动态光散射研究纳米级PBA/PMMA核壳颗粒的散射特性

运用动态光散射仪研究PBA(聚丙烯酸丁脂)为核,PMMA(聚甲基丙烯酸甲脂)为壳的核壳双层结构颗粒的角度散射光,并通过测量得到的粒径分布进行理论计算,结果表明:测量结果与理论计算结果总体趋势一致,但在前向散射和后向散射两者相差较大,主要由于动态光散射仪测量粒径分布时反演算法剔除占比例很小的大颗粒造成的.     

夫琅禾费衍射公式的一般形式

从不同的途径导出了大角度情形下亦成立的夫琅禾费衍射积分的一般形式，指出此一般形式公式是求解夫琅禾费衍射的基本公式．并通过对夫琅禾费衍射公式的级数形式的推导，揭示了傅里叶光学中“夫琅禾费衍射公式”与一般形式公式存在的差别，以及消除这种差别的措施．此外，还较详细地讨论了倾斜因子对衍射花样的影响．这对于衍射测量及深入理解夫琅禾费衍射的本质有一定的指导意义．     

基于Mie光散射理论的尾流气泡前向散射光特性研究

实验中利用CMOS图像传感器代替传统的光电探测器接受前向散射光,由几何光学和图像处理分析得出不同散射角的散射光与采集图像中的光环相对应.通过计算各个光环的所有像素值的总和就可以得到前向散射光光强的相对值,进而可以得出前向散射光光强变化规律.根据米氏（Mie）光散射理论可以计算出气泡各个方向的散射光光强,通过比较实验结果和Mie理论计算结果可以看出,采用CMOS图像传感器探测和图像处理技术可以准确地得出散射光强度的变化规律.     

光源的偏振态对动态光散射颗粒测量结果的影响

研究了在动态光散射纳米颗粒测量中,光源的偏振态对测量结果的影响。采用了粒径为100nm、体积浓度为0.5%的标准颗粒作为样品,使He-Ne激光通过起偏器得到0°～180°方向的偏振光,测量了散射光强、偏振度和粒径测量值的变化,计算了相应的粒径均值偏差和标准差,并将这一结果与无偏振He-Ne激光入射进行了比较。结果表明,当入射光为线偏振光时,偏振方向垂直于散射面时测量效果最好;另一方面,由于颗粒系散射迭加造成的散射光偏振度降低,使线偏振光源与无偏振光源产生的散射光偏振度无明显差别,证明在测量中可以使用无偏振He-Ne激光代替。     

雷达波段内磁性吸波颗粒光散射特性分析

针对目前在微波雷达隐身技术中广泛运用的吸波材料颗粒,根据米氏(Mie)散射理论对磁性吸波颗粒在雷达波段内的光散射特性进行了数值模拟和计算分析.在Mie系数中引入磁导率变量,分别计算了磁导率、折射率及颗粒粒径等参数对吸波颗粒光散射特性的影响;同时对比分析了磁性与非磁性吸波颗粒的散射光强、散射系数、吸收系数等散射特性规律.数值计算结果表明,颗粒磁特性的变化对其散射性能造成影响,磁导率的增大将使颗粒的吸收性能增强而后向散射强度减弱,有利于吸波颗粒雷达散射截面的减小,同时磁导率变化对颗粒散射特性的影响受到复折射率的制约.     

利用近前向散射图样识别单粒子形状的理论研究

近前向光学散射图样可以用来表征颗粒物的形状.基于球形芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、类鼻疽伯克氏菌的回转长椭球模型, 采用离散偶极子近似方法, 通过模拟3个不同方位探测器接收的散射光强响应信号, 讨论了非球形生物气溶胶颗粒的形状对前向角分辨光强的影响.结合球形指数反演算法, 在一定取向条件下, 前向5°–20° 内角分辨散射光强具有识别长形颗粒物和非长形颗粒物的能力.该研究可以为颗粒物形态测量仪器设计以及快速检测有害生物气溶胶提供依据.     

倾斜因子对夫琅禾费衍射强度的影响

利用傅里叶光学详细讨论了斜入射情况下的夫琅禾费衍射,导出了大角度斜入射和衍射下的光强理论分布,分析了倾斜因子对衍射花样的影响.利用该理论对平行光斜入射光栅衍射实验的衍射花样进行了理论模拟,理论与实验基本相符.     

夫琅禾费衍射光强的反常分布和 Matlab模拟

讨论了夫琅禾费衍射实际实验中的反常现象,在一定条件下给出了计算机模拟的结果。实验表明,衍射图样的实验数据点分布结果与数值计算的模拟结果一致。由此可知,夫琅禾费衍射光强的反常分布是远场条件失效所致。     

水滴粒径散射测量中的快速反演方法研究

针对汽轮机低压缸中水滴的平均尺度的实时测量问题,提出了一种用于从水滴散射光强分布中快速反演水滴粒径参数的半经验理论方法.根据米氏(Mie)散射理论,数值计算了不同水滴尺度对应的散射相函数曲线,并在前向小角度范围内,通过高斯函数拟合得到Mie散射理论的近似解析解,进而拟合得到水滴粒径随高斯函数参数变化的半经验理论公式.在...     

夫琅禾费衍射的光谱特性

基于MATLAB语言,以夫琅禾费衍射为研究对象,数值模拟了夫琅禾费圆孔衍射和单缝衍射光谱特性,通过改变狭缝宽度和入射波的波长,数值模拟得到夫琅禾费单缝衍射的光强变化图和光谱特性图。结果表明,圆孔衍射的光强比单缝衍射的光强曲线在次级明纹的强度更加低,夫琅禾费衍射的结论与实际理论和试验吻合的较好。研究结果为夫琅禾费衍射的研究提供参考。     

Modeling of Multiple Scattering Effects in Fraunhofer Diffraction Particle Size Analysis

A model for the direct problem of calculating the forward scattering signature of a multiple scattering medium is presented. The new formulation is optimized for integration into schemes for reconstructing the particle size distribution from laser diffraction (forward scattering) signatures obtained from optically thick media. The analysis is valid for media where the particle sizes and interparticle spacings are large (relative to the wavelength and the particle size, respectively) such that Fraunhofer diffraction theory adequately describes the properties of the forward scattered light from individual scattering events. The simulated performance of laser diffraction particle sizing instruments was then studied using predictions of the scattered light signatures which would be measured by laser diffraction instrument under multiple scattering conditions. The results were compared with experimental data and theoretical calculations based on other models.     

基于反常衍射的红细胞变形研究及蒙特卡罗仿真

用反常衍射理论分析了人体血液中静态红细胞和在剪切力作用下变形为椭球形红细胞的前向光散射特点,建立等体积/等表面积（V/S）光散射模型,采用蒙特卡罗法对稀悬浮液中静态和变形红细胞的光散射过程进行仿真,并计算出红细胞的变形度及三轴参数.结果表明,该理论下进行的细胞光散射分析精度与夫朗和费衍射理论相比可提高约一倍.     

Comparative Test of Methods to Determine Particle Size and Particle Size Distribution in the Submicron Range

Among the most important characteristic properties of disperse systems such as latices, pigments, ceramic materials or drug formulations are the particle size and the particle size distribution. To measure these quantities, several methods and measuring instruments based on different physical principles are available. These include turbidimetry, dynamic and static light scattering, electron microscopy with image analysis, ultra- and disc centrifugation, light diffraction and the electrical sensing zone method. All these measuring techniques are doubtless necessary because of the large product variety and the broad particle size range. However, some problems arise if different techniques are used and the results are compared uncritically without considering to the application range and the resolution of the methods. An extensive comparative test was therefore carried out using seven latices in the submicron range with defined monomodal, bimodal and hexamodal particle size distributions. The most important methods of determining average particle size values and particle size distributions were tested and compared. Of the methods to determine only average particle sizes, turbidimetry is the most efficient, followed by dynamic light scattering with cumulants evaluation. Static light scattering only yields accurate results for small particles with narrow particle size distributions. Of the methods to determine particle size distributions, ultracentrifugation and, somewhat less, disc centrifugation and electron microscopy with image analysis are the most efficient. Dynamic light scattering only yields reliable results in the case of small particles with narrow distribution curves. Light diffraction and the electrical sensing zone method are less suitable for the submicron range.     

高速动态非接触激光光学法测量光纤外径

光纤拉丝过程中必须对纤丝外径进行精密测控,但是通常用于圆柱形物体动态非接触测量的方法(如相关光通量比较法、电压鉴别法、补偿光通量法等等)精度太低,测量范围难适于光纤测量。本文介绍了四种测量高速运动的光纤外径很有效的非接触式激光光学测量方法:1.前向光散射法。它测量的是激光束射到光纤上的散射角和散射条纹;2.后向光散射法。它测量后向散射条纹的间隔; 3.直接衍射法。它测量激光束直射到光纤上产生的衍射图象;4.计量光脉冲法。它测量与光纤外径有关的光脉冲效。文中还对此四种方法进行了讨论。     

Unified Mie and fractal scattering by biological cells and subcellular structures

Angle-resolved light scattering spectroscopy of biological cells is investigated in the visible wavelength range. A unified Mie and fractal model is shown to provide an accurate global agreement with light scattering spectra from 1.1 degrees to 165 degrees scattering angles. It is found that light scattering in forward directions (<8 degrees ) is dominated by Mie scattering by the bare cell and nucleus, whereas light scattering at large angles (>20 degrees ) is determined by fractal scattering by subcellular structures. The findings are consistent with the results of experimental investigation of the contributions of different cellular components to light scattering by cells.     

Diffraction and external reflection by dielectric faceted particles

The scattering of light by dielectric particles much larger than the wavelength of incident light is attributed to diffraction, external reflection and outgoing refracted waves. This paper focuses on diffraction and external reflection by faceted particles, which can be calculated semi-analytically based on physical optics. Three approximate methods; the surface-integral method (SIM), the volume-integral method (VIM), and the diffraction plus reflection pattern from ray optics (DPR) are compared. Four elements of the amplitude scattering matrix in the SIM and the VIM are presented in an explicit form. Of interest is that diffraction and external reflection are separable in the SIM, whereas they are combined in the VIM. A feature of zero forward reflection is noticed in the SIM. The applicability of the DPR method is restricted to particles with random orientations. In the manner of van de Hulst, we develop a new technique to compute the reflection pattern of randomly oriented convex particles using spheres with the same refractive index, resulting in an improvement in the precision of the reflection calculation in near-forward and near-backward directions. The accuracy of the aforementioned three methods is investigated by comparing their results with those from the discrete-dipole-approximation (DDA) method for hexagonal particles at the refractive index of 1.3+i1.0. For particles with fixed orientations, it is found that the SIM and the VIM are comparable in accuracy and applicable when the size parameter is on the order of 20. The ray-spreading effect on the phase function is evident from the results of various size parameters. For randomly oriented particles, the DPR is more efficient than the SIM and the VIM.     

Fast profile measurement of micrometer-sized tapered fibers with better than 50-nm accuracy

The forward scattering of light illuminating a transparent dielectric cylinder, such as a tapered fiber, from the side can be understood as interference of the diffracted, reflected, and transmitted light. Additionally, light can be resonantly coupled into the fiber if a multiple of the wavelength matches the circumference. Using a suitable laser setup with a novel evaluation algorithm allows us to quickly extract the fiber radius from the complex diffraction pattern, obtaining an accuracy of better than 50 nm. We demonstrate experimentally our method, which is noncontact and allows one to simultaneously measure the profile of a several-centimeter-long fiber waist with a diameter near the diffraction limit.     

650nm光在Intralipid-10%中分布的测量和分析

本文提出一种用光纤测定光在生物组织模型Iitralipid内部光分布的方法并测定了650nm激光在Iitralipid 10%中的分布,该方法与各向同性球形光纤探头探测组织内光分布是一种互补的方法。实验结果揭示了在生物组织模型中不同方向散射光的分布规律,表明了不同的组织光学参数和不同直径的入射光束与光分布之间的关系;采用外推边界条件的漫射方程解拟合前向散射光的测量数据确定了组织模型的散射系数和吸收系数并得到较好的结果,所测量的光学参数与公开发表的结果比较其差别在2 35%以内。     

Mie光散射理论的数值计算方法

Mie散射级数的计算速度和精度对颗粒测量结果有着重要的影响。针对不同颗粒直径和相对折射率，一般采用前向递推，后向递推，连分式法等计算Mie散射级数。在这3种方法的基础上提出一种改进算法，即首先通过连分式法计算Mie散射级数的初始值，然后后向递推其余各值。该算法在Matlab中实现时，数据以数组的数据类型存储和调用，程序采用递归算法。通过比较计算结果发现，该算法耗时短且结果不易溢出，具有快速、稳定、不受颗粒直径和折射率范围影响等优点。