NiAl中空位迁移机制的计算机模拟

运用分子动力学方法采用F-S多体势函数从原子尺度上模拟了NiAl金属间化合物中单空位的迁移运动行为，认为空位随成分的变化而采取不同的迁移方式：成分在理想化合比附近空位迁移主要以六步循环方式进行，其中V_Al主要以直型［100］六步循环方式迁移，V_Ni以［110］型六步循环方式占优势；当成分偏离时在富Ni一侧空位迁移则以ASB方式占很大的优势.计算所得NiAl金属间化合物中单空位迁移激活能与实验值相符，从微观上合理地解释了NiAl金属间化合物淬火实验中较高淬火温度对 关键词：     

烧结过程中Ni-Al金属间化合物形成的内耗

Ni-Al金属间化合物是一类重要的高温结构材料,在多种领域具有明确的目标需求.粉末冶金技术是制备Ni-Al金属间化合物的一种重要选择.探索烧结过程中Ni-Al金属间化合物形成和转变过程,明确固相扩散反应发生温度和金属间化合物种类对调控烧结工艺和优化产品质量至关重要.本文采用内耗技术系统研究了Ni-Al粉末混合物压坯烧结过程的内耗行为.在内耗-温度谱上观察到一个显著内耗峰,随测量频率的增大而降低,但峰温无明显频率依赖性.同时,内耗峰随升温速率的增大向高温方向移动且峰值增加.分析认为,该峰与升温过程中金属间化合物NiAl3和Ni2Al3的形成有关,属于典型的相变内耗峰.此外,机械球磨可调控Ni-Al粉末混合物的微观结构,内耗峰随球磨时间增加向低温方向移动且峰值降低,表明固相扩散反应可在低温区域以较低速率进行.这与球磨过程中粉末颗粒的细化、粉末混合物的片层化、固溶度和表面能的提高以及缩短的原子扩散路径有关.同时也表明机械球磨可有效降低固相扩散反应起始温度进而降低烧结温度.     

HATR和FTIR分析彝药四块瓦和五气朝阳草

本文应用HATR和FTIR两种方法测试分析了彝药四块瓦和五气朝阳草的药物有效成分。四块瓦主根的主要成分、药物有效成分和须根的差别较大,四块瓦主根的主要成分有木质素和淀粉,须根表面层光谱主峰在1008.5cm-1处,是由纤维素νc-o振动峰产生的。主根表面层中多糖成分的934 cm-1和846.7 cm-1吸收峰,有增强机体免疫力,抗肾炎作用,为四块瓦的“补养肾脏”的疗效给出分子依据。主根和须根中都含有1731 cm-1吸收峰,1731 cm-1峰有生物碱成分的贡献,生物碱有抗菌、抗病毒作用。实验结果表明,五气朝阳草表面层的HATR图谱中含有三萜化合物和多糖成分的吸收峰,表明其表面的物质具有活血作用,其生物活性较内部强。表面层物较其内部成分更具有药用效果。此外在五气朝阳草表面层的HATR和粉末样品的FTIR光谱中都出现生物碱成分的吸收峰,说明在其表面层和内部物质成分都具有杀菌和抗病毒作用。实验表明:HATR-FTIR法对于直接测试中药材的不同部位的有效药物成分信息有优势,而FTIR压片法则能给出药材整体的平均有效药物成分的信息。     

迅速发展的表面分析方法

一、固体表面和表面分析 固体物质都有表面.在这里,表面通常是指固体最外层的1—10个原子层,其厚度大约是几个至几十个埃.有时表面还包括被吸收进表面晶格和吸附在表面上的那些外来原子.表面层中的原子数在整个固体的原子总数中所占的比例是很小的.但表面层的组分和性质往往和整体内部有所不同,因此很早以前就有人提出了“表面相”的概念. 随着工业技术的发展和科学研究的深入,在某些领域中,表面现象的研究显得越来越重要了.因为在这些领域中,表面原子的成分和结构决定着物体的特性,或是发生在表面的反应起着决定作用.为了说明这一点,仅举以…     

难熔元素钨在NiAl位错体系中的占位及对键合性质的影响

用第一性原理离散变分方法研究了难熔元素钨(W)在金 属间化合物NiAl<100>(010)刃型位错体系中的占位以及对键合性质的影响, 计算了纯位错体系和掺杂体系的能量参数(结合能、 杂质偏聚能及原子间相互作用能)、 态密度和电荷密度分布. 体系结合能和杂质偏聚能的计算结果表明: 难熔元素W优先占据Al格位. 此外,由于难熔元素W的4d轨道与近邻基体原子Ni的3d轨道和Al的3p轨道的杂化, 使得掺杂体系中难熔元素W与近邻基体原子间的相互作用能加强; 同时难熔元素W与位错芯区近邻基体原子间有较多的电荷聚集, 这表明W与近邻基体原子间形成了较强的化学键. 难熔元素W对NiAl化合物的能量及电子结构有较大的影响, 从而影响位错的运动及NiAl金属间化合物的性能. 关键词： 电子结构 位错 金属间化合物 杂质     

3d过渡金属在NiAl中的占位及对键合性质的影响

通过赝势平面波方法系统地研究了3d过渡金属元素在B2-NiAl中的占位以及对键合性质的影响.通过形成能得出Sc,Ti,V 和Zn元素优先取代NiAl中的Al位,而Cr,Mn,Fe,Co和Cu优先取代Ni位.通过分析晶格常数变化量、电荷聚居数、交叠聚居数以及价电荷密度分布, 讨论了晶格畸变和键合性质的变化.结果表明: 取代Al的Sc,Ti,V和Zn元素掺杂使NiAl中晶格发生畸变,这对NiAl键合性质的变化起着重要作用,这些掺杂元素与第一近邻Ni原子产生强烈的排斥作用,形成反键,同时它们之间发生较大的电荷转 关键词： NiAl金属间化合物 3d过渡金属 第一性原理 键合性质     

自悬浮定向流纳米金属粉末制备的理论模拟

叙述了自悬浮定向流纳米金属粉末的制备原理，建立了在惰性气体介质中金属液滴表面蒸发 形成悬浮微粒过程的数学模型.描述了蒸发金属液滴表面层的热流动、物质迁移、热扩散、 凝聚相初始核的形成、金属蒸气在粒子表面的凝聚、粒子相互凝聚等过程，考虑了物质迁移 系数等动力学参数对温度的依赖关系.预测了指定粉末尺寸分布下的最佳工艺条件. 关键词： 纳米金属粉末 凝聚理论模拟 自悬浮定向流     

Fe-B-Si非晶钎焊W/CLF-1接头组织和性能研究

通过电弧熔炼制备了Fe75B16.67Si8.33非晶合金,通过真空钎焊获得了钨/低活化钢接头.通过对钎焊接头表面形貌、微观组织、成分和力学性能的表征,发现在1250℃保温10min下所获得的钎焊接头界面无孔洞、裂纹等宏观缺陷,接头组织中生成了Fe固溶体、Fe3B和FeWB金属间化合物,拉伸强度高达450MPa.     

NiAl中Ni空位对杂质C原子的多重俘获及温度效应的第一性原理研究

本文应用基于密度泛函理论的第一原理方法,研究了NiAl金属间化合物中Ni空位对杂质C元素的多重俘获.研究结果表明:在Ni空位存在时,单个C原子最易于存在于空位中心附近的富Ni八面体间隙位置且与邻近的Ni原子和Al原子之间存在共价键形式的相互作用.多个C原子在NiAl中倾向于以"Sequential"的方式被Ni空位俘获,进而形成CnVNi(n=1,2,3,4)团簇.通过电荷密度和差分电荷密度分析得到,当Ni空位俘获多个C原子后,C原子之间有着优先于自身成键的特性.进一步,我们应用热力学模型计算了温度对于C_nV_(Ni)(n=1,2,3,4)团簇浓度及空位浓度的影响.研究表明本征Ni空位的浓度会随着温度的升高而升高.在NiAl金属间化合物中,大多数的杂质C原子会被Ni空位俘获而不是存在于远离Ni空位的八面体间隙位置.由于C原子被Ni空位俘获的过程是一个放热过程,使得体系温度升高,因此会进一步激发更多的Ni空位产生.但是在一定的温度范围内(温度小于700 K时),Ni空位均以C_nV_(Ni)团簇的形式存在.     

用正电子湮没研究NiAl中的晶体缺陷

用正电子湮没技术研究了金属间化合物NiAl的结构缺陷、淬火缺陷和电子辐照缺陷,观察了淬火缺陷和辐照缺陷的回复行为。发现在280℃左右和500℃左右有两个明显的回复阶段。实验结果分析表明:低温回复是由于空位对的退火,而高温回复是由于单空位的退火而引起,并且NiAl中空位和晶格间隙处的导电电子密度较接近,但空位处的导电电子的动量比晶格间隙处的低。 关键词：     

Surface stoichiometry and the initial oxidation of NiAl(110)

Selective oxidation of the surface of an ordered alloy requires redistribution of the atomic species in the vicinity of the surface. This process can be understood in terms of the formation and movements of point defects in the compound. On the basis of ab initio density-functional calculation we found both the creation of exchange defects near the NiAl surface and segregation of Ni vacancies to the top layer to be extremely favorable in the presence of oxygen. Scenarios for the initial oxidation of NiAl are suggested which demonstrate the appearance of an additional energy barrier on the Ni-rich side compared to the Al-rich side. The expulsion of Ni from the oxide layer as it forms is the driving force for its stability.     

Segregation in strongly ordering compounds: a key role of constitutional defects

For the example of the B2 CoAl(100) surface, we demonstrate that even slight deviations from an ordered alloy's ideal stoichiometry in a subsurface region or in the bulk can drastically affect its surface composition. By experimental surface analysis and first-principles calculations, we show that Co antisite atoms segregate to the very surface, driven by the same strong interactions which enforce order in the bulk. Our findings are consistent with the lack of antisite segregation we found earlier for the much weaker ordering FeAl(100), and resolve contradictory reports for NiAl(100).     

Local tunneling barrier height observations of NiAl(1 1 0)

Local work functions at individual atoms on a compound metal surface have been experimentally examined. The simultaneously obtained STM and local tunneling barrier height (LBH) images of NiAl(1 1 0) show that LBH at geometrically lower Ni sites is much higher than that at geometrically higher Al sites, indicating that each individual atom on the NiAl(1 1 0) surface has a specific potential barrier for relevant electrons.     

The Influence of Variations in Atomic Composition on Low-Stability Pretransitional Structural-Phase States of a NiAl Intermetallic Compound

Russian Physics Journal - An analysis of the influence of a deviation of atomic composition from stoichiometry performed by the Monte Carlo method using a NiAl intermetallide as an example in the...     

Surface structure and energy of B2 type intermetallic compound NiAl

The surface structure and energies for 22 surfaces of NiAl, an ordered intermetallic compound of B2 structure, have been studied by using embedded atom method. The results show that, for alternating Ni and Al surfaces with odd numbers of the sum of their three Miller indices, the energy difference between the Ni terminated surface and Al terminated surface increase linearly with increasing the interlayer distance. So from surface energy minimization, the Al terminated surface is favorable for each alternating Ni and Al surface. This is in agreement with experimental results. However, the energy of the (1 1 0) surface belonged to the other kind of the surface consisted of stoichiometric atomic layers and with even numbers of the sum of their three Miller indices, is the lowest in all two kinds of the surfaces. Therefore the (1 1 0) texture of NiAl appears mostly in the experiments.     

Growth of Ni-Al alloys on Ni(1 1 1), from Al deposits of various thicknesses: (II) Formation of NiAl over a Ni3Al interfacial layer

This paper describes the second part of a study devoted to the growth of thin Ni-Al alloys after deposition of Al on Ni(1 1 1). In the previous paper [S. Le Pévédic, D. Schmaus, C. Cohen, Surf. Sci. 600 (2006) 565] we have described the results obtained for ultra-thin Al deposits, leading, after annealing at 750 K, to an epitaxial layer of Ni₃Al(1 1 1). In the present paper we show that this regime is only observed for Al deposits smaller than 8 × 10¹⁵ Al/cm² and we describe the results obtained for Al deposits exceeding this critical thickness, up to 200 × 10¹⁵ Al/cm². Al deposition was performed at low temperature (around 130 K) and the alloying process was followed in situ during subsequent annealing, by Auger electron spectroscopy, low energy electron diffraction and ion beam analysis-channeling measurements, in an ultra-high vacuum chamber connected to a Van de Graaff accelerator. We evidence the formation, after annealing at 750 K, of a crystallographically and chemically well-ordered NiAl(1 1 0) layer (whose thickness depends on the deposited Al amount), over a Ni₃Al “interfacial” layer (whose thickness—about 18 (1 1 1) planes—is independent of the deposited Al amount). The NiAl overlayer is composed of three variants, at 120° from each other in the surface plane, in relation with the respective symmetries of NiAl(1 1 0) and Ni₃Al(1 1 1). The NiAl layer is relaxed (the lattice parameters of cc-B2 NiAl and fcc-L1₂ Ni₃Al differ markedly), and we have determined its epitaxial relationship. In the case of the thickest alloyed layer formed the results concerning the structure of the NiAl layer have been confirmed and refined by ex situ X-ray diffraction and information on its grain size has been obtained by ex situ Atomic Force Microscopy. The kinetics of the alloying process is complex. It corresponds to an heterogeneous growth leading, above the thin Ni₃Al interfacial layer, to a mixture of Al and NiAl over the whole Al film, up to the surface. The atomic diffusion is very limited in the NiAl phase that forms, and thus the progressive enrichment in Ni of the Al film, i.e. of the mean Ni concentration, becomes slower and slower. As a consequence, alloying is observed to take place in a very broad temperature range between 300 K and 700 K. For annealing temperatures above 800 K, the alloyed layer is decomposed, Al atoms diffusing in the bulk of the substrate.     

High-Energy Ball Milling of NiAl(Fe) System

High-energy ball milling was used to promote the solubilization of iron into NiAl powder for an iron concentration range of 10–30 wt.%. The microstructural evolution induced by the intense mechanical deformations, under different milling conditions, was followed by X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The Mössbauer spectra are dominated by a magnetic sextet of about 33 T. Increasing the time and the speed of milling gives rise to a non-resolved doublet, having parameters typical of a NiAl compound with Fe atoms in solution. At the same time a reduction of lattice parameter occurs, which can be correlated to composition variations and partial disordering of the NiAl structure. Subsequent annealing modifies the Mössbauer spectra noticeably. In particular, the non-magnetic component becomes a broad singlet. Both diffraction analysis and Mössbauer spectroscopy indicate that a fcc Ni(Al,Fe) solid solution is forming in samples milled in agate. It is observed that the grain size of the milled products remains in the nanometric range even after thermal treatment, which adds interest to possible applications.     

Oxidation of low-index FeAl surfaces

The oxidation of the (100), (110) and (111) surfaces of the intermetallic compound FeAl has been investigated using LEED and XPS. On all three surfaces, oxidation at room temperature leads to the formation of an amorphous oxide film on top of an Al-depleted interlayer. The film growth can be divided into two regions of differing kinetics, i.e. the initial formation of a closed oxide film and a subsequent thickening. In the first region, the oxygen-uptake rate varies significantly with surface orientation, while in the thickening regime the uptake is the same for all surfaces. The maximum thickness as well as the composition of the oxide films were found to depend on the initial oxidation rate. At higher oxidation temperatures, ordered oxide films of around 5–8 Å in thickness are formed, very similar to those observed on NiAl. Photoemission spectra from these ordered phases showed evidence for Al atoms in two different chemical environments, i.e. the well-known oxide species in the interior of the film and an additional species present at the oxide/alloy interface.     

Nanoscopic nickel aluminate spinel (NiAl2O4) formation during NiAl(1 1 1) oxidation

Oxidation of a NiAl(1 1 1) single crystal surface was investigated using high resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HRSXPS), high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray mapping, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). After repeated oxygen exposure, annealing, and cleaning cycles under ultrahigh vacuum conditions, a new oxide phase in the form of tiny 3-dimensional surface structures was detected. These features are several micrometers long and ∼300 nm high and oriented along low index directions in the plane of the substrate; they have nickel aluminate spinel (NiAl₂O₄) stoichiometry. We propose that repeated cycles of oxygen dosing and annealing of the NiAl(1 1 1) surface leads to oxygen diffusion into the bulk and nucleation of spinel below the surface.