Investigation and optimisation of a multipass resonant photoacoustic cell at high absorption levels

A theoretical and experimental investigation of photoacoustic (PA) signals in a resonant multipass PA cell with high background absorption (up to 29 m^-1) is presented. An analogous electric transmission line model including discontinuity inductances at cross section changes was used to model the first longitudinal acoustic mode of the multipass PA cell equipped with two buffer volumes. This model was validated with experimentally obtained results and used to predict the behaviour of the PA cell for different multipass arrangements and different buffer volume diameters. The highest PA signal is obtained for high pass number and large buffer radius. Increasing the absorption coefficient of the medium enhances the PA signal until a maximum is reached, leading to a minimum for the PA signal sensitivity. For a given background absorption, the number of passes required to maximise the sensitivity depends on the absorption coefficient. The model allows the determination of the best-suited number of passes for a given absorption coefficient and cell geometry. PACS 82.80.Kd; 42.62.Fi; 82.80.Gk     

基于便携式柱面镜多通池的二氧化碳高灵敏度探测研究

二氧化碳作为大气中重要的温室气体，与气候变化和人类活动密切相关，因此对其浓度的探测具有重要意义。利用近红外可调谐二极管激光器结合自主设计的便携式小型化柱面镜光学多通吸收池，实现了二氧化碳气体的高灵敏探测。通过Matlab编写光线传输矩阵，优化设计了基于柱面镜的光学多通吸收池，相比于传统Herriott型多通池，具有腔镜利用面积高、在相同体积内可实现有效光程长等特点，在物理基长为15 cm的情况下，实现了14 m的有效光程。实验中使用中心波长为1.57 μm的DFB二极管激光器，采用直接吸收光谱方法对CO₂气体进行了探测研究，并用Allan方差对系统性能进行了分析。结果表明，在平均时间为5 s时，系统的探测灵敏度为33.1 μL·L-1，平均时间为235 s时，系统的探测灵敏度可达到5.3 μL·L-1。此外，利用该系统实现了大气中CO₂的探测，得到大气中的CO₂浓度为383.4 μL·L-1。基于柱面镜多通池搭建的可调谐激光吸收光谱(TDLAS)系统，结合了柱面镜多通池可在小体积内实现长光程和可调谐激光吸收光谱技术高灵敏度、高分辨率、快速响应的优点，大大减小了系统体积，提高了系统探测灵敏度，在气体探测领域有广泛的应用。     

载流子选择性接触:高效硅太阳电池的选择

太阳电池可看成由光子吸收层和接触层两个基本单元组成,接触层是高复合活性金属界面和光子吸收层之间的区域.为了进一步提高硅太阳电池的转换效率,关键是降低光子吸收层和接触之间的复合损失.近年来,载流子选择性接触引起了光伏界的研究兴趣,其被认为是接近硅太阳电池效率理论极限的最后的障碍之一.本文分析了三种类型的载流子选择性接触:在光子吸收层与金属界面之间引入薄的重掺杂层,即所谓的发射极或背面场;利用两种材料之间的导带或价带对齐;利用高功函数的金属氧化物与晶硅接触从而在晶硅中感应能带弯曲.基于一维太阳电池模拟软件wx AMPS,模拟了扩散同质结硅太阳电池[结构为(p~+)c-Si/(n)c-Si/(n~+)c-Si]、非晶硅薄膜硅异质结太阳电池[结构为(p~+)a-Si/(i)a-Si/(n)c-Si/(i)a-Si/(n~+)a-Si]和氧化物薄膜硅异质结太阳电池[结构为(n)MoO_x/(n)c-Si/(n)TiO_x]暗态下的能带结构和载流子浓度的空间分布,其中c-Si为晶硅;a-Si为非晶硅;(i),(n)和(p)分别表示本征、n型掺杂和p型掺杂.模拟结果表明:载流子选择性接触的核心是在接触处晶硅表面附近形成载流子浓度空间分布的不对称进而使得电导率的不对称,形成了对电子的高阻和空穴的低阻或者对空穴的高阻和电子的低阻,从而让空穴轻松通过同时阻挡电子,或者让电子轻松通过同时阻挡空穴,形成空穴选择性接触或者电子选择性接触.     

超高分辨差分吸收光谱技术测量火焰中OH自由基

介绍了超高分辨差分吸收光谱测量火焰中OH自由基的实验方法与结果分析.实验以准直氙灯作为光源;使用基长为20 m,反射次数176次,总光程为3 520m的怀特结构多次反射池扩展光程;使用光谱分辨率为3.3pm的超高分辨中阶梯光栅光谱仪作为光谱采集系统.该系统满足对OH自由基单根吸收谱线测量的需求.实验获得了OH自由基在3...     

Absorption of 35 GHz phonons in vitreous silica between 50 k and 300 k at pressures up to 9 Kbar

Abstract

We have studied the acoustic absorption of vitreous silica under high pressure by high resolution Brillouin scattering. Using a sample 1.0 mm in diameter and 0.6 mm in height, mounted in a sapphire anvil cell, the volume was large enough to avoid parasitic broadening of the Brillouin line by boundaries. An absorption peak typical for glasses is observed around 100 K. It is caused by structural relaxation of defect states. Under pressure the peak is strongly enhanced and shifted to higher temperatures. This behaviour indicates that number and activation energies of the structural defects are increased. These observations can be explained with the same model that describes the anomalous properties of glasses at very low temperatures.     

Enhanced light absorption in thin-film tandem solar cells using a bottom metallic nanograting

We introduced a metallic nanograting at the bottom of thin-film tandem solar cells, and carried out an investigation into the light absorption in the top and bottom cells via the electromagnetic simulation. It indicates that broadband and polarization-insensitive light absorption enhancement can be obtained in the bottom cell, while the light absorption in the top cell remains unchanged by the influence of the added metallic nanograting. An overall carrier generation enhancement reaches as much as 60 % for both incident polarizations. This absorption enhancement can survive in a wide range of the cell thickness and the nanograting geometries, which enables us to reduce the thickness of the bottom cell with minimal impact on the light absorption. Thereby, this design could reduce the solar cell production cost, and meanwhile could enhance the solar cell efficiency by decreasing the light-generated carrier recombination rate.     

可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术检测痕量乙烯气体的系统研制

可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术(TDLAS)利用激光器的窄线宽和波长调谐特性,使其扫描被测气体的单个吸收峰,实现痕量气体的高分辨率、高灵敏度快速检测。通过分析近红外波段的乙烯吸收谱线特性,选取1 626.8 nm附近的吸收峰作为检测谱线,研制了基于white池结构的TDLAS检测系统,结合波长调制和二次谐波检测,对体积分数为20～1 200 ppmv的乙烯气体进行了测量,推算该系统的检测下限约为10 ppmv。     

X-ray absorption spectroscopy under high pressures in diamond anvil cells

Abstract

Although potentially extremely important for understanding the high-pressure microscopic behaviour of materials, over the years the area of high-pressure EXAFS in particular using diamond anvil cells has proved to be technically difficult. This has significantly hampered its development. The interference of X-ray dimaction from the diamonds in the diamond anvil cell with the absorption signal has proved to be a challenging problem to tackle, restricting the use of high-pressure EXAFS to energies below about 11 key Below 11 keV however the technique is also limited due to absorption of incident X-rays by the diamonds making it virtually impossible to conduct X-ray absorption experiments below about 9keV In this paper we describe in detail the methodology for scanriirig high-pressure EXAFS in diamond anvil cells and examine the origins of the associated problems and ways of dealing with them. We also demonstrate that it is possible to extend the useful range of studied absorption edges from 7keV up to at least 30keV This brings about new opportunities for high pressure EXAFS using diamond anvil cells.     

可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱法对高温甲烷的测量研究

可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱(TDLAS)是一种具有高灵敏度、高分辨率、快速检测特点的气体检测技术,已广泛用于大气中多种痕量气体的检测以及地面的痕量气体和气体泄漏的检测。研究了利用TDLAS技术测量高温下甲烷浓度的实验方法,使用可加热的静态吸收池对在1653.72nm波长附近R(3)支转动跃迁的吸收线进行了测量,并计算了吸收线强。分别在相同温度不同浓度和相同浓度不同温度的两种条件下进行了实验。结果表明,利用直接吸收的方法,在实验室可以得到370K时的最小可探测限为100×10-6,500K时的最小可探测限为245×10-6(吸收池长度为10cm),可以应用在燃烧控制及喷焰气体浓度测量等多个领域。     

基于光谱吸收法的甲烷气体传感器的研究

基于甲烷气体的红外光谱吸收特性,研究了长光程差分吸收式甲烷气体检测的方法.差分吸收法消除了光源不稳定及光电器件的热零点漂移等因素对测量精度的影响,提高了系统检测灵敏度.该方法用LED16做光源,结构简单、成本低廉,配上专门设计的气室,响应度较高的探测器,以及以DSP为核心的数据处理电路,研制出了实用的甲烷气体传感器.     

基于FDFD方法研究含石墨烯薄膜太阳能电池的电磁特性

近年来, 基于非晶硅太阳能电池在提高能量转换效率和降低成本等方面的研究越来越受到学者的关注, 其中, 太阳能电池吸收峰值的位置, 反映了电池对该频点及其附近频谱光波吸收具有较好的效果. 然而, 非晶硅太阳能电池的吸收峰位置主要是由非晶硅和金属电极的参数决定, 很难实现位置的可调以及进一步的吸收效率增加. 所以, 在周期结构太阳能电池的金属光栅结构中引入单层石墨烯薄膜, 借助石墨烯的特殊光电特性, 即介电常数可通过改变化学势μ_c来调谐, 并结合频域有限差分方法的数值模拟, 理论上实现了对太阳能电池能量吸收峰位置的调谐. 针对石墨烯电导率的虚部出现奇异点, 本文提出了采用数值拟合予以解决奇异点的方法, 数值结果表明近似表达式的最大绝对误差为0.8%. 本设计结构的理论结果可为实际有机薄膜太阳能电池在工作频段的调节和优化提供理论基础和技术支撑.     

Suppression of Bragg reflection glitches of a single‐crystal diamond anvil cell by a polycapillary half‐lens in high‐pressure XAFS spectroscopy

In combination with a single‐crystal diamond anvil cell (DAC), a polycapillary half‐lens (PHL) re‐focusing optics has been used to perform high‐pressure extended X‐ray absorption fine‐structure measurements. It is found that a large divergent X‐ray beam induced by the PHL leads the Bragg glitches from single‐crystal diamond to be broadened significantly and the intensity of the glitches to be reduced strongly so that most of the DAC glitches are efficiently suppressed. The remaining glitches can be easily removed by rotating the DAC by a few degrees with respect to the X‐ray beam. Accurate X‐ray absorption fine‐structure (XAFS) spectra of polycrystalline Ge powder with a glitch‐free energy range from ?200 to 800 eV relative to the Ge absorption edge are obtained using this method at high pressures up to 23.7 GPa, demonstrating the capability of PHL optics in eliminating the DAC glitches for high‐pressure XAFS experiments. This approach brings new possibilities to perform XAFS measurements using a DAC up to ultrahigh pressures.     

126.5 GPa准静水压下的光谱学实验

 本文介绍了作者利用国内加工的金刚石压砧装置及组建的微区光谱系统进行100 GPa（百万大气压）准静水压光谱学实验的概况，证明压力产生装置和微区光谱系统的多功能性是充分可靠的。实验中遇到的压力产生能力超过压力测量能力的事实，反映了高压光谱学实验在压力范围扩大时所遇到的挑战。文中对高压下的拉曼、发射、吸收及反射光谱的实验原理和实验方法也作了概略的介绍。     

用Bragg光纤测量气体浓度

基于气体的光谱吸收特性,本文提出了一种采用Bragg空芯光纤作为吸收池的新型光纤气体传感器.运用解析法和微扰分析法求解了Bragg空芯光纤中的相对灵敏系数.由于场分布主要集中在芯区,对气体损耗较为敏感,因此,这种光纤气体传感器具有灵敏度高、快速响应、结构简单的特点.耦合多个波长可实现对多种气体同时测量.     

Mechanically tunable metamaterials terahertz dual-band bandstop filter

We experimentally demonstrate a mechanically tunable metamaterials terahertz(THz) dual-band bandstop filter. The unit cell of the filter contains an inner aluminum circle and an outside aluminum Ohm-ring on high resistance silicon substrate. The performance of the filter is simulated by finite-integration-time-domain(FITD) method. The sample is fabricated using a surface micromachining process and experimentally demonstrated using a THz time-domain-spectroscopy(TDS) system. The results show that, when the incident THz wave is polarized in y-axis, the filter has two intensive absorption peaks locating at 0.71 THz and 1.13 THz, respectively. The position of the high-frequency absorption peak and the amplitude of the low-frequency absorption peak can be simultaneously tuned by rotating the sample along its normal axis.The tunability of the high-frequency absorption peak is due to the shift of resonance frequency of two electrical dipoles,and that of the low-frequency absorption peak results from the effect of rotationally induced transparent. This tunable filter is very useful for switch, manipulation, and frequency selective detection of THz beam.     

Wavelength dependent damage in biological multi-photon confocal microscopy: A micro-spectroscopic comparison between femtosecond Ti:sapphire and Cr:forsterite laser sources

Molecular excitation by the simultaneous absorption of two photons provides intrinsic three-dimensional resolution in laser scanning fluorescence microscopy. Thus induced two-photon absorption and the accompanied multi-photon absorption/ionization not only cause photo-bleaching but also cell damage in the vicinity of the focal point. In this paper, we study the wavelength dependent cell damage induced by high intensity femtosecond near infrared lasers. The study was performed with a Ti:sapphire laser and a Cr:forsterite laser. With a longer output wavelength from a Cr:forsterite laser, multi-photon absorption and auto-fluorescence were found to be significantly suppressed and the destructive plasma formation was found to be greatly reduced. Sustained multi-photon spectra can be observed in most plant specimens with a tightly focused Cr:forsterite laser beam under long term irradiation with more than 100 mW laser average power. In contrast, multi-photon absorption induced destructive plasma formation were frequently observed with a tightly focused Ti:sapphire laser beam within seconds with more than 10 mW laser average power.     

An airborne diode laser spectrometer for the simultaneous measurement of H2O and HNO3 content of stratospheric cirrus clouds

We describe a tunable diode laser spectrometer for the in situ simultaneous detection of the nitric acid and the water vapour by means of high resolution absorption spectroscopy on rovibronic lines, using a single laser emitting in the mid-infrared (5.8 μm) and a multipass cell. The instrument was designed to be installed on a high altitude aircraft, as a part of a composite payload for atmospheric aerosol studies. The instrument design criteria are discussed and the expected performances are compared with results of laboratory and field operation. Due to the high chemical activity of HNO₃, that makes difficult to use a reference cell, a fast sweep detection of direct absorption was used for the measurement. An absorption sensitivity of about 2×10⁻⁴ was achieved with an integration time of 2.5 s, corresponding to a concentration of about 4 ppb of HNO₃ in the cell and 0.1 ppb in the external aerosol. The data acquisition and processing techniques, based on the full molecular lineshape fitting are also shown and discussed, including some examples of the data acquired during the scientific flights.     

Effect of very high pressure on the optical absorption spectra in CsI

The effect of very high pressure on the fundamental optical absorption edges in CsI crystal was investigated between u.v. and near i.r. region by a diamond anvil type high pressure cell. With increasing pressure the fundamental absorption edge energy in CsI shifts from u.v. to i.r. region. At the pressure of 45 GPa the CsI becomes completely opaque. When the indirect band gap is assumed for CsI at high pressures, the insulator to metal transition in CsI is expected to occur at about 70 GPa from the pressure versus absorption edge curves. The availability of CsI as one of the pressure standard up to 50 GPa region is also discussed.     

CO2的腔增强吸收与高灵敏吸收光谱研究

腔增强吸收光谱(CEAS)是在衰荡吸收光谱的基础上发展起来的一种新型的直接吸收光谱技术.文章报道了用中心输出波长为1.573μm的窄线宽连续可调谐半导体激光器(DFB封装)作光源,用两块高反射率平凹透镜(在1.573μm附近,凹面反射率R～99.4%,曲率半径r～1 m)组成对称共焦腔作吸收池的腔增强吸收光谱系统.采用扫描腔长的方法改变谐振腔的模式,当激光器的输出频率与谐振腔的某一腔模之间满足共振匹配关系时,激光被耦合到谐振腔内,用探测器接收透过谐振腔的光信号,同时用波长计精确测量激光器的输出波长.在33.5 cm长的吸收池内测量了吸收强度为1.816×10-23cm-1·(molecule·cm-2)-1的二氧化碳分子的弱吸收谱线,探测灵敏度达到了6.78×10-7 cm-1.实验结果表明,腔增强吸收光谱具有灵敏度高,装置简单,易于操作等优点.     

Formation of multidomain structures in an optically bistable absorption system under the action of hyper-Gaussian light beams

It is shown that several longitudinal domains of high absorption are formed under certain conditions in an optically bistable element based on increasing absorption under the action of a hyper-Gaussian light beam. This is caused both by the transformation of the initial beam profile into a tubular distribution and by the diffraction of light by a nonuniform boundary of the region of high absorption. The analysis of dynamics showed the possibility of formation of quasi-stationary regions with high absorption, which exist during a certain time. These effects can lead to false data recording in three-dimensional optical recording systems.