混合氯化熔融盐的腐蚀性实验

混合氯化盐是一种非常有前途的高温传热蓄热介质.为了确定混合氯化盐传热蓄热系统适用的金属材料,本文对2520、304、321和316L四种常用不锈钢在混合氯化盐中的腐蚀情况进行了实验研究,并与混合硝酸盐的腐蚀特性进行了对比.结果表明,混合氯化熔盐比混合硝酸盐对四种不锈钢的腐蚀性要大几十倍,混合氯化盐对四种不锈钢腐蚀速率从大到小依次为316L、304、321和2520.     

低熔点混合碳酸盐腐蚀特性的研究

熔融盐的腐蚀特性的研究对于太阳能热发电站中的传热蓄热系统的设计非常重要。在三元碳酸盐中加入氢氧化钠后可形成熔点相对低的高温蓄热四元混合盐,本文在520℃空气气氛中对310S和321两种不锈钢分别在三元碳酸盐和四元混合盐中的腐蚀特性进行了研究,并对其腐蚀机理进行了讨论。结果表明,相对于三元碳酸盐,加入氢氧化钠(ω=0.1)后的四元混合盐对其腐蚀性能的影响不大,对于321不锈钢,在三元碳酸盐中加入氢氧化钠后会使其腐蚀性增强,对于310S不锈钢则会使其腐蚀性减弱。     

新型低熔点熔盐黏度的实验研究

熔盐因其具有广泛的使用温度范围,低蒸气压,大热容量,低黏度,良好的稳定性,低成本等诸多特性已成为聚光太阳能热发电中颇有潜力的传热蓄热介质。准确的熔盐热物性对于太阳能发电过程中介质的传热蓄热性能有重要影响。其中熔盐黏度作为重要的热物性之一,对于提高传热效率和降低流动阻力具有决定作用。本文利用研制的高温黏度测量仪对水和HITEC盐的黏度温度特性进行了实验研究,实验结果与文献数据具有较好的一致性,证明了该高温熔盐黏度仪的可靠性。为了降低混合熔盐的熔点,改进其热物性能,本文对Solar Salt进行改性研究,得到两种新型低熔点混合熔盐,并测定得到了黏度温度特性曲线。结果表明,改性后的高温熔融盐黏度有所降低,有利于降低太阳能热发电熔盐传热管路系统的阻力和成本。     

熔融盐(LiNO3)强制对流换热实验

由于熔融盐使用温度高、热稳定性和传热性能好,被认为是太阳能塔式发电系统和新一代槽式发电系统中最有前途的传热蓄热介质之一.本文通过搭建高温熔融盐传热试验台,成功实现了 LiNO3熔融盐与导热油的强制对流换热试验循环,得到了总的对流换热系数,初步得到了在旺盛紊流区熔融LiNO3在不同雷诺数下对应的努塞尔数.     

高温填充床蓄热过程传热特性的实验研究

高温蓄热是太阳能热发电、高温热利用等的重要组成部分.本文建立了高温填充床蓄热系统实验装置,采用高温三元熔盐作为传热流体介质,分别采用陶瓷球颗粒和相变球颗粒作为填充材料对蓄热系统进行了实验研究,对蓄热系统进行了整体性能测试.分别得到了显热蓄热和相变蓄热过程中不同时刻、不同测点的温度变化和蓄热量的变化规律,可为蓄热系统的设计提供实验参考.     

多孔介质中熔融盐流体高温斜温层蓄热的热特性

对熔融盐高温斜温层蓄热过程进行了较深入的理论与实验研究.基于多孔介质局部热平衡理论,建立了多孔介质中熔融盐流体斜温层蓄热的局部热平衡数值模型,研究了熔融盐、多孔介质孔隙结构参数对多孔介质中熔融盐流体传热与流动的影响规律,并在熔融盐传热-蓄热实验平台上进行了试验研究.结果表明:与熔融盐单相流体斜温层(无填充多孔介质)蓄热系统相比,多孔介质填料能够减少斜温层的厚度和改善其形状,采用单位体积热容量(pc)s大于(pc)f,孔隙率(?)小于0.4有利于降低斜温层厚度及其移动速度.揭示了多孔介质中熔融盐流体斜温层蓄热系统的蓄热特性,为熔融盐高温斜温层蓄热的设计和运行控制提供依据.     

工作温度对高温碳酸熔盐热物性的影响

熔融盐由于具有工作温度高、蒸气压力低、热稳定性良好等优势,在集中式太阳能热发电系统中可作为传热和蓄热工质。工作温度对熔盐的传热蓄热性能具有显著影响。本文利用分子动力学模拟方法研究了温度对二元混合碳酸盐(K₂CO₃:Li₂CO₃=38.0:62.0,摩尔分数)热导率、黏度、比热容及热扩散系数的影响。结果表明,随着温度升高,熔盐的热导率和黏度均降低,比热容和热扩散系数均增加。进一步分析径向分布函数发现,温度升高导致离子间距变小,熔盐结构变得更为紧凑,使得热导率和黏度均下降。温度越高,离子间碰撞越剧烈,因而能传输更多的热量导致热扩散系数增大。本文对高温熔盐热物性的研究可为光热发电蓄热技术发展提供指导。     

新型三元氯化物熔盐材料的设计及热稳定性研究

为了满足规模化太阳能热发电高温传热蓄热和工业余热回收利用的要求,分析并设计了NaCl-CaCl_2-MgCl_2三元熔盐体系作为传热蓄热介质。在已有的二元相图的基础上通过共形离子溶液(conformal ionic solution,CIS)模型模拟计算获得计算相图,根据计算相图所预测的低共熔点配比制样,采用热重差热联用分析仪(TG-DSC)对样品的熔点、相变潜热进行了表征,采用高温静态法对熔盐的稳定性进行了初步分析。结果表明:计算相图预测的低共熔点(424℃)与测试结果(428.5℃)基本一致,该熔盐相变潜热高达到191.7 J/g,熔盐在低于600℃下较稳定,适合作为高温潜热蓄热材料。研究为氯化物熔盐相图和热物性提供了宝贵的数据。     

熔盐单罐蓄热系统中斜温层黏性指进的稳定性分析

单罐填充床蓄热是一种重要的高温蓄热方式,而在充放热过程中不发生黏性指进现象,保持斜温层的稳定是蓄热系统是否可行的重要依据。本文对充放热过程中熔盐的流动方向、熔盐的密度和黏度对黏性指进的影响进行了详细的理论分析。结果表明熔盐自上而下流动,热熔盐置换冷熔盐时,熔盐流速不能超过临界流速;冷熔盐置换热熔盐时,熔盐流速要大于临界流速才能维持斜温层的稳定。熔盐自下而上流动,热熔盐置换冷熔盐时,必然会发生黏性指进;冷熔盐置换热熔盐时,没有流速的限制,斜温层能自然保持稳定。     

操作参数对熔融盐高温斜温层蓄热性能的影响

首先提出了一种新型熔融盐高温斜温层耦合蓄热单罐系统,然后基于多孔介质局部热平衡理论,建立了熔融盐高温斜温层蓄热的局部热平衡数值模拟模型,研究了熔融盐进口流速、进口温度及工作温差等操作参数对斜温层蓄热单罐热性能的影响,并在熔融盐传热-蓄热实验平台上进行了试验研究。发现:当进口速度为0 001 m/s级及降低工作温差等有利于降低斜温层厚度,模拟得到的蓄热单罐轴向温度分布变化与实验结果趋于一致。因此,合理选取这些参数对蓄热单罐的正常运行是非常必要的,结果可以用于指导蓄热单罐的设计。     

304不锈钢点蚀声发射监测研究

为研究304不锈钢在高于常温条件下的点蚀声发射特性,对70℃下6%氯化铁溶液中304不锈钢点蚀过程进行了声发射监测。采用参数和波形分析相结合的方法处理信号,并通过点蚀形貌观察进行验证。结果表明声发射撞击和能量随时间逐渐增加,在某一时段达到峰值,随后下降并维持平稳状态。信号波形主要由幅度、能量较大的低频段(<100kHz)弯曲波和幅度、能量较小的高频段(>100 kHz)扩展波构成。研究结果对304不锈钢高于常温条件下声发射点蚀监测具有一定意义。      

Electrochemical recycling of cell phone Li-ion batteries: application as corrosion protector of AISI 430 stainless steel in artificial seawater

This article aims to present a new alternative to waste management of spent Li-ion batteries from cell phones. In this sense, the proposed is recycling the cobalt from Li-ion cathode by electrodeposition and apply it as corrosion protector of AISI 430 stainless steel. Thus, two greatest environmental problems can be solved, producing a low-cost and high-corrosion-resistant stainless steel. The cobalt electrodeposition bath came from acid dissolution of spent Li-ion cathode with chemical formula LiCoO₂. The charge efficiency for cobalt electrodeposition in ?1.0 V and pH = 3 reaches 95 %. A protective layer of Co₃O₄ was successfully obtained by treatment of AISI 430 stainless steel with cobalt electrodeposited at 800 °C for 200 h in air atmosphere. The corrosion current of AISI 430 stainless steel in artificial seawater was reduced from 30 to 0.76 μA cm^?2. The treatment proposed produces a AISI 430 stainless steel with double of corrosion resistance and half of cost if compared with AISI 304 stainless steel.     

强脉冲电子束辐照材料表面形貌演化的模拟

在回顾和总结强脉冲电子束表面改性实验的基础上, 利用有限元数值计算方法对强脉冲电子束辐照铝和304不锈钢产生的温度场进行模拟, 给出了靶的近表面区域流体状态存在的特征尺度和特征时间, 并对不同材料特性下熔坑的产生原因进行了讨论. 采用两相流模型, 通过水平集方法和有限元方法结合的计算流体力学模拟了熔坑和表面突起形貌在表面处于熔融状态下的运动特征, 通过和实验数据相对比, 验证了对于高黏度, 高表面张力的高熔点金属, 表面处于流体状态下的张力驱动效应是熔坑等表面形貌演化的重要原因.     

In situ characterization of localized corrosion of stainless steel by scanning electrochemical microscope

Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) area scan measurements have been performed to investigate the localized corrosion of type 304 stainless steel in neutral chloride solution. Variations in the Faradaic current measured at selected tip potential values can be related to changes in the local concentration and electrochemical activities of electroactive species involved in corrosion reactions occurring at the substrate as a function of immersion times of the substrate and polarized currents or potentials applied on the substrate. To further verify the results acquired from cyclic voltammetric experiments, SECM measurements were employed to in situ study the compositions and electrochemical activity distribution profile of the pitting corrosion products of stainless steel. It has been demonstrated that the combination of feedback current mode with generation-collection (G-C) mode of SECM is suitable to elucidate the possible reaction mechanisms and paths involved in the localize corrosion of stainless steel in neutral chloride solution.     

利用电子顺磁共振和紫外/可见吸收光谱研究熔融KNO3-NaNO2-NaNO3盐分解过程中的超氧负离子

On account of excellent thermal physical properties, molten nitrates/nitrites salt has been widely employed in heat transfer and thermal storage industry, especially in concentrated solar power system. The thermal stability study of molten nitrate/nitrite salt is of great importance for this system, and the decomposition mechanism is the most complicated part of it. The oxide species O₂^2- and O₂^- were considered as intermediates in molten KNO₃-NaNO₃ while hard to been detected in high temperature molten salt due to their trace concentration and low stability. In this work, the homemade in situ high temperature UVVis instrument and a commercial electron paramagnetic resonance were utilized to supply evidence for the formation of superoxide during a slow decomposition process of heat transfer salt (HTS, 53 wt% KNO₃/40 wt% NaNO₂/7 wt% NaNO₃). It is found that the superoxide is more easily generated from molten NaNO₂ compared to NaNO₃, and it has an absorption band at 420-440 nm in HTS which red shifts as temperature increases. The band is assigned to charge-transfer transition in NaO₂ or KO₂, responsible for the yellow color of the molten nitrate/nitrite salt. Furthermore, the UV absorption bands of molten NaNO₂ and NaNO₃ are also obtained and compared with that of HTS.     

Ultrasonically enhanced corrosion of 304L stainless steel I: the effect of temperature and hydrostatic pressure

A systematic study of the effect exerted by various parameters on the corrosion of 304L stainless steel in an ultrasonic field has been carried out. Ultrasound increased the corrosion rate under all the investigated conditions. In this paper, attention is focused on the effect of temperature and hydrostatic pressure. At ambient pressure, increase in temperature, T, was found to increase the ultrasonically enhanced corrosion rate up to a maximum of 40 degrees C; at 50 degrees C a marked decrease in the effect of ultrasound was observed. At constant temperature, increase in hydrostatic pressure caused a strong increase in corrosion rate to values in excess of 2500 mm yr(-1) at 4 bar.     

Behavior of cold-worked AISI-304 steel in stress-corrosion cracking process: Microstructural aspects

Austenitic stainless steel is one of the key structural materials for a wide-range of components for present nuclear power plants. Moreover, this type of steel is also foreseen as a key structural material in future reactor systems, the so-called Generation IV. However, for the successful application of these materials in new environmental conditions an integrated Research and Development program needs to be successfully completed. This work is focused to the evaluation of cold-worked AISI-304 stainless steel from 20 to 45% of cold-worked deformation by different spectroscopic techniques within the aim to study the microstructural characteristics. In particular, positron annihilation spectroscopy and small angle neutron scattering have been used for characterization of phase transformation and microstructural behavior. Furthermore, outcomes of corrosion properties of cold-worked AISI-304 stainless steel exposed for 100 and 500 h in super-critical water reactor conditions are correlated with the obtained results.