近距离激光外差探测光学极限位移分辨率

通过统计理论和维纳-辛钦定理推导出激光外差探测系统光电流的功率谱函数,分析了光电流谱线分布与激光光源线宽、中频信号频率以及信号光相对本振光传输延迟时间的关系,修正了相关文献中光电流功率谱的理论公式.根据信号与噪声理论建立了激光线宽引起的相位噪声的一维概率分布模型,并据此得到了基于激光波长、探测距离以及激光线宽的极限位移分辨率的数学模型.对光电流的功率谱和外差光学极限位移分辨率进行了相关的数值仿真,结果表明延迟时间与相干时间的关系决定光电流谱线分布的情况.当激光波长为532 nm,激光线宽在1 kHz,探测距离为100 m时,光学极限位移分辨率为0.266 nm,相关文献中的实验数据与理论推导结果相符合.     

Heterodyne detection of multiply scattered monochromatic light with a multipixel detector

A new technique is presented for measuring the spectral broadening of light that has been multiply scattered from scatterers in motion. In our method the scattered light is detected by a heterodyne receiver that uses a CCD as a multipixel detector. We obtain the frequency spectrum of the scattered light by sweeping the heterodyne local oscillator frequency. Our detection scheme combines a high optical etendue (product of the surface by the detection solid angle) with an optimal detection of the scattered photons (shot noise). Using this technique, we measure, in vivo, the frequency spectrum of the light scattered through the breast of a female volunteer.     

基于激光外差技术的高分辨率整层大气透过率测量

激光外差技术是一种高灵敏度的光谱探测技术,利用该技术研制的装置易于集成化小型化,可以进行地基或星载的地球大气或天文观测。基于激光外差光谱测量技术,结合自研的太阳跟踪仪建立了一套高分辨率整层大气透过率测量系统,系统分辨率约为0.006 cm-1。该系统利用太阳光和红外激光在非线性探测器中进行光学混频,通过对获取的混频信号进行电子学滤波和平方率探测,获得了高光谱分辨率的外差信号。采用Langley-plot定标法对测量系统进行定标,获取了仪器标定常数和对应的大气总光学厚度,实现了中红外波段整层大气透过率的实时测量。同时,将实测整层大气透过率与MODTRAN5.0软件仿真计算的结果进行对比分析,两者的一致性较好。分析表明该测量系统具有很高的分辨率并且性能稳定可靠,在大气科学、天文观测和激光大气传输等研究领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

基于最优化线性波数光谱仪的谱域光学相干层析成像系统

相比传统光谱仪,基于线性波数光谱仪的谱域光学相干层析(OCT)无需对非线性波数干涉光谱数据进行重采样和插值,可大大减少数据计算量并提高成像灵敏度.通过模拟计算干涉光谱信号和点扩散函数,以点扩散函数半峰全宽值的倒数作为评价准则,可以优化包括色散棱镜材料的折射率、顶角角度以及衍射光栅和色散棱镜之间旋转角角度的线性波数光谱仪的结构参数.根据优化结果,实验中选用F2玻璃等边色散棱镜,以光栅-棱镜间旋转角角度为21.8°搭建了最优化线性波数光谱仪,并引入谱域OCT成像系统.实验测得成像系统的轴向分辨率达到8.52μm,灵敏度达到91 dB,6 dB成像深度达到1.2 mm.结合具有通用并行计算能力的图形处理卡,在无需重采样和插值的情况下可实时处理和显示人手指指甲皮肤接缝处的横断面OCT图像,验证了基于最优化线性波数光谱仪的谱域OCT系统的成像性能.     

基于空间外差的拉曼信号处理方法研究

空间外差拉曼光谱技术是近年兴起的一种超光谱探测技术,它既具有拉曼光谱测量的非接触、快速、简单、可重复、无需样品准备等特点,更具有空间外差的超光谱分辨率、高通量、无运动部件优点,能在被测物质特征波长中心范围探测,实现微弱拉曼光信号的直接测量。由于被测信号微弱、光学元件加工精度、器件封装及仪器安装误差等原因,会导致空间外差拉曼光谱仪(SHRS)接收到的干涉图存在光强分布不均匀、干涉条纹倾斜或扭曲等现象,从而使普通光谱恢复方法得到光谱信号准确度下降或无法识别。根据SHRS探测到的干涉图所存在的误差特点,将二维傅里叶变换应用于SHRS干涉图的光谱复原,提出基于二维频域谱重采样的最强直线方向光谱提取方法,以实现SHRS光谱的获取。提取过程为：将采集的目标干涉图进行二维傅里叶变换,获得二维频谱图,通过使用相同实验系统采集的单波长或多波长光源的二维频谱信号特征峰的位置信息,拟合获取光信息强度最大方向直线方程。然后根据该直线与目标二维频谱图各列交点坐标位置,确定重采样贡献像元及权重。对拟合直线方程经过的所有列像元进行重采样,得到最终的光谱信号。将该方法应用于自行搭建实验系统采集的三叶草干涉图数据,同时与其他方法光谱复原结果进行对比。结果表明：与一维行平均光谱法比较,该方法获取的光谱在探测波段中心区域信号强度更加明显,同时消除了探测器热噪声的影响;与二维频谱中心行直接提取法比较,该方法是该方法的改进版本,两者结果比较接近。但是由于考虑到干涉条纹y分量的影响,沿二维频谱信号最强方向重采样得到的最终光谱,其主峰半峰宽更窄、边频噪声强度更小,且随着y分量的增加,光谱复原效果及优势将越发明显。该方法是空间外差拉曼光谱技术数据处理的一种有益补充与尝试。     

光纤型光学相干层析成像系统的研制

光学相干层析(OCT)成像技术是一新近发展的高分辨力生物医学成像手段,能非侵入性地对活体内部的结构与生理功能进行可视化观察。采用宽带近红外光源,基于迈克耳孙干涉原理和外差探测方法,建立了单模光纤型光学相干层析成像系统,相干地提取从生物体内部返回的深度分辨的弹性散射光信息,并依此构筑了自然状态下活体组织的二维光学相干层析成像图像和三维光学相干层析成像图像。光纤化设计的光学相干层析成像系统紧凑、灵活,便于与光纤导管、内窥镜和其它成像装置的有机结合,以拓展其观察范围和应用领域。     

希尔伯特变换处理的布里渊散射DOFS的研究

光时域反射结构的布里渊散射分布式光纤传感器所检测的自发布里渊散射光信号非常微弱,且频带宽度在几十兆赫以上,难以应用普通相干解调方法,提出了基于希尔伯特变换的光相干检测方法,具体采用微波电光调制产生频移参考光和自发布里渊散射光进行相干检测得到光电信号,再应用基于希尔伯特变换的数字信号处理技术对光电信号进行幅度解调,得到了信噪比改善的布里渊散射光谱,从而有利于提高传感器的检测性能,     

全光纤双通道大气温室气体激光外差光谱探测技术研究

激光外差光谱技术是近年迅速发展的一种高光谱分辨率遥感探测技术,其装置具有体积小、光谱分辨率高等特点,适用于大气温室气体浓度的探测。各种观测实验已证明其是一种切实、有效的探测手段,在地球大气探测领域具有很大的应用前景和潜力。在现有激光外差光谱仪器的基础之上,提出了一种新型的仪器结构。采用光纤光开关对直射的太阳光进行调制与分束,实现利用单个光纤光开关进行两个波段激光外差信号的同时探测。为全光纤激光外差光谱仪的下一步系统集成和多波段激光外差光谱仪的构建提供了新方法。从激光外差探测的原理出发,分析了激光外差光谱探测技术的优势和关键参数,并结合自行研制的高精度太阳跟踪仪,搭建了一套近红外双通道全光纤式激光外差辐射计的原理样机。详细地阐述了激光外差辐射计原理样机中各功能模块的作用和参数,着重描述了光纤光开关在其中的作用原理和功能,详细地讨论了激光外差光谱仪的波长扫描模式和波长标定方法。在此基础上,讨论了激光外差辐射计的相关参数设置依据和仪器函数的测量方法,并给出了激光外差装置的仪器函数以及相应的光谱分辨率(0.004 4 cm-1)。利用搭建的激光外差光谱仪在合肥地区(31.9°N, 117.166°E)进行了实际的大气探测,同时在波段(6 056.2~6 058.1 cm-1)和(6 035.6~6 036.5 cm-1)分别获取了CH₄和CO₂分子的激光外差吸收信号,并对吸收信号进行了波长标定和归一化,得到了CH₄分子和CO₂分子的整层大气透过率谱,测量光谱信号的信噪比分别为197和209,同时也对分子吸收信号的光谱特征进行了分析。本文的测量实践表明光纤光开关可以用于激光外差光谱系统的结构优化,实现多通道多波段的激光外差光谱同时测量,拓展激光外差光谱仪在大气探测领域的应用。     

孔径透射率调制对外差探测的影响

信号光与本地光的夹角是影响探测器输出外差信号强度的主要因素。当夹角过大时,甚至不能检测到外差信号。通过分析提出,外差信号的振幅实际上是接收孔径透射率函数的傅里叶变换,以此为依据提出一种降低失配角对外差信号影响的方法,即在接收孔径处放置透射率分布满足一定函数形式的透过型元件,使其傅里叶频谱满足预定的要求,这种情况下两光束夹角增大时,探测器输出的外差信号强度能得到增强,从而降低了对探测系统瞄准精度的要求。     

Influence of Phase Drift on Optical Coherence Tomography Using a CCD Camera-Based Heterodyne Detection Technique

The performance of a two-dimensional heterodyne detection technique in optical coherence tomography (OCT) was studied. This technique, which is based on the frequency synchronous detection method, enables the use of an imager such as a charge coupled device (CCD) camera as a heterodyne sensor array, so that horizontal cross-sectional image can be acquired in real time without lateral scanning. OCT measurements of scattering media including a biological object were demonstrated. To evaluate the influence of phase fluctuations on the present technique, we measured and analyzed the statistical relative-standard-deviation of heterodyne signal intensity as a function of the random phase shifts between two consecutive CCD frames. Practical limitations in the signal stability and possible solutions are discussed.     

Full-field optical coherence tomography by two-dimensional heterodyne detection with a pair of CCD cameras

A two-dimensional heterodyne detection technique based on the frequency-synchronous detection method [Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 39, 1194 (2000)] is demonstrated for full-field optical coherence tomography. This technique, which employs a pair of CCD cameras to detect the in-phase and quadrature components of the heterodyne signal simultaneously, offers the advantage of phase-drift suppression in interferometric measurement. Horizontal cross-sectional images are acquired at the rate of 100 frames/s in a single longitudinal scan, with a depth interval of 6 microm, making the rapid reconstruction of three-dimensional images possible.     

基于受激辐射信号的谱域光学相干层析分子成像方法

鉴于不同生理病理状态下组织复折射率实部的变化不大,传统光学相干层析(OCT)成像技术在分子特异性识别上存在先天不足.为此,本文提出了基于受激辐射信号的OCT成像方法,可在实现传统散射成像的同时,实现基于受激辐射信号的分子成像.在超高分辨率谱域OCT系统的基础上,通过增设光谱分光与调制抽运光支路,建立了基于单宽谱光源的抽运探测谱域OCT系统,详细推导了调制抽运下受激辐射信号的获取与成像公式.利用搭建的抽运探测谱域OCT系统,实现了瞬态受激辐射信号的相干探测.基于同时获取的受激辐射OCT信号和传统OCT信号,成功重构了氮化物粉末构建样品的基于受激辐射信号的分子对比OCT图像.     

Detection Schemes for Optical-Coherence-Domain Imaging of Biological Tissues

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a novel imaging modality based on low-coherence interferometry. This paper summarizes some of our latest work on the development of OCT where we have taken two approaches. In the first approach we have developed a phase-drift-suppression method for stable heterodyne detection in the presence of phase fluctuations. In the second approach we have concentrated on the development of two-dimensional heterodyne detection techniques for real-time imaging. A novel detection scheme has been proposed, which enables parallel heterodyne detection with a commercially available imager such as a charge-coupled-device camera. Meanwhile, a non-scanning OCT system configuration based on off-axis interferometry is being studied. Using a newly developed angular-dispersion imaging scheme, we show that the axial reflectance profile in OCT measurement can be detected instantaneously with a sensor array.     

Spectral calibration in spectral domain optical coherence tomography

A novel spectral calibration method is developed for spectral domain optical coherence tomography system. The method is based on two measurements of interference spectra from two reference mirror positions. It removes the influence of dispersion mismatch, and hence accurately determines the spectral distribution on the line-scan charge-coupled device (CCD) for sequent precise interpolation. High quality imaging can be realized with this method. Elimination of the degradation effect caused by dispersion mismatch is verified experimentally, and improved two-dimensional (2D) imaging of fresh orange pulp based on the proposed spectral calibration method is demonstrated.     

大孔径空间外差干涉光谱成像技术多谱段成像仿真

在大孔径空间外差干涉光谱成像技术（LASHIS）的基础上提出了一种多谱段成像方案.其采用LASHIS的外差探测原理,一方面,可通过较少的采样点数实现很高的光谱分辨率,保留了LASHIS的高光谱分辨率、高稳定性和高探测灵敏度的特点;另一方面,利用光栅的多级衍射性质,实现同一系统的多谱段同时探测,拓宽了光谱探测范围.首先,阐述了LASHIS多谱段成像方案的基本原理;然后,分析了多谱段探测与谱段解混方式;最后,对该方案进行了计算机仿真模拟,通过ZEMAX光线追迹的干涉图结果与理论计算结果相符合,验证了方案的正确性.基于LASHIS的多谱段成像方案所具有的高光谱分辨率、高探测灵敏度以及可实现同一系统的多谱段同时探测特点,尤其适合温室气体等高稳定性、高探测灵敏度的多谱段高光谱探测应用.     

基于相位敏感谱域光学相干层析术的潜指纹获取方法

本文提出一种基于相位敏感谱域光学相干层析术 (spectral domain optical coherence tomography, SD-OCT) 的遗留指纹获取方法, 该方法具有非接触、无损、快速和高灵敏度优势. 实验结果显示, 即使在低对比度条件下, 本方法也能较好地再现遗留指纹, 证明相位敏感谱域光学相干层析术可以准确、可靠地识别潜指纹. 关键词： 潜指纹 谱域光学相干层析术 相位敏感     

Synthesized optical coherence tomography for imaging of scattering objects by use of a stepwise frequency-modulated tunable laser diode

A technique named synthesized optical coherence tomography (SOCT) has been proposed and developed as an alternative method to the well-known optical coherence tomography for cross-sectional imaging of scattering objects. SOCT is based on the principle of synthesis of an optical coherence function by use of a tunable laser diode. With stepwise frequency modulation of light and synchronous phase modulation, the coherence function is synthesized into a peak at an arbitrary location. The longitudinal scattering distribution of the object under test is thus obtained without a mechanically driven reference. Two-dimensional tomography was demonstrated in a basic experiment with a lateral mechanical scan.     

A phase sensitive optical rotation measurement in a scattered chiral medium using a Zeeman laser

A novel circular polarized optical heterodyne interferometer using a Zeeman laser to measure optical rotation both in nonscattered and scattered chiral medium is proposed. A pair of correlated orthogonal circular polarized light waves of different temporal frequency propagating in the chiral medium at different speed is studied. This results in phase retardation between circular polarized light waves of which the phase difference is proportional to the optical rotation angle of a linear polarized light in a chiral medium. In the mean time, two orthogonal circular polarized light waves can be treated as a circular polarized photon pair that is able to reduce the scattering effect in a scattered chiral medium. Then the optical rotation angle can be measured in the scattering medium. In addition, a common-path configuration with respect to circular polarized light waves immune the background noise. This further improves the sensitivity on optical rotation measurement based on phase difference detection.     

Laser computed tomography of opaque industrial products measured by coherent detection imaging method

The coherent detection imaging method with a low-power He–Ne laser as the source is used to obtain transillumination laser computed tomographic and two-dimensional (2D) images of opaque industrial products such as fluorescent lamps and electric light bulbs. This method is principally based on the optical heterodyne detection technique that has the highest sensitivity along with excellent selectivity in terms of coherence, polarization and high directionality. Structures of the filament and electrode enclosed in the opaque glass were clearly identified with submillimeter resolution.     

基于多普勒非对称空间外差光谱技术的多普勒测速仿真

阐述了多普勒非对称空间外差光谱仪用于被动式多普勒测速的基本原理,通过综合考虑干涉条纹对比度和仪器测速灵敏度等关键因素,建立了效率函数,分别针对高斯线型和洛伦兹线型发射谱线,从理论上推导了最优单臂偏置量的选择依据,并以高斯线型目标谱线为例进行了仿真验证.同时,提出了一种基于部分干涉条纹反演多普勒速度的数据处理方法,简化了多谱线目标源的数据处理过程.结合自适应频率跟踪算法对单谱线目标源和多谱线目标源进行了仿真比较,仿真结果表明,在不考虑噪声的情况下,该方法针对多谱线目标源的多普勒测速最大绝对误差在0.004 m/s以内,与针对单谱线目标源的处理精度相当,可以满足实际应用的精度要求.