), by Raman microscopy (µ‐Raman) and micro‐X‐ray diffraction (µ‐XRD). The range of pigments found for the illuminations is mainly limited to vermilion, orpiment and red lead. Micro‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (µ‐FTIR) determined that the pigments were applied in a proteinaceous binding medium. In the red and orange colours, arsenic (As) was determined, by micro‐energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (µ‐EDXRF), to be ranging 1–4% (wt %). For those colours, lead white and calcium carbonate were found as fillers whereas orpiment was applied as a pure pigment. Raman microscopy identified, unequivocally, the degradation product of red lead as galena [lead (II) sulphide, PbS]. To determine the main factors affecting red lead degradation, a set of accelerating ageing experiments was designed to assess the influence of extenders and of the two other pigments, vermilion and orpiment. The experiments were followed by µ‐Raman, µ‐EDXRF and XRD. Raman microscopy results for the simulation of degradation of red lead, in the presence of orpiment, are in agreement to what was found in the Lorvão Apocalypse, galena being the main degradation product; also in common is a Raman band at ca. 810 cm⁻¹, which was attributed to a lead arsenate compound. It was concluded that in Lorvão Apocalypse, the degradation of red lead was a result of its reaction with orpiment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.