物理上册期末测试练习题答案

物理上册期末测试练习题答案一、填空题１．３ｍ／ｓ２．与原速度方向相反；２．２３．５４Ｎ，沿斜面向上；３．２ｍ／ｓ，１ｍ／ｓ，３ｍ；４．慢，快；５．２０ｍ／ｓ：６．１：；７．ｍｖ２；８．１：１，３：１；９．减少１４０Ｊ，增加１４０Ｊ；１０．ｌｍ／ｓ，０...     

对心碰撞的约束关系

题一，在光滑平面上，质量ｍ１＝１ｋｇ的小球，以ｖ１０＝５ｍ／ｓ的速度向前运动，与质量ｍ２＝２ｋｇ以ｖ２０＝２ｍ／ｓ的速度向前运动的小球发生正碰撞，设碰后ｍ２的速度ｖ２＝５ｍ／ｓ，求碰后ｍ１的速度ｖ１的大小和方向．图示．题二，同上题，设碰后ｍ２的速度ｖ...     

激光驱动的光阴极研究

论述激光驱动的光阴极实验研究。包括直流高压真空试验系统，测试装置和实验结果及其分析讨论。ＬａＢ６、纯金属铜（Ｃｕ）和钐（Ｓｍ）以及半导体碲化铯（Ｃｓ２Ｔｅ）三类有代表性光阴极的量子效率分别是６×１０－４、３．８×１０－４、１１．６×１０－４和（２～６）×１０－２。利用ＫｒＦ激光，１８ｋＶ极间电压下饱和电流密度分别为７０Ａ／ｃｍ２、５０Ａ／ｃｍ２、１０２Ａ／ｃｍ２和５７Ａ／ｃｍ２。用多孔板法测得的归一化发射度约１０πｍｍ·ｍｒａｄ。     

湿法脱硫岛内气液两相流流动规律的研究

采用直接观察法、床层膨胀法和概率密度函数(PDF)法对湿法烟气脱硫塔内流型的形成和转变规律进行了研究和分析,认为湿法烟气脱硫塔内气液两相顺、逆流时,随着液气比的增大,会形成液柱式、喘动式和类鼓泡式流动等三种流型,并给出了判别三种流型的基本方法和准则,提出了气相雷诺数Reg-液气比L／g流型图,为湿法烟气脱硫塔传热传质规律的进一步研究及塔身的安全运行提供了基础依据。     

“天光”一号MOPA系统光学元件加工与镀膜的进展

本文阐述了在中国原子能科学研究院“天光一号”ＫｒＦ激光核聚变实验装置上，ＭＯＰＡ系统光学元件加工与镀膜研究工作的进展。实验测量结果表明，加工后的基片表面均方根粗糙度对于Ｋ９光学玻璃与熔融石英玻璃来说分别为σｒｍｓ＝１．８±０．５ｎｍ，σｒｍｓ＝２．０±０．４ｎｍ。镀ＨｆＯ２／ＳｉＯ２高反射膜的光学元件的反射率与破坏阈值分别为Ｒ＞９９．５％，Ｅｔｈ＝１．３０～１．３３Ｊ／ｃｍ２。镀Ａｌ２Ｏ３／ＭｇＦ２增透膜的光学元件的透射率与破坏阈值分别为Ｔ＞９９．５％，Ｅｔｈ＝１．３～１．９７Ｊ／ｃｍ２。     

堆泵浦^3He—Ar—Xe体系的激光原理性实验

介绍了在ＣＦＢＲ－Ⅱ脉冲堆上进行的￣３Ｈｅ─Ａｒ─Ｘｅ体系的激光演示实验。当热中子注量率６×１０￣（１４）／ｃｍ￣２·ｓ，气体组配￣３Ｈｅ：Ａｒ：Ｘｅ＝３４．７：３４．７：０．２６７（ｋＰａ）时，获得波长λ＝１．７３μｍ、脉宽（ＦＷＨＭ）平均值７３８μｓ、峰值功率为毫瓦级的激光输出。同时对测得的光信号及其特性进行了分析。     

高质量的光刻胶图型及它对Nb／AlOx—Al／Nb隧道结制备的影响

本文用选择铌膜刻蚀或选择铌膜阳极氧化过程研究了全铌隧道结Ｎｂ／ＡｌＯｘＡｌ／Ｎｂ的制备．借助于ＳＥＭ，利用曝光后烘烤处理研究了高质量光刻胶图形的制备工艺，并分析了其对铌结特性的影响．结面积为７μｍ２的铌结具有典型的ＩＶ曲线，在４．２Ｋ时，他们的特性参数Ｖｍ～２０ｍＶ，能隙电压Ｖｇ～２．７ｍＶ，临界电流密度Ｊｃ～３０００Ａ／ｃｍ２，比电阻ρｎ～１μΩｃｍ２．这些铌结能够被直接应用于ｄｃＳＱＵＩＤ．     

晶片融合产生长波低阈值垂直腔激光器

日本ＮＴＴ光电实验室的研究人员演示了一种以双ＩｎＧａＡｓ／ＩｎＰ－ＧａＡｓ／ＡｌＡｓ分布布喇格反射器为基础的１．５５μｍ输出垂直腔表面发射激光器（ＶＣＳＥＬ）。靠晶片融合进行的设计，其不匹配位错密度低于ＩｎＰ／ＧａＡｓ界面上的异质外延生长。这种直径为２５μｍ的器件在２３℃时的阈值电流为８．８ｍＡ，阈值电压为２．１Ｖ。在１０ｍＡ时实验了１．５５μｍ发射，最大输出功率为７μｗ。研究人员希望通过优化底部反射率提高最大输出功率。他们指出，长波ＶＣＳＥ有许多优点，包括在晶片融合前便于作谐振腔波长试验，以及…     

如何统一加速度的符号

在综合应用牛顿第二定律和运动学公式解决问题时,其中加速度是诸公式中联系的桥梁．但若不保持加速度的符号前后连贯一致,会引起学生的误解,带来负面影响． 例如,电梯里站着一个６０ｋｇ的人,电梯向下做匀变速直线运动,速度由３ｍ／ｓ经过５ｓ降为２ｍ／ｓ,试求电梯对人的支持力． 解析：根据运动学公式有 ａ＝（ｖｔ－ｖ０）／ｔ ＝（ ２－ ３）５＝－ ０． ２（ ｍ／ｓ２） 加速度为负值,表示人向下做匀减速直线运动,所以,加速度方向向上． 根据牛顿第二定律,加速度与合外力同方向． 则合外力Ｆ＝Ｎ－ｍｇ． 又因Ｆ＝ｍａ, 所…     

电子束泵浦KrF激光放大器增益与吸收的测量

为研制百焦耳级ＫｒＦ激光放大器，发展ＭＯＰＡ系统，我们用自探测法在百焦耳级电子束泵浦ＫｒＦ激光装置上进行了激光放大器的增益与吸收的测量。泵浦率约为０．６７ＭＷ／ｃｍ￣２，激光介质为８９．６％Ａｒ：１０％Ｋｒ：０．４％Ｆ＿２的混合气体，总气压０．２５ＭＰａ，实验测得激光放大器的小信号增益系数ｇ＿０＝６．６％ｃｍ￣（－１）、非饱和吸收系数α＿ｎ＝０．９３％ｃｍ￣（－１）、饱和光强Ｉ＿ｓ＝２．５ＭＷ／ｃｍ￣２。     

Multi-objective optimization of oxidative desulfurization in a sono-photochemical airlift reactor

Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize ultrasound/ultraviolet-assisted oxidative desulfurization in an airlift reactor. Ultrasonic waves were incorporated in a novel-geometry reactor to investigate the synergistic effects of sono-chemistry and enhanced gas-liquid mass transfer. Non-hydrotreated kerosene containing sulfur and aromatic compounds was chosen as a case study. Experimental runs were conducted based on a face-centered central composite design and analyzed using RSM. The effects of two categorical factors, i.e., ultrasound and ultraviolet irradiation and two numerical factors, i.e., superficial gas velocity and oxidation time were investigated on two responses, i.e., desulfurization and de-aromatization yields. Two-factor interaction (2FI) polynomial model was developed for the responses and the desirability function associate with overlay graphs was applied to find optimum conditions. The results showed enhancement in desulfurization ability corresponds to more reduction in aromatic content of kerosene in each combination. Based on desirability approach and certain criteria considered for desulfurization/de-aromatization, the optimal desulfurization and de-aromatization yields of 91.7% and 48% were obtained in US/UV/O₃/H₂O₂ combination, respectively.     

Effect of staggered array structure on the flow field of micro gas chromatographic column

A new design of staggered array semi-packed micro gas chromatographic column was presented based on the micro electromechanical system(MEMS)technology.It was a sensor for gas sample analysis.The internal velocity fields of ten types of semi-packed micro gas chromatographic column were studied.The effects of array spacing and dislocation spacing on the flow field distribution were investigated.The results show that on the basis of ensuring the formation of virtual wall,with the increase of array spacing,the maximum velocity difference between the flow channels in the vertical direction decreases gradually,but the velocity difference in the flow channels a and b increases.When the inlet velocity was set to be 0.18 m/s,the maximum velocity difference in the channel of the staggered semi-packed micro gas chromatography column 3(CSAC3)was 0.05610 m/s.The maximum velocity difference in the channel a was 0.09160 m/s.The maximum velocity difference in the channel b was 0.02401 m/s.CSAC3 had a more uniform velocity field distribution,which can effectively suppress the laminar flow effect during chromatographic separation,and had a smaller pressure distribution,which puts forward lower requirements for carrier gas system.The staggered array semi-packed micro gas chromatography column proposed in this paper can effectively improve the velocity field distribution and pressure distribution in the channel,and provide a theoretical basis for the design of the new micro gas chromatography column structure.     

高温空气低燃气浓度燃烧过程的数值模拟研究

从工程实际出发,本文提出了高温空气低燃气浓度燃烧新技术,即充分利用烟气余热提高助燃空气温度,提高热能利用率;同时通过优化喷口结构,提高燃气射流速度,使燃气射流在同空气射流混合燃烧前卷吸大量炉内烟气,从而降低燃气射流中的可燃物浓度,进而降低氮氧化物的排放。通过数值模拟研究表明,通过燃气射流速度从24.56m/s提高到55.26m/s,可以降低NOx的排放;当围绕燃气喷口的六个圆形空气喷口改为两个矩形喷口时,燃气射流可从两侧卷吸更多的炉内烟气,形成低燃气浓度燃烧,从而大大降低了NOx的排放。     

增湿活化反应器内喷水脱硫试验研究

本文介绍在热态脱硫试验台上进行的生石灰和消石灰的喷水活化脱硫试验,研究了Ca/S比、饱和温距、入口烟气SO2浓度、烟气速度及水喷嘴雾化风对脱硫效率和钙利用率的影响规律,对两种脱硫剂的脱硫活性进行了比较,并对喷水增湿提高脱硫效率的机理进行了分析。研究表明,喷水增湿使两种脱硫剂的活性都有明显提高,生石灰具有价格优势。     

Arc-Generated Flow Phenomena in Repetitively Pulsed Gas-Flow Spark Gaps

Flow phenomena occurring in repetitively pulsed gas-flow spark gaps have been investigated experimentally and compared with theory. Optical flow diagnostics were obtained after the current pulse using schlieren photography, a flashlamp, and a framing image converter camera (ICC). Experimental results reveal nearly spherical arc-generated shocks propagating symmetrically with respect to the arc debris center. Supersonic shocks rapidly weaken into acoustic disturbances. Heated arc debris convects at the undisturbed gas velocity, while turbulent debris spreading causes a linear growth of the heated gas region radius at a velocity of 10-40 m/s. At low flow velocity (15 m/s), the upstream edge of the heated arc debris remains at a constant streamwise position until 700 ?s after the arc, and then moves downstream at constant velocity. This delay time before downstream motion begins is reduced to 38 ?s for gas velocities of 35 m/s. Numerical results qualitatively agree with experiments, where heated gas is predicted to convect at the undisturbed gas velocity. The shocks, which initially propagate at high Mach number, rapidly slow to acoustic speed.     

EFFECTS OF FREE STREAM VELOCITY ON TURBULENT NATURAL CONVECTION FLOW OVER A VERTICAL FORWARD-FACING STEP

Measurements of heat transfer and fluid flow of turbulent boundary-layer air flow in natural and mixed convection over an isothermal two-dimensional, vertical forward-facing step are reported. The upstream and downstream walls and the step itself were heated to a uniform and constant temperature. Air velocity and temperature distributions and their turbulent fluctuations are measured simultaneously using a two-component laser-Doppler velocimeter (LDV) and a cold wire anemometer, respectively. The present study treats buoyancy-dominated mixed convection over a vertical forward-facing step and examines the effect of a small free stream velocity on turbulent natural convection. The experiment was carried out for a step height of 22 mm, for a range of free stream air velocities 0 m/s ? u_∞ ? 0.55 m/s (corresponding to a range of Reynolds numbers of 0 ? Re\abinf{s} ? 712), and a temperature difference, ΔT, of 30°C between the heated walls and the free stream air (corresponding to a local Grashof number Gr_xi = 6.45 × 10¹⁰). It was found that the reattachment length increases while the heat transfer rate from the downstream heated wall decreases as the small free stream velocity increases.     

Laboratory measurement of longitudinal wave velocity of artificial gas hydrate under different temperatures and pressures

The longitudinal wave velocity and attenuation measurements of artificial gas hydrate samples at a low temperature are reported. And the temperature and pressure dependence of longitudinal wave velocity is also investigated. In order to understand the acoustic properties of gas hydrate, the pure ice, the pure tetrahydrofuran (THF), the pure gas hydrate samples and sand sediment containing gas hydrate are measured at a low temperature between 0°C and −15°C. For the pure ice, the pure THF and the pure gas hydrate samples, whose density is 898 kg/m³, 895 kg/m³ and 475 kg/m³, the velocity of longitudinal wave is respectively 3574 m/s, 3428 m/s and 2439 m/s. For synthesized and compacted samples, the velocity of synthesized samples is lower than that of compacted samples. The velocities increase when the densities of the samples increase, while the attenuation decreases. Under the condition of low temperature, the results show that the velocity is slightly affected by the temperature. The results also show that wave velocities increase with the increase of piston pressures. For example, the velocity of one sample increases from 3049 up to 3337 m/s and the other increases from 2315 up to 2995 m/s. But wave velocity decreases from 3800 to 3546 m/s when the temperature increases from −15°C to 5°C and changes significantly close to the melting point. Formation conditions of the two samples are the same but with different conversion ratios of water. The results of the experiment are important for exploration of the gas hydrate resources and development of acoustic techniques. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10674148)     

HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR TUBES SUBMERGED IN CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED

Convective heat transfer coefficients were measured experimentally for a tube immersed vertically in a circulating fluidized bed. Circulating fluidized beds operate in the dilute transport regime of two-phase (solid/gas) flow. The dominant mechanism for heat transfer to surfaces is particle-induced convection. In this study, experiments were carried out in a circulating fluidized bed of15 cm diameter and 11 m height. An instrumented tube of 9.5 mm diameter and 1.3 m length was placed vertically at the centeriine of the fluidized bed to measure convective heat transfer coefficients at several different elevations in the bed. Three types of particles, with mean diameters ranging from 68 to 2S1 urn, were used in the experiments at superficial gas velocities in the range of 1.3 to 8.2 m/s. Results showed that the convective heat transfer coefficients with solid/gas two-phase circulation were two to three times greater than those for single-phase gas convection at the same velocity. For a given gas velocity, the coefficients increased with increasing solid mass flux, but decreased with elevation. It was demonstrated that the heat transfer coefficients for the immersed tube and for the bed wall could be correlated with different functional dependence on the two-phase suspension density.     

高焓膨胀管风洞性能调试试验研究

为评估新建成的高焓膨胀管风洞的设备性能,开展了风洞调试试验.通过测量激波速度、静压及Pitot压力等流场参数,结合考虑高温热化学效应的理论计算方法,对设备在常规氦气驱动模式及自由活塞驱动模式、低焓到高焓的运行状态进行了调试与分析.调试试验表明风洞最高气流速度达到11.5 km/s,最高焓值达到71.7 MJ/kg,高焓...     

I. Formation and rise of a bubble stream in a viscous liquid

The continuous emission of gas bubbles from a single ejection orifice immersed in a viscous fluid is considered. We first present a semi empirical model of spherical bubble growth under constant flow conditions to predict the bubble volume at the detachment stage. In a second part, we propose a physical model to describe the rise velocity of in-line interacting bubbles and we derive an expression for the net viscous force acting on the surrounding fluid. Experimental results for air/water-glycerol systems are presented for a wide range of fluid viscosity and compared with theoretical predictions. An imagery technique was used to determine the bubble size and rise velocity. The effects of fluid viscosity, gas flow rate, orifice diameter and liquid depth on the bubble stream dynamic were analyzed. We have further studied the effect of large scale recirculation flow and the influence of a neighbouring bubble stream on the bubble growth and rising velocity. Received: 23 July 1997 / Revised: 16 December 1997 / Accepted: 11 May 1998