浊点萃取-高效液相色谱测定鱼体中的痕量多环芳烃

采用阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(Sodium dodecyl sulfate,SDS)浊点萃取(Cloud Point Extraction,CPE),高效液相色谱法(High performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)测定鱼类样品中痕量多环芳烃(PAHs),考察了适宜的反应条件和影响因素(脱脂pH、脱脂温度、脱脂时间、SDS、HCl和NaCl的用量).在最佳条件下,5种PAHs萘、芴、苊烯、菲和芘的方法检出限分别为:660、780、90、1650、240ng·g-1,线性范围为0-3×105ng·g-1.方法快速、简便、经济,应用于鱼类中痕量PAHs的测定,结果满意.     

水蒸气剥离法纵向脱附模型的数值研究

简要探讨、分析了多环芳烃(PAHs)与土壤颗粒吸附的机理以及相关研究现状,对水蒸气剥离法脱附污染土壤中多环芳烃的数学模型进行数值求解,获得净化后土壤中多环芳烃浓度的理论解以及多环芳烃脱附过程的部分变化规律。同时分析了Peclet数Pe,传质参数β、反应器内停留时间γ等对脱附效果的影响。     

基于密度泛函理论的多环芳烃硝基衍生物的生物毒性预测

采用密度泛函理论（DFT）中的B3LYP方法,在6-311++G（d,p）基组水平下对16种多环芳烃（PAHs）及6种多环芳烃硝基衍生物进行了拉曼光谱、极化率、偶极矩、热力学、结构优化及能量等40种参数进行计算。以13种PAHs对发光菌的－lgEC₅₀值做因变量,以另外3种多环芳烃数据作为验证,构建了基于量子化学参数的PAHs毒性定量结构-活性相关（QSAR）模型,预测PAHs硝基衍生物的毒性。经验证,所建立的QSAR模型的模拟系数为0.816,模型预测的PAHs硝基衍生物毒性排序与文献报道的PAHs硝基衍生物对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的毒性排序一致,表明所建模型可用于PAHs及其硝基衍生物的生物毒性预测,从而为控制和预测PAHs及硝基衍生物毒性提供理论依据。     

表面增强拉曼光谱技术在多环芳烃检测中的应用

多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)是一类致癌性很强的环境污染物.由于PAHs分子不含有能与金属配位或键合的官能团,因此很难利用SERS技术对其进行直接检测.本文综述了近年来表面增强拉曼散射(surface-enhanced Raman scattering,SERS)...     

气相色谱-质谱法测定烤羊肉串中的多环芳烃

建立烤羊肉串中多环芳烃的气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)测定方法。样品经正己烷-二氯甲烷匀浆提取、氧化铝柱净化后,用GC-MS分离测定。在所建立的最佳实验条件下16种多环芳烃完全分离,回收率在77.5%—99.4%,之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.24%—8.70%,检出限为0.009—0.120μg/mL。所建立的分析方法快速、简便,适合16种多环芳烃的检测分析。     

选择离子储存技术用于分析气溶胶中的多环芳烃

探讨了气质联用结合选择离子储存技术 (GC/MS/SIS)对大气气溶胶中的多环芳烃 (PAHs)进行定性定量分析的可行性。采集的气溶胶样品经索氏提取、吹氮浓缩后进行 GC/MS/SIS分析 ,结果表明完全满足定性及定量分析要求。该法简化了预处理步骤 ,提高了复杂基体中 PAHs分析的灵敏度。     

菲的三维荧光光谱特性研究

多环芳烃(简称PAHs)具有高荧光量子产率,利用三维荧光光谱研究了PAHs中菲的荧光光谱特性.菲具有两个荧光峰.通过对菲的三维荧光光谱的分析,选择在激发波长255 nm、发射波长370 nm对菲进行定量分析.菲溶液在5.0～250.0 ng·mL-1的范围内工作曲线呈线性关系,检出限为3.88 ng·mL-1,相对标准偏差为4.23%(n=5),实验还尝试了对自来水样品的测定,测试效果良好,回收率为90.0%～105.4%.该研究为快速检测水源水中痕量PAHs提供了方法基础.     

气相色谱与质谱联用测定淮安某县乡镇饮用水中的多环芳烃

在淮安某县选取4个镇中的8个村进行布点,分别在2010年7月和12月采集丰水期和枯水期水样,采用固相萃取与气相色谱-质谱联用方法对深层地下水、浅层地下水中的多环芳烃(PAHs)进行检测.检测结果表明,深层地下水在丰、枯水期PAHs总量分别为496.18-1035.06ng/L和82.60-329.03ng/L.浅层地下水丰、枯水期PAHs总量分别为474.69-2310.44ng/L和81.39-518.81ng/L.丰水期PAHs总量高于枯水期.5个水样中苯并(a)芘超标,最大超标0.69倍.采用优化的USEPA风险评价模型,对PAHs进行人体健康风险评价,其致癌风险水平在2×10-8-3.92×10-6之间,部分水样致癌风险超过10-6的水质监控值.     

层流预混火焰PAHs形成的反应机理模型

本文着重讨论层流预混火焰中,碳黑的先驱多环芳烃(PAHs)形成的化学反应动力学机理。该机理包括101种组分、546个基元反应。通过与实验结果的比较表明,该模型能够较好地预报碳氢燃料预混火焰中PAHs的生成过程。计算结果还表明当量比和压力PAHs的生成与排放具有重要影响,且存在一个化学当量比,在此当量比下,PAHs的浓度达到极大值。     

拉曼光谱的16种多环芳烃（PAHs）特征振动光谱辨识

借助密度泛函理论中B3LYP/6-311++G(d, p)方法对美国EPA优先控制污染物中的16种多环芳烃(PAHs)：萘、苊烯、苊、芴、菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘、苯并[a]蒽、稠二萘、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[a]芘、二苯并(a, h)蒽、二苯并[g, h, i]芘以及茚苯(1, 2, 3-cd)芘进行结构优化,并计算拉曼光谱振动频率和去偏振度,在此基础上辨识多环芳烃的拉曼特征光谱。研究显示,16种PAHs的拉曼振动主要分布在3个频区：200～1 000 cm-1（指纹区）、1 000～1 700和3 000～3 200 cm-1（基团频率区）,3个频区主要振动归属分别为环变形(ring def),碳碳伸缩(CCStr)、碳氢摇摆(CHw)及其耦合振动(CCStrCCw),碳氢伸缩(CHStr)。进一步分析显示,指纹区16种PAHs的去偏振度随苯环变形振动对称性增强而降低,在该频区去偏振度最小的频移处苯环呼吸振动的对称性最强,指纹区的峰强也在此处出现最大值。任意PAHs在指纹区的最强峰之间的波数差较大,在显微拉曼光谱的可分辨范围内,因而利用指纹区的去偏振度和最强峰可将16种PAHs逐一识别。烷烃、烯烃、炔烃、醇类和酚类、脂肪醚、芳基烷基醚、醛类、酮类、羧酸、酯类、胺类、腈类、酰胺类、酸酐、芳烃的振动频率和峰强分布不完全一致,利用PAHs与这几类物质拉曼频率和峰强分布的差异可以逐一排出干扰。     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.