Ta-10W合金压缩力学性能实验研究

利用MTS材料试验机和分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)实验装置对非退火状态Ta-10W合金进行了准静态和动态压缩实验,给出了材料的静态压缩屈服强度和应变率在700~3 100 s-1范围内的动态压缩应力-应变曲线,并获得了不同应变率下材料的动态屈服强度。通过对实验结果的分析可以发现,非退火状态Ta-10W合金具有较好的韧性,在所进行的实验中试件表面均未出现可见裂纹;试件材料具有较高的静、动态屈服强度,静态屈服强度达到930 MPa,动态屈服强度在1 GPa以上,在所进行的700~3 100 s-1应变率范围内,材料的动态屈服强度随应变率的增加略有提高。     

混凝土材料动态压缩强度的应变率强化规律

混凝土材料的动态压缩强度具有明显的应变率效应,而且在低、高应变率下压缩强度的动态强化因子(Dynamic Increase Factor,DIF)与应变率的关系具有明显的区别。参考近30余年相关文献中大量的混凝土动态压缩实验数据,结合理论分析,探讨了在不同应变率阶段混凝土压缩强度DIF的变化规律,分析准静态压缩强度对压缩强度DIF的影响规律。最后对实验结果进行拟合,得到混凝土材料在不同应变率区间内压缩强度DIF的预测表达式。研究表明:混凝土材料的压缩强度DIF随着应变率的增加呈递增趋势,具有相似的线性关系;压缩强度DIF曲线按照斜率变化分为3个阶段,且在高应变率下斜率最大;不同准静态压缩强度的混凝土DIF随应变率变化的规律有少许区别,但它们之间没有明显的界限,DIF随应变率递增的趋势与准静态压缩强度没有明显的联系。     

99氧化铝陶瓷在不同应变率下的破碎特性

开展了99氧化铝陶瓷在不同应变率下的轴向压缩实验,通过对相应应变率下的试件碎片进行软回收,并结合筛余法对碎片进行几何表征,获得了不同应变率下的碎片尺寸分布曲线和试件破坏的能量吸收过程,建立了颗粒陶瓷的外力功与相对破碎率之间的关系。采用数字图像相关(Digital image correlation,DIC)技术获取了不同应变率下沿加载方向的应变场,并结合能量吸收过程和碎片级配表现分析了破坏模式。实验结果表明:99氧化铝陶瓷的破坏强度与应变率呈正相关,在中应变率下,能量吸收率与应变率呈负相关,由于能量吸收机制的改变,样品初始为劈裂破坏;当应变率达到401 s^?1时,破坏模式变为劈裂-粉碎混合破坏;随着应变率继续增大,试件变为粉碎破坏,颗粒平均粒径减小,碎片尺寸趋同,应力集中的影响逐渐减弱。分析了能量、破坏过程、碎片分布之间的关系,最终获得了碎片分布规律以及破碎特性。     

率温联合条件下混凝土材料压缩强度的变化规律

混凝土材料的动态压缩强度不仅具有明显的应变率强化(硬化)效应,同时还具有明显的温度弱化(软化)效应。在应变率和温度联合条件下,压缩强度随应变率和温度变化过程中不仅存在清晰的应变率拐折点,拐折点前后压缩强度随应变率变化速率明显不同,而且在不同温度下发生拐折时,其拐折点对应的应变率也存在明显差异。参考近年来相关文献中混凝土材料在率温联合条件下的压缩实验数据,结合理论分析,探讨了在不同温度、不同应变率条件下混凝土材料压缩强度联合效应因子K的变化规律;并对实验数据进行拟合,得到了不同应变率、不同温度下K(T)-■的预测表达式,确定了应变率强化和温度弱化对压缩强度的耦合影响;通过分析应变率拐折点与温度的关系,确定了应变率和温度联合条件下应变率敏感区和不敏感区的率温联合条件界限;建立了率温效应相当(K=1)时的率温等效方程,并确定了混凝土材料的率温等效参数。     

低密度聚氨酯泡沫压缩行为实验研究

 在室温下，对一种低密度硬质聚氨酯泡沫进行了准静态压缩及应变率在1×10³～5×10³ s^-1范围内的冲击压缩实验。结果表明，所测试的聚氨酯泡沫材料在准静态实验与动态实验之间存在明显的应变率效应，但在纯动态实验中应变率效应不明显。最后，给出了以屈服应力、密度、应变等为参量的动态压缩本构关系，且能较好地与材料的动态压缩曲线吻合。     

平板冲击下氧化铝陶瓷弹性前驱波衰减的细观机理

利用一级轻气炮开展了不同厚度氧化铝陶瓷样品的平板冲击压缩实验,并借助激光速度干涉仪(VISAR)测试了样品的自由面速度历程.根据自由面速度历程确定了不同厚度氧化铝陶瓷样品的Hugoniot弹性极限值,结果显示,冲击压缩下氧化铝陶瓷中存在弹性前驱波衰减现象.进一步基于氧化铝陶瓷的细观结构扫描电镜(HEL)图像,分析了氧化铝陶瓷的细观结构特征,构建了含晶相、玻璃相等细观特征的力学模型.数值模拟冲击压缩加载下氧化铝陶瓷细观结构的力学响应过程,从细观层次上分析了弹性前驱波衰减现象的产生机理,指出冲击压力低于HEL时材料的细观损伤引起的能量耗散以及前驱波在细观结构晶界处反射和透射引起的能量分散过程是其产生的主要原因.     

应变率和孔隙率对规则多孔钛压缩力学性能的影响

采用普通材料测试机和分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)实验装置对孔隙规则排布的多孔钛试样进行准静态及动态单轴压缩实验,研究了应变率和孔隙率对多孔钛材料弹性模量、屈服强度和能量吸收能力的影响。结果表明:在不同应变率下,规则多孔钛应力-应变曲线在特定区域均可近似为双线性模型;孔隙率对弹性模量、屈服强度和能量吸收能力有直接影响,屈服强度和能量吸收能力均与应变率相关,并给出了同时考虑孔隙率和应变率对屈服强度影响的经验公式。     

AD95陶瓷破坏波问题的实验研究

采用激光速度干涉技术,连续测量了AD95氧化铝陶瓷在一维应变冲击压缩下的自由面速度剖面,通过对速度剖面特征的分析,讨论了AD95陶瓷等脆性材料在冲击压缩下是否存在破坏波现象及其与材料特性的关系。研究结果表明:冲击加载应力在4.4~7.3GPa范围,即从小于到略大于雨贡纽弹性极限(约5.5GPa),在AD95陶瓷的自由面速度剖面中都未出现表征破坏波现象的二次加载信号,表明未发生破坏波形式的严重压缩损伤;但是,自由面速度剖面中特征点的规律性时序关系和前沿弥散特征都表明,在所讨论的加载应力范围内,AD95陶瓷材料发生了一定程度的压缩损伤;断裂韧性是影响材料在冲击压缩下是否发生破坏波现象的重要因素,断裂韧性较低,冲击波加载下易于形成大量微裂纹扩展和贯通,使材料发生"粉碎性"的严重破坏,是产生破坏波现象的重要条件之一。     

压缩载荷下UHMWPE纤维复合材料层合板的力学性能与失效分析

为获得超高分子量聚乙烯(ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene,UHMWPE)纤维复合材料层合板在静、动态压缩载荷下的力学性能与失效模式,采用万能材料试验机和分离式霍普金森压杆对材料进行面外方向的压缩实验,获得了不同应变率下材料的应力-应变关系。通过扫描电子显微镜观察材料微观失效形貌,分析了材料的失效模式。结果表明,UHMWPE纤维复合材料层合板在应变率较低(6.7×10^-3～6.7×10^-2 s^-1)且相差较小时,无应变率效应;在高应变率(2.05×10³～5.27×10³ s^-1)下,材料具有明显的应变率效应。压缩强度随应变率的增加而增大,动态增强因子逐渐增大,具有明显的应变率强化效应。静态压缩载荷下,材料的主要破坏模式为纤维的拉伸、断裂;动态压缩载荷下,材料的主要破坏模式为纵向位错分层。     

高温高应变率下ZL101A铝合金的流变应力特征与本构模型

采用分离式霍普金森压杆系统和高温设备对ZL101A铝合金进行了常温和高温下的动态压缩实验,得到了应变率范围为2 900～6 100 s^-1、温度范围为20～600℃的动态压缩应力-应变曲线。实验结果表明：ZL101A铝合金具有应变率硬化效应,并且随着温度的升高,应变率硬化效应减弱;ZL101A铝合金在不同应变率下均存在明显的温度软化效应,且随着温度的升高,塑性变形引起的绝热温升使热软化作用增强。为了得到应变率和温度对材料流变应力的影响,将应变率效应和温度效应进行解耦,得到一种适用于ZL101A铝合金材料的动态本构模型。对比模型预测结果与实验数据发现,建立的本构模型可以很好地描述ZL101A铝合金的流变应力特征。     

Quantitative studies of pyrocarbon‐coated materials using synchrotron radiation

Phase‐contrast imaging provides enhanced image contrast and is important for non‐destructive evaluation of structural materials. In this paper, experimental results on in‐line phase‐contrast imaging using a synchrotron source (ELETTRA, Italy) for objects required in material science applications are discussed. Experiments have been carried out on two types of samples, pyrocarbon‐coated zirconia and pyrocarbon‐coated alumina microspheres. These have applications in both reactor and industrial fields. The phase‐contrast imaging technique is found to be very useful in visualizing and determining the coating thickness of pyrocarbon on zirconia and alumina microspheres. The experiments were carried out at X‐ray energies of 16, 18 and 20 keV and different object‐to‐detector distances. The results describe the contrast values and signal‐to‐noise ratio for both samples. A comprehensive study was carried out to determine the thickness of the pyrocarbon coating on zirconia and alumina microspheres of diameter 500 µm. The advantages of phase‐contrast images are discussed in terms of contrast and resolution, and a comparison is made with absorption images. The results show considerable improvement in contrast with phase‐contrast imaging as compared with absorption radiography.     

Spalling uniaxial strength of Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> at high strain rates

In this article research into the uniaxial tensile strength of Al₂O₃ monolithic ceramic is presented. The experimental procedure of the spalling of long bars is investigated from different approaches. This method is used to obtain the tensile strength at high strain rates under uniaxial conditions. Different methodologies proposed by several authors are used to obtain the tensile strength. The hypotheses needed for the experimental set-up are also checked, and the requirements of the set-up and the variables are also studied by means of numerical simulations. The research shows that the shape of the projectile is crucial to achieve successfully tests results. An experimental campaign has been carried out including high speed video and a digital image correlation system to obtain the tensile strength of alumina. Finally, a comparison of the test results provided by three different methods proposed by different authors is presented. The tensile strength obtained from the three such methods on the same specimens provides contrasting results. Mean values vary from one method to another but the trends are similar for two of the methods. The third method gives less scatter, though the mean values obtained are lower and do not follow the same trend as the other methods for the different specimens.     

强冲击载荷下氧化铝陶瓷靶破坏过程的SPH数值模拟

 陶瓷材料因具有低密度、高强度和高声速等良好的力学特性,被广泛应用到军事、航空航天和舰船防护等领域。为了研究氧化铝陶瓷靶板在强冲击载荷下的破坏性能,利用AUTODYN软件,采用光滑粒子流体动力学求解器对钨合金弹丸撞击氧化铝陶瓷靶过程进行模拟计算。将模拟结果与实验结果进行对比可知,模拟结果与实验结果非常吻合,说明所采用的计算方法正确。该研究方法为分析氧化铝陶瓷在强冲击载荷下的破坏特性提供了一种方便的途径,节省了研究时间和研究成本,提高了研究效率。     

Preparation of high purity spherical γ-alumina using a reduction-magnetic separation process

A purified alumina hydrosol has been prepared by removing metal impurities using a new reduction-magnetic separation process. The amount of iron in the alumina hydrosol was reduced by over 78% from 0.0094% to 0.0020%. As a result of co-crystallization, the copper content was simultaneously reduced from 0.0003% to 0.0001%. Spherical γ-alumina granules were prepared by the oil-drop method using the purified alumina hydrosol as starting material. The γ-alumina granules had a bulk density of about 0.50 g cm⁻³, crush strength of around 90N per granule, specific surface area of about 200 m² g⁻¹ and pore volume of about 0.75 cm³ g⁻¹. The purification process employed during the preparation of the alumina hydrosol had no effect on the physical properties, pore structure and crystal structure of the final spherical alumina granules.     

Surface metallization of alumina ceramics by pulsed high energy density plasma process

Surface metallization of alumina ceramics was carried out by pulsed high energy density plasma (PHEDP). A layer of copper film was deposited on the surface of alumina ceramics. Scanning auger electron microscopy (SAM) analysis revealed that copper diffused deep into the alumina substrate. Bonding of alumina and copper film was good. The reaction between copper and alumina was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. A copper aluminum oxide unstable at high temperature and very difficult to be synthesized, cubic phase CuAl₂O₄, was detected. A kinetics complexity in reaction of PHEDP and ceramics was discussed. An adiabatic model was used to describe heating and quenching of the PHEDP processing and analyze the interaction between PHEDP and alumina ceramics. The experimental results suggest that PHEDP method is a useful technology for various metal–ceramics bonding.     

Plasma sprayed alumina coatings for radiation detector development

Conventional design of radiation detectors uses sintered ceramic insulating modules. The major drawback of these ceramic components is their inherent brittleness. Ion chambers, in which these ceramic spacers are replaced by metallic components with plasma spray coated alumina, have been developed in our Research Centre. These components act as thin spacers that have good mechanical strength as well as high electrical insulation and replace alumina insulators with the same dimensions. As a result, the design of the beam loss monitor ion chamber for CAT could be simplified by coating the outer surface of the HT electrode with alumina. One of the chambers developed for isotope calibrator for brachytherapy gamma sources has its outer aluminium electrode (60 mm dia × 220 mm long) coated with 250 μ thick alumina (97%) + titania (3%). In view of potential applications in neutron-sensitive ion chambers used in reactor control instrumentation, studies were carried out on alumina 100 μ to 500 μ thick coatings on copper, aluminium and SS components. The electrical insulation varied from 10⁸ ohms to 10¹² ohms for coating thicknesses above 200 μ. The porosity in the coating resulted in some fall in electrical insulation due to moisture absorption. An improvement could be achieved by providing the ceramic surface with moisture-repellent silicone oil coating. Irradiation at Apsara reactor core location showed that the coating on aluminium was found to be unaffected after exposure to 10¹⁷ nvt fluence.     

The role of alumina nanoparticles in epoxy adhesives

Both untreated and calcined fumed alumina nanoparticles were dispersed into an epoxy-based adhesive at various percentages. The glass transition temperature of the nanofilled adhesives increased up to an optimal filler loading and then decreased, probably due to concurrent and contrasting effects of chain blocking and reduction of the crosslinking degree. Tensile modulus, stress at break, and fracture toughness of bulk adhesive were positively affected by the presence of untreated alumina nanoparticles at an optimal filler content. Mechanical tests on single-lap aluminum bonded joints indicated that untreated alumina nanoparticles markedly improved both the shear strength and fatigue life of the bonded joints. In particular, the shear strength increased by about 60% for an optimal filler content of 1 vol.%, and an adhesive failure mechanism was evidenced for all the tested specimens. Concurrently, a relevant decrease of the equilibrium contact angle with water was observed for nanofilled bulk adhesives. In summary, alumina nanoparticles can effectively improve the mechanical performances of epoxy structural adhesives, both by increasing their mechanical properties and by enhancing the interfacial wettability with an aluminum substrate.     

乙醇对纳米多孔氧化铝薄膜光致发光特性的影响

采用二次阳极氧化法,用乙醇与草酸的混合溶液制备纳米多孔氧化铝薄膜。扫描电子微镜结果显示,乙醇与草酸混合溶液中制备的氧化铝薄膜形貌更规整,有序度更高。光致发光测试结果表明,该混合电解液制备的薄膜的光致发光强度有明显的提高,且随乙醇浓度的增加,发光强度逐渐增大。结合红外反射光谱及X光电子能谱对上述实验现象进行了分析,为多孔氧化铝薄膜掺杂和改善其发光特性提供了新的思路。     

New developments in transient field measurements

New data for electron polarization were obtained in transient field (TF) measurements for H-like ions at high velocities. Spin-exchange scattering calculations with the polarized electrons in bound states of the ferromagnetic host atoms are successful for explaining experimental data. The deteriorating effect of ion-beam-induced perturbations on the TF strength in ferromagnetic materials has been studied systematically. Concepts for its control or elimination are introduced and discussed.     

On the second moment of the single-hole strength distribution

The second moment of the strength distribution of single-hole states in finite nuclei is discussed. Theoretical estimates for the second moment of single-hole states near the top of the Fermi sea appear to be larger than experimental values that can be derived from data on knock-out reactions; this indicates that experimentally a part of the single-hole strength has not been observed.