极低温下Nb3Sn超导体单晶裂纹动态扩展模拟

研究Nb₃Sn超导体的损伤断裂行为对于揭示超导临界性能弱化背后的力学机制具有重要的意义。采用分子动力学模拟方法,研究了极低温下不含裂纹和含中心裂纹的Nb₃Sn单晶在力学拉伸变形作用下的断裂机制和裂纹扩展行为,同时分析了应变率效应对Nb₃Sn单晶断裂机制与裂纹扩展行为的影响。结果表明：不含裂纹的Nb₃Sn单晶在结构受力后出现滑移,滑移带上位错塞积导致应力集中,应力集中使原子键断裂从而萌生裂纹致使Nb₃Sn单晶断裂;而含中心裂纹的Nb₃Sn单晶则由于裂纹尖端应力集中使得原子键断裂形成微裂纹,裂纹扩展致使Nb₃Sn单晶断裂。Nb₃Sn单晶在不同的应变率下表现出不同的断裂机制,在低应变率下表现为脆性断裂,而在高应变率下表现为韧性断裂。     

单晶钨纳米线拉伸变形机理的分子动力学研究

利用分子动力学方法, 对本课题组率先采用金属催化的气相合成法制备出的高纯度单晶钨纳米线进行拉伸变形数值模拟, 通过分析拉伸应力-应变全曲线及其微观变形结构, 揭示出单晶钨纳米线的拉伸变形特征及微观破坏机理. 结果表明: 单晶钨纳米线的应力-应变全曲线可分为弹性阶段、损伤阶段、相变阶段、强化阶段、 破坏阶段等五个阶段, 其中相变是单晶钨纳米线材料强化的重要原因; 首次应力突降是由于局部原子产生了位错、孪生等不可逆变化所致; 第二次应力突降是发生相变的材料得到强化后, 当局部原子再次产生位错导致原子晶格结构彻底破坏而形成裂口、且裂口不断发展成颈缩区时, 材料最终失去承载能力而断裂. 计算模拟得到的单晶钨纳米线弹性模量值与实测值符合较好. 关键词： 分子动力学 应力应变曲线 微观机理 单晶钨纳米线     

纳米单晶铜薄膜中孔洞拉伸变形的分子动力学模拟

固体的断裂过程贯通宏、细、微观多个层次尺度，涉及固体力学、材料科学与物理学等领域。细观破坏过程的4种基本构元(孔洞、微裂纹、界面失效、变形局部化等)的起源和演化描述必须在微(纳)观尺度才能完全阐明。从原子尺度运用分子动力学技术模拟纳米单晶铜薄膜中孔洞在拉伸作用下的力学行为和动态断裂过程。     

不同取向下单晶铁纳米线拉伸行为的模拟研究

本文利用分子动力学模拟的方法研究了不同取向、尺寸和温度因素对单晶体心立方铁纳米线的拉伸变形行为的影响.铁纳米线轴向初始取向分别为<001>、<110>、<111>、<102>、<112>,模拟了不同温度(10～700 K)和不同尺寸范围(1.5～5 nm)下的变形机制.研究结果表明取向、尺寸和温度会显著影响单晶体心立方铁纳米线的拉伸变形行为.分子动力学模拟结果表明，直径为2 nm的<001>铁纳米线在300 K的拉伸载荷下，主要通过孪晶的模式发生变形，最后拉伸取向转变为<110>.而在700 K下，<001>铁纳米线的拉伸变形模式由滑移主导.不同初始取向在不同温度和尺寸下其变形机制截然不同，这导致了铁纳米线不同的力学性能.本文系统性地研究了在不同取向下的铁纳米线变形机制随尺寸和温度变化发生的转变.     

纳米单晶铜中孔洞拉伸变形的分子动力学模拟

用分子动力学方法模拟了拉伸状态下纳米单晶铜中孔洞的力学行为.通过与无孔纳米单晶铜块体弹性性能的比较,可知小孔使纳米单晶铜的弹性模量显著下降.弹性阶段,有孔单晶铜中无位错产生;超过其弹性极限后,位错线从四周向有孔单晶铜内部发射,位错滑移为其主要变形机制.     

纳米单晶铜中孔洞拉伸变形的分子动力学模拟

用分子动力学方法模拟了拉伸状态下纳米单晶铜中孔洞的力学行为。通过与无孔纳米单晶铜块体弹性性能的比较，可知小孔使纳米单晶铜的弹性模量显下降。弹性阶段，有孔单晶铜中无位错产生；超过其弹性极限后，位错线从四周向有孔单晶铜内部发射，位错滑移为其主要变形机制。     

单晶铜纳米线屈服机理的原子模拟研究

采用分子静力学方法模拟了〈100〉单晶铜纳米线的拉伸变形过程,研究了纳米线屈服的机理. 结果表明：1） 纳米线初始屈服通过部分位错随机激活的{111}〈112〉孪生实现,后继屈服通过{111}〈112〉部分位错滑移实现;2） 纳米线变形初期不同滑移面上的部分位错在两面交线处相遇形成压杆位错,变形后期部分位错在刚性边界处塞积,两者都阻碍位错滑移,引起一定的强化作用. 关键词： 纳米线 屈服 位错 分子静力学     

TiO_2掺杂粒度对纤维素强度和热稳定性影响的分子模拟研究

变压器绝缘纸的主要成分为纤维素,为了提升绝缘纸的强度和热稳定性,利用纳米TiO_2掺杂纤维素,通过分子模拟方法研究不同纳米TiO_2粒度掺杂纤维素的强度和热稳定性.研究表明,纳米TiO_2使得纤维素强度提高,拉伸模量增大,抗形变能力增强,体积模量与剪切模量比值(K/G)增大,纤维素韧性增强;纳米TiO_2表面羟基与纤维素形成新的氢键网络使得径向分布函数峰值增大,复合体系更加稳定,其热稳定性增强.掺杂比例相同时,随着纳米TiO_2粒度减小,拉伸模量和柯西压增大,泊松比减小,纤维素的抗形变能力增强;纳米TiO_2表面羟基占有率越高,纳米TiO_2与纤维素越易形成氢键抑制纤维素链运动,纳米TiO_2也减小复合体系的自由体积,使得复合体系结构更加稳定,热稳定性更强.因此,掺杂小纳米TiO_2粒度是提升纤维素强度和热稳定性有效的方法.     

ZnO纳米线的合成与生长机理

采用化学气相沉积系统制备ZnO纳米线,以覆盖一层约5nm厚的Ag薄膜的单晶Si(001)为衬底,纳米线的生长遵循气-液-固(VLS)机理。对得到的样品采用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)进行晶体结构和形貌的表征。XRD结果表明衬底温度在600~700℃时生长的ZnO纳米线具有六方结构和统一的取向。通过扫描电子显微镜分析,比较了生长温度对纳米线直径和长度的影响。实验表明我们可以通过催化剂和温度来实现ZnO纳米线生长的可控。与传统的VLS生长方式不同的是在我们制备的ZnO纳米线顶端并没有看到催化剂颗粒,表明纳米线的生长方式是底部生长,我们对其生长机理进行了研究。     

异质结型CuO/ZnO复合纳米线的制备及光催化性能

在室温下,通过溶液法在Cu衬底上制备了CuO纳米线,然后采用溶剂热法在CuO纳米线表面生长ZnO纳米颗粒以构建CuO/ZnO复合纳米线异质结构。利用扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射仪和X射线光电子能谱分析了样品的形貌、结构和元素组成。结果显示CuO/ZnO复合纳米线由ZnO纳米颗粒和CuO纳米线组成。在模拟太阳光照射下,以亚甲基蓝溶液为模拟污染物研究了样品的光催化性能。结果表明,相比纯CuO纳米线,CuO/ZnO复合纳米线能够使亚甲基蓝溶液的光降解效率达到40%,在相同条件下具有更优异的光催化活性。光催化机理研究表明CuO/ZnO纳米复合材料光催化活性的增强主要是由于CuO与ZnO结合形成的p-n异质结有效促进了光生载流子的分离。     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.