线阵声强缩放方法在水下声源辐射功率估算中的应用

为了解决水下声源辐射声功率难以计算的问题,利用线阵声强缩放方法在波束形成声源识别的基础上,根据波束输出结果与声源辐射声功率之间的换算关系来获得相应的声功率。为了提高线阵声强缩放方法的水下声功率估算精度,给出了一定动态范围限制的主瓣区域积分方法,并通过仿真验证了该方法的有效性。在消声水池中开展了水下声功率估算的实验研究。在不同的测试距离下,对双声源条件下的单频以及宽带声源在阵列侧的辐射声功率进行了估算,以混响法的测量结果为参考值,研究了估算误差随声源频率、测试距离等影响因素的变化规律。实验结果表明,无论是单频还是宽带声源,声功率的最大估算误差不超过2.6 dB,在高频时不超过1.6 dB。验证了线阵声强缩放方法应用于水下声源辐射声功率估算的正确性与可行性。      

线阵波束形成声强缩放方法估算声源的辐射声功率

为了解决波束形成声源识别过程中声源辐射声功率定量计算的问题,给出了阵型简洁、便于组合的线阵声强缩放模型。通过推导线阵的声强缩放系数,建立起线阵波束输出结果与声源辐射声功率之间的换算关系。无论是线阵还是平面阵的声强缩放方法,对于偏离阵列中心位置较远处的声源进行辐射声功率估算时都存在较为明显的误差。通过理论推导和仿真模拟计算,研究了同一单极子点声源在不同位置处的声功率估算偏差随频率、幅度的变化规律,发现该估算偏差只与声源偏离位置有关,而与声源自身的强度信息无关的结论,据此给出了相应的声功率估算修正方法。半消声室实验结果和声压法测量结果对比表明:修正后的线阵声强缩放方法用于中高频声源的辐射声功率计算时,单频声源的估算误差不超过1.0 dB,宽带声源的估算误差不超过1.8 dB。      

联合扩散场激励与近场声全息重建的建筑构件隔声测量方法

提出了一种联合扩散场(DAF)激励与近场声全息(NAH)辐射声强重建的建筑构件空气声隔声测量方法。该方法首先通过DAF激励构件振动并获取入射声功率,然后利用NAH技术从辐射声压场中重建构件表面高空间分辨率的法向声强分布,最后根据声强分布来计算辐射声功率和定位辐射热区,从而实现构件隔声量和隔声缺陷测量。隔声室实验研究表明,在测试距离和采样间距均为0.04 m的条件下,该方法测量的隔声量与声压法的误差在100～5000 Hz频带小于3.3 dB,在250～3150 Hz频带小于1.3 dB,对圆孔(直径8 mm)和矩形缝(长80 mm、宽3 mm)的定位精度高达厘米级;同时,该方法在一定混响和背景噪声影响下的稳定性较强,接收室混响时间从1.0 s增至3.4 s (步长0.6 s)以及信噪比从10 dB降至0 dB (步长5 dB),隔声量测量误差分别在0.8 dB和0.3 dB以内,缺陷定位误差在0.037 m和0.035 m以内。所提方法有助于提高实验室中建筑构件隔声特性的测量能力,同时对接收室测试环境具有较强的鲁棒性。     

利用起伏界面改善非消声水池中的声功率测量

针对非消声水池的声学测量应用,提出了一种在界面起伏的非消声水池中测量水下声源辐射声功率的方法。基于数值方法分析了在非消声水池中利用起伏界面改善低频声源辐射声功率测量的可行性,进一步在一个尺寸为1.2 m×1.0 m×0.8 m的非消声水池中开展实验研究,测量了水声换能器的辐射声功率。实验表明,相对于界面静止的水池,利用造波装置生成随机起伏界面后,声场扩散性明显改善:(1)水池的Schroeder频率从10015 Hz降低到8370 Hz,辐射声功率的测量范围向低频扩展;(2)结合空间平均技术测得的频响曲线起伏程度减小,与自由场值更接近,辐射声功率的测量结果更为准确。所提方法有助于提高非消声水池中水下目标声学特性的测量能力。     

TE1n /TM1n激励圆锥喇叭辐射功率测量方法

研究了TE1n /TM1n模式激励的圆形口径喇叭天线的辐射场特征,导出了根据辐射场计算天线辐射总功率的方法:通过测定天线E面和H面的辐射场功率密度分布,分别进行球冠积分,其平均值即为天线的辐射总功率;并进行了数值仿真验证。分析了测量角度范围和测量点数目对测量功率的影响,提出了通过数据拟合来降低测量误差的一种方法;给出了测量角度范围和测量点数的选取原则,功率测量可在15 dB或18 dB波束宽度范围内进行,测量点数一般选15个左右。     

散热片对变压器声辐射的影响及优化分析*

油浸式配电变压器表面布有大量散热片结构,使得油箱振动声辐射变得复杂。该文研究了散热片结构对油浸式变压器辐射声场的影响,在此基础上提出了散热片结构尺寸的优化措施。建立了考虑流固耦合的变压器振动和声学分析模型,提出了散热片声场效应评判准则,基于模态分析和频响分析探讨了散热片对变压器振动声辐射影响的振动效应、声源效应和声障效应。实验数据和仿真分析结果表明,变压器散热片对变压器振动声辐射的影响不可忽视,尤其是声源效应。采用遗传算法对散热片分布和尺寸参数进行优化分析,计算结果表明,通过优化散热片可以有效降低变压器表面均方振速和辐射声功率,可为变压器噪声控制和优化提供依据。     

环筋对水下平底圆柱壳的声振特性影响

本文建立了计算两端带平底板的有限长圆柱壳水中声辐射的FEM／BEM三维模型，探索了加筋的高度、宽度、数目对平底圆柱壳的辐射功率、辐射效率、法向声强、声场指向性的影响规律。计算方法是在有限元软件ANSYS中做加筋平底圆柱壳建模、模态分析基础上，将有关数据（网格、模态）导入边界元软件SYSNOISE中计算流体结构耦合状态下的辐射声场特性。结果表明：（1）随着环筋高度、宽度增大，激励点声压峰和法向声强峰在0-400Hz频率范围内数目减少且峰向高频方向移动，同时辐射声功率在减小（除个别模态峰值外），而辐射效率随筋高增大而增大。（2）环筋数目的增加使激励点辐射声压和法向声强峰数目明显减少，使辐射声功率明显低于无筋圆柱壳的辐射声功率，辐射效率随环筋数目增大而增大。（3）环筋宽度变化对声场指向性影响不大；圆柱壳声场指向性随环筋高度和数目增加出现较大变化，尤其是在研究的频段内的f=51Hz和f=301Hz上。这对于水下结构辐射噪声预报以及噪声抑制具有重要意义。     

X波段高功率微波馈源辐射总功率阵列法测量技术

 分析了采用阵列法测量高功率微波(HPM)馈源辐射总功率的相关技术环节。仿真计算了某型X带HPM馈源辐射场分布,设计了积分法测量辐射总功率的参数,并对积分总功率与端口注入功率的关系以及积分方法引入的测量误差进行了计算。设计了由8路HPM辐射场功率密度测量系统组成阵列,对馈源辐射场功率密度进行测量,保证功率密度测量结果一致性和重复性。测量结果表明：多路测量系统测量波形相同,单路系统多次重复测量偏差在±0.1 dB内,多路测量系统对同一点辐射场功率密度测量偏差在±0.3 dB内,馈源热测E面方向图与冷测结果基本符合,积分总功率与等效辐射功率测量结果吻合较好。     

用边界单元法计算离心风机噪声辐射

１概述在工业生产中,噪声已成为考查风机性能的重要指标之一。然而,为了准确测出风机的噪声量值,需要一个适宜的声学环境,否则往往无法测出其真实的噪声量值。其次在噪声测量中,从机壳辐射的噪声同通过进、出口管道面辐射的噪声相互影响,因而把这两种能量途径分开几乎是不可能的。本文提出了一种评估风机机壳单独的噪声辐射的方法。这种方法运用边界元法在测量风机机壳表面振动速度的基础上计算蜗壳表面的声压分布及其辐射的声功率．当然它也可以用来计算入口管、出口管（不包括蜗壳）所辐射的声功率。２等参单元法计算三维辐射声场声…     

水下翼型结构流噪声实验研究

为测量流激水下翼型结构的流噪声,提出了一种混响箱测量方法。在重力式水洞中搭建了一套实验测量系统,利用混响箱法测量了水下翼型结构模型的辐射声功率。在此基础上研究了流速及结构参数(厚度、肋、声学覆盖层)对其辐射声功率的影响。结果表明:当流速小于5 m/s时,辐射声功率随流速的6次方增长,符合偶极子的辐射规律;当流速大于5 m/s时,辐射声功率随流速的10土1次方规律增长,不再按偶极子的规律辐射;若对水下翼型结构模型加厚、加环肋及外部敷设黏弹性材料,均可在一定程度上抑制流噪声。此研究方法可对水下复杂结构的辐射声功率测量及结构优化设计提供一定的参考。      

Investigation on Noise Pollution Comprehensive Treatment of Distribution Transformer in Living Area

In the current paper, which deals with the noise pollution excited by distribution transformers in the living area, a comprehensive treatment scheme is put forward for the purpose of reducing the sound pressure level emitting into the environment. In accordance with the associated test standard, the sound pressure levels of distribution transformer and surrounding environment are not only tested but analyzed as well. The measurements were carried out with the frequency analysis of the 1/3 octave resolution, with the center frequencies at 125 Hz, 250 Hz, 400 Hz, and 500 Hz. As illustrated, on the basis of the measurement results, the frequency of noise at 500 Hz of distribution transformer causes the major noise pollution in the surrounding environment. This measurement result is in line with the noise frequency characteristics of distribution transformer. There are two transmission routes of noise: i) the noise excited by distribution transformer transmits by means of the wall of distribution room, and ii) part of noise spreads through the ground of distribution room. Accordingly, acoustic shield and vibration isolation device are applied for the reduction of the low frequency noise emitted through the above two paths. Aimed at applying the appropriate acoustic material and vibration mounting, the evaluation of the noise reduction and vibration absorption is carried out in accordance with the sound and vibration insulation theory. Following the noise treatment, the transformer and environment noise are measured again. The corresponding findings shed light on the fact that the sound level satisfied the requirement of limits of the ordinance. The proposed noise treatment scheme can be applied to the existing power distribution facilities for controlling the sound levels that reach a point where it is comparatively more unobjectionable.     

Frequencies Rotation at High Sound Pressure Levels Toward Low Frequencies

Today, analyzing of sound pressure level and frequency is considered as an important index in human society. Sound experts believe that analyzing of these parameters can help us to better understanding of work environments. Sound measurements and frequency analysis did to fix the harmful frequency in all sections in Shiraz gas power plant with sound analyzer model BSWA 308. The sound pressure levels (L_P) and the one and one-third octave band were continuously measured in A and C weighting networks and slow mode for time response. Excel 2013 and Minitab 18.1 software used for statistical calculations. Results analyzed by Minitab 18.1 software. The highest harmful frequency in Shiraz Gas Power Plant (SGPP) was 50 Hz with 115 dB. The sound pressure level (SPL) ranged from 45 dB to 120 dB in one-third octave band and weighting network C. The maximum sound pressure level was in Craft electricity generator with 105.3 dB and 67 Hz. Sound pressure level in surrounded environment was 120 dB. According to the results, in this industry the sound pressure level exceeded the Occupational Exposure Level of Iran (OEL). The value of sound pressure level were higher than the Standard of occupational health. SGPP consumes 47000 cubic meters of natural gas per hour to produce 100 MW (Mega Watt) of electricity. It is very high and it is not economical and cost effective. These numbers indicate that the power plant’s efficiency is low. It could be concluded that the noise pollution is an important issue in these industries. Moreover, SGPP produce noise with loss energy. Frequencies rotation at high sound pressure levels toward low frequencies were happened.     

Examination of bone-conducted transmission from sound field excitation measured by thresholds, ear-canal sound pressure, and skull vibrations

Bone conduction (BC) relative to air conduction (AC) sound field sensitivity is here defined as the perceived difference between a sound field transmitted to the ear by BC and by AC. Previous investigations of BC-AC sound field sensitivity have used different estimation methods and report estimates that vary by up to 20 dB at some frequencies. In this study, the BC-AC sound field sensitivity was investigated by hearing threshold shifts, ear canal sound pressure measurements, and skull bone vibrations measured with an accelerometer. The vibration measurement produced valid estimates at 400 Hz and below, the threshold shifts produced valid estimates at 500 Hz and above, while the ear canal sound pressure measurements were found erroneous for estimating the BC-AC sound field sensitivity. The BC-AC sound field sensitivity is proposed, by combining the present result with others, as frequency independent at 50 to 60 dB at frequencies up to 900 Hz. At higher frequencies, it is frequency dependent with minima of 40 to 50 dB at 2 and 8 kHz, and a maximum of 50 to 60 dB at 4 kHz. The BC-AC sound field sensitivity is the theoretical limit of maximum attenuation achievable with ordinary hearing protection devices.     

应用傅里叶红外光谱研究强声波作用下植物壁蛋白质二级结构变化

本论文采用傅里叶红外光研究烟草花粉细胞在不同频率和不同功率的强声波作用下,细胞壁蛋白质二级结构的变化.实验表明,在酰胺Ⅰ和酰胺Ⅱ带都有变化.当频率为400Hz,功率分别为110dB、100dB时,酰胺Ⅰ带β ^⊥折叠向B‖折叠转移,振动态由ν^⊥(π,0)→ν‖(0,0);当功率为90dB,频率分别为800Hz、8000Hz时,酰胺Ⅱ带α 螺旋稍有改变.因此,本工作的结果将有助于我们了解强声波对植物细胞的作用效应.     

薄膜型声学超材料对低频振动的隔声特性分析*

高效共振混合机工作频率为60 Hz,且系统处于共振,产生较大低频噪声。针对振动机械产生的有害噪声,分析了高效共振混合机低频高加速度共振混合过程的特点,得到了60 Hz低频声波穿透力强特点,相比传统的以吸声材料构建的50~100 mm厚度、隔声效果小于10 dB的隔声罩,分析了薄膜型声学超材料在低频减振降噪中的隔声特性。通过多物理场仿真分析,60 Hz时隔声量为31.4 dB,确定了硅橡胶弹性薄膜的预应力和质量块的面密度;采用3D打印机快速成型技术,构建了隔声实验装置,分析了独立隔声单元、面密度、薄膜尺寸等隔声特性规律。基于人耳在实际环境中感受到的噪声强度,提出了噪声衰减量和插入损失的分析方法,在距离声源380 mm和1000 mm的位置,60 Hz时隔声量分别为27 dB和38 dB。研究成果丰富了低频隔声特性理论,为薄膜型声学超材料的工程设计和优化提供了技术支撑。     

The role of load harmonics in audible noise of electrical transformers

Harmonic components in load currents have a larger impact on the load noise level of transformers than might be expected from their amplitude. There are several reasons for this larger impact: (a) the interaction of higher harmonics with the large fundamental load current at power frequency, (b) the increasing sound radiation efficiency with increasing frequency, and (c) the greater sensitivity of the human ear to higher frequencies, which is considered in sound measurements by applying the A-weighting filter. This paper describes the process of generation, transmission, and emission of load noise in the presence of load harmonics. A calculation scheme is presented that is able to estimate the noise increase and the noise spectrum of electrical transformers under non-sinusoidal load conditions. The proposed calculation scheme is applied to three practical examples.     

Wind-generated ambient noise in a topographically isolated basin: a pre-industrial era proxy

During the mid-1980s, calibrated measurements of ambient noise and wind speed were made in the Tongue of the Ocean in the Bahamas to quantify the spectra and statistics of wind-generated noise. This deep basin is topographically isolated from the Atlantic Ocean and, therefore, largely acoustically decoupled from the Atlantic Ocean deep sound channel. The quantitative effects of contaminating (non-surface wind-generated) noise sources within the basin were eliminated by careful measurement and robust statistical analysis methodologies. Above 500 Hz, the spectral slopes are approximately -5 dB per octave and independent of wind speed. Below 500 Hz, the ambient noise is no longer a linear function of wind speed. Below 100 Hz and for wind speeds greater than 18.5 knots (kt), the ambient noise is independent of frequency. The minimum observed ambient noise level falls 13 dB below Urick's "light shipping" level at 30 Hz and 2-5 dB below Wenz's sea state zero level through the wind-dominated portion of the spectrum. The basin's geographical isolation and the rigorous measurement and analysis methodologies employed make this two-decade-old data set a reasonable and justified proxy for pre-industrial era ocean noise levels in the 20 Hz to 20 kHz frequency band.     

Sound propagation in the atmospheric surface layer: Comparison of experiment with FFP predictions

This paper presents a set of acoustical and meteorological data from an outdoor sound propagation experiment. This experiment was done in a farm field near Rock Springs, Pennsylvania, on 7 July 1990. Meteorological and acoustical measurements were recorded simultaneously during six different times in the day. The meteorological measurements permitted determination of the sound speed profiles during each of the measurement sessions, using a method based on surface-layer similarity scaling. The acoustical measurements allowed precise determination of the relative sound pressure levels for a frequency range up to 3150 Hz at six different distances (66, 88, 125, 175, 250 and 350 m). The results show atmospheric conditions have an important effect on sound propagation. At medium and high frequencies, variations of the relative SPL have been measured at distances as short as 62 m. These effects increased with the distances so that variations as great as 30 dB have been measured during that day. Comparisons with the fast field program predictions are also presented, and amply demonstrate the accuracies of this model, especially for the downward refraction cases.     

Low frequency sound measurement in vehicles

Sound pressure level measurements in cars travelling at motorway speeds have shown that, in many cases, the overall level is very high in relation to the dB(A) and octave band levels, suggesting that much of the sound energy is in the low frequency and infrasonic regions. A technique has been developed to extend accurate octave band measurements down to the octave centred on 2 Hz. The system uses a calibrated sound level meter feeding a frequency modulation tape-recorder to record noise below 64 Hz, and an octave band analysis system to analyse the resultant tape recordings. Typical results are presented for a number of vehicles and it is found that sound pressure levels as high as 120 dB can be found in the octave bands between 2 and 16 Hz.     

Losses during sound propagation on the shelf

The paper discusses the results of studying how changes in the hydrological conditions affect losses that sound undergoes as it propagates along a stationary track in Vityaz Bay in the Sea of Japan. Measurements were conducted with an Mollusk-07 autonomous vertical acousto-hydrophysical measurement system and an autonomous electromagnetic emitter generating a frequency-modulated signal in the 280–340 Hz band. The modulation frequency was 0.3 Hz. It is shown that tide-, internal-wave-, and upwelling-caused variations in sound losses with a frequency of 285–335 Hz propagating along a stationary track with a length of 1640 m for seven days did not exceed 3 dB.