白血病人血液的光声光谱

利用光声光谱对不同类型的白血病患者和正常人的全血进行检测，发现白血病患者与正常人全血光谱图特征峰有明显差异，结果提示患者全血的光声光谱图可能对早期白血病诊断及白血病分型具有较大的临床意义。     

癌症患者血清的激光拉曼光谱

按正常人和不同种类癌症患者进行分类,用激光拉曼光谱分别对正常人,鼻咽癌患者、肝癌患者和慢性白血病患者四类受试者的血清在０－２０００ｃｍ＾－１范围内进行测试。结果表明,同类患者中不同受试者血清的激光拉曼光谱特征峰值大小虽然不同,但光谱图特征基本一致;不同种类癌症患者血清的激光拉曼光谱图存在较大差异;在各类癌症患者血清的激光拉曼光谱图特征峰附近,正常人血清均没有拉曼光谱特征峰。     

用人体全血光声光谱诊断白血病的探讨

本文报道了用光声光谱方法,对正常人、急性粒细胞性白血病等150例血样的测量结果。作者发现白血病人的全血谱与正常人全血谱有显著的差别,可作为白血病临床诊断的依据。同时报道了淋巴瘤病人全血谱的特征。为研究白血病产生机理和新的治疗方法提供了有用的信息。     

血细胞的显微光谱研究

对人血涂片在１２０００ｃｍ－１～２００００ｃｍ－１范围内做了显微光谱。结果表明，红细胞在１３７７４ｃｍ－１附近有一强透射峰，在１７６６８ｃｍ－１处有一弱峰；白细胞仅在１３５５０ｃｍ－１处有一强透射峰。白血病白细胞峰强度比正常血象的强。     

癌症患者及正常人指甲的红外光谱研究

利用傅里叶红外光谱研究了20例正常人和3例左上颌窦癌、前列腺癌、胆管癌三种癌患者手指甲的红外光谱，结果表明：癌症患者指甲样品与正常人指甲样品的红外光谱在峰形、峰强度、峰频率等方面均存在明显差异。     

癌变组织显微光谱测量分析

将光纤共聚焦显微技术和光谱分析技术相结合,研究了显微尺寸下癌变组织与正常组织光谱的特性,建立了光纤共聚焦显微光谱分析系统;获取了正常胃和癌变胃组织的显微光谱.实验结果发现癌变组织和正常组织的轴向显微光谱在可见光波段范围内有明显的差别.而且,利用光纤共聚焦技术能够实现组织不同层面的光谱特性测量,正常和癌变的胃组织不同层面的显微光谱也有明显的区别.同时表明,显微光谱测量可以有效分辨来自组织体内不同层的信息,提高了癌症检测的准确度.     

人胚胎干细胞与急性早幼粒细胞白血病细胞的拉曼光谱特征研究

急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)属于急性髓系白血病(AML),是FAB分型中的M3亚型。部分APL患者形成早幼粒细胞白血病/维甲酸受体融合基因,即PML-RARα融合基因。在内外界多种因素的共同作用下,早幼粒细胞白血病发病。胚胎干细胞(ESCs)具有多向分化的能力,在一定诱导条件下, ESCs可以向造血系统分化。早幼粒细胞位于ESCs分化下游,为粒系分化阶段的一种细胞。探索一种非标记的技术方法鉴别不同分化阶段造血细胞具有重要的科研和实践意义。拉曼光谱技术可用于多种类型疾病的鉴别诊断研究,近年来应用前景愈加广阔。实验研究人胚胎干细胞系(ES)、急性早幼粒细胞白血病细胞系(NB4)和急性早幼粒细胞白血病患者(M3)白血病细胞的拉曼光谱特征,建立拉曼光谱非标记鉴别不同分化阶段白血病的方法,为临床实验研究提供基础。分别收集胚胎干细胞系(ES)、急性早幼粒细胞白血病细胞系(NB4)和4例M3患者白血病细胞,使用Horiba Xplora拉曼光谱仪获取拉曼光谱,每组或每例患者采集25~30个白血病细胞光谱。结合应用主成分分析法(PCA)、判别函数分析(DFA)、系统聚类分析和偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA),对三类细胞的光谱进行分析并建立模型,进而对三类细胞进行鉴别,应用交互验证法对模型进行验证。同时结合细胞超微结构分析三种细胞的拉曼光谱特征。M3, NB4和ES细胞的拉曼光谱差别显著,主要表现为M3和NB4细胞光谱中对应核酸、蛋白质及脂类物质的谱峰明显高于ES细胞,其生物学机制包含了APL与PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路的密切关系。PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路在急性早幼粒细胞白血病细胞中存在异常激活,影响白血病细胞的生物大分子代谢;鉴别建模的总体分类准确率达100%(181/181),交互验证的分类准确率达98.9%(179/181),表明鉴别模型预测能力良好。拉曼光谱分析显示M3细胞和NB4细胞增殖代谢明显高于ES细胞,根据PCA-DFA、聚类分析及PLS-DA建立的拉曼光谱鉴别模型能够准确区分3种不同分化阶段白血病相关细胞,其结果与电镜结果相符。     

光谱成像信息的数据融合技术在储层表征中的应用

光谱成像技术在矿物学和岩石学方面已得到广泛应用,然而,面对数量巨大、覆盖范围广阔的目标成像光谱数据,如何从中获取所需要的信息,并对其进行信息增强是需要亟待解决的问题。将显微红外光谱成像分析系统得到的实验结果,利用显微光谱成像信息的数据融合技术进行了数据处理,得到岩心样品中不同化学组分、基团的空间分布图。结果表明,利用该技术更好地揭示了不同烃类在岩石中的分布情况、孔隙的连通性等信息,显微光谱成像信息的数据融合技术为储层表征提供了一种新方法。     

高胆固醇血症血清内胆固醇的光谱学研究

应用光谱分析方法对高胆固醇血症血清中胆固醇的不同含量情形进行了研究,给出了正常人血清和高胆固醇血症血清的吸收光谱和荧光光谱,并分析了二者的谱线特征与差异。结果表明,高胆固醇血症血清的吸收光谱和荧光光谱不同于正常人血清的吸收光谱和荧光光谱,高胆固醇血症血清不仅是吸收率和荧光强度高于正常人血清的相应值,而且还有新的吸收峰和荧光峰出现。研究表明,通过比较待测血清的吸收光谱和荧光光谱可以初步判定血清中胆固醇的含量。这为发展一种新的血液中胆固醇含量的检测方法提供了实验依据。     

用傅里叶变换红外光谱显微技术鉴定纸张圆珠笔字迹及书写时间

本文运用傅里叶变换红外光谱显微技术,测定了不同圆珠笔在不同纸张上书写字迹油墨的红外光谱,比较了零时间测定和三个月测定的约外光谱,结果表明,不同品牌的圆珠笔字迹的红外光谱是不同的,零时测定和三个月测定的红外光谱也是不同的,讨论了影响书写时间鉴定的因素。     

细胞显微光谱研究竹红菌甲素在癌细胞内的滞留效应

利用细胞显微光谱技术,在20000～12000cm-1范围内测量了经过浓度为20μg*mL-1竹红菌甲素(HA)培养23个小时的小鼠淋巴癌细胞和未经HA培养的小鼠淋巴癌细胞的光谱.结果显示两者有明显的差异,说明HA使癌细胞发生了改变;在经HA培养的细胞光谱中还检测到HA的荧光峰,提示HA在癌细胞中滞留.发展了利用显微光谱研究细胞在药物作用下的变化这一技术.     

Localized in vivo proton spectroscopy of the bone marrow in patients with leukemia

Volume selective magnetic resonance (MR) proton spectroscopy was used to investigate the haemopoietic (iliac bone) and fatty bone marrow (tibia) in patients with leukemia and polycythaemia vera. Selective measurements of the relaxation times T₁ and T₂ for the “water” and “fat” resonances in the bone marrow spectra were performed. Nine patients with acute leukemia and three patients with chronic leukemia were examined at diagnosis. Three patients with acute leukemia in remission were also examined. Five of the leukemic patients had follow-up examinations performed in relation to chemotherapeutic treatment. Nine patients with polycythaemia vera and 21 normal control subjects were examined with identical methods for comparison. All patients had bone marrow biopsies performed prior to every MR examination. Significant differences could be detected in the spectral patterns from iliac bone marrow in patients with leukemia at diagnosis compared to the healthy normal controls. The “relative water content” was increased in the iliac bone marrow spectra of the leukemic patients compared to the normal subjects, which indicates an increase in the amount of haemopoietic tissue and a corresponding decrease in marrow fat content. The T₁ relaxation times of the “water” resonance in the spectra from the iliac bone marrow of the leukemic patients were significantly prolonged at diagnosis, compared to the normal controls and the patients with polycythaemia vera. After chemotherapeutic induction of remission, the spectra from the iliac bone marrow in the patients with leukemia resembled normal spectra. Four leukemic patients had abnormal spectra from the tibial bone marrow and one patients showed early changes in tibial marrow during chemotherapeutic treatment, before any major changes could be detected in the iliac bone marrow.     

Scattering anisotropy of cellular cultures of leukemia lines in the THz frequency range

The scattering anisotropy factors of splenocytes, thymocytes, and several leukemia cellular lines have been measured. It is shown that the scattering anisotropy factors of leukemia cellular lines exceed several times those of normal cells.     

Development of hedge operator based fuzzy divergence measure and its application in segmentation of chronic myelogenous leukocytes from microscopic image of peripheral blood smear

This paper introduces a hedge operator based fuzzy divergence measure and its application in segmentation of leukocytes in case of chronic myelogenous leukemia using light microscopic images of peripheral blood smears. The concept of modified discrimination measure is applied to develop the measure of divergence based on Shannon exponential entropy and Yager's measure of entropy. These two measures of divergence are compared with the existing literatures and validated by ground truth images. Finally, it is found that hedge operator based divergence measure using Yager's entropy achieves better segmentation accuracy i.e., 98.29% for normal and 98.15% for chronic myelogenous leukocytes. Furthermore, Jaccard index has been performed to compare the segmented image with ground truth ones where it is found that that the proposed scheme leads to higher Jaccard index (0.39 for normal, 0.24 for chronic myelogenous leukemia).     

Distinction between normal and leukemic bone marrow by water protons nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation times

Pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance studies have been carried out on bone marrow of normal human subjects and patients with leukemia: chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It was observed that the proton spin-lattice relaxation time (T₁) value was discriminatory in the normal and leukemic cases with a statistical significance of (p < 0.01). Ouabain treatment of cells did not show any perceptible change of T₁ value when compared with the nontreated cells, indicating that the concomitant cation effluxes do not affect spin-lattice relaxation time. The water contents of normal, leukemic, and ouabain treated cells were in the range 60%–80%. Higher Fe levels were encountered in the normal than the leukemic samples, while levels of Zn, Cu, Mn, Co, and Ni were elevated in the leukemic samples compared with the normals. Despite the T₁ differences observed, the multiparameter studies do not uniquely pinpoint factors responsible for the elevation of T₁ in the malignant state.     

Cancer detection on a cell-by-cell basis using a fractal dimension analysis

We show that the application of imaging and pattern recognition techniques developed for basic heavy ion research has useful applications in medical imaging. In particular, we utilize the fractal dimension of the perimeter surface of cell sections as a new observable to characterize cells of different types. We propose that it is possible to distinguish cancerous from healthy cells with the aid of this new approach. As a first application we show in an exploratory study that it is possible to perform this distinction between patients with hairy-cell lymphocytic leukemia and those with normal blood lymphocytes.     

Study of chicken liver and spleen by Mössbauer spectroscopy

A preliminary study of purified normal human liver ferritin, normal chicken liver and spleen tissues in lyophilized form showed differences in room temperature Mössbauer hyperfine parameters. An additional study of liver and spleen tissues with lower iron content from chicken with lymphoid leukemia indicated small differences between the quadrupole splittings in these samples compared with those in normal tissues.     

Application of FTIR Spectroscopy for Identification of Blood and Leukemia Biomarkers: A Review over the Past 15 Years

Abstract

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is an effective and nondestructive method for monitoring cellular alterations. Combining the advantages of FTIR spectroscopy with the challenge of cellular characterization, the main objective of this review is to collect information related to the spectroscopic identification of blood cells, focusing on specific biochemical features of leukemia cells detected through FTIR spectral analysis. Some interesting results obtained by different authors regarding human promyelocytic leukemia, white blood cells, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells are presented. In addition, the characterization of two types of cells, namely, leukemia T and a healthy human blood cells, is reported and the identification of biochemical markers provides important information that, associated with clinical examination, can assist in the diagnosis of diseases.