激光—双丝复合焊接电弧等离子体温度计算及耦合机理分析

采用光纤式光谱仪,对激光—双丝脉冲MIG复合焊接电弧等离子体辐射规律进行探讨,结合焊接过程中的高速摄像图片探讨激光与电弧的耦合机理,并运用Boltzmann图法计算出电弧等离子体的电子温度。结果表明,加入激光后,电弧的亮度提高,辐射增强,电弧偏向激光作用位置,同时电弧收紧,电弧截面减小,电弧稳定性增强;激光功率、焊接电流和焊丝间距对电弧等离子体温度有比较大的影响,随着激光功率的增加、焊接电流增大和焊丝间距的减小,电弧等离子体电子温度升高。     

双丝脉冲MIG焊接电弧光谱诊断及热源耦合机理分析

搭建了双丝脉冲MIG焊接试验系统,为了分析研究双丝脉冲MIG焊接的热源耦合机理以及电弧温度场,采用光谱技术对其电弧进行了诊断分析,采用中空探针法进行等离子体的辐射采集,得到电弧等离子体的光信号,利用Boltzmann图法计算了双丝脉冲MIG焊接电弧等离子体的电子温度,得出了电弧等离子体的电子温度分布规律,并结合电信号采集和高速摄像技术对电弧进行了综合分析。研究创新之处在于结合了电弧的高速摄像图片信息和电弧等离子体的光信号对双电弧耦合机理进行分析,对电弧温度场进行了较为直观的分析研究。试验结果表明,在本试验条件下焊接过程实现了推挽式输出,实现了一脉一滴的过渡方式;两个电弧在焊接过程中在磁场的作用下相互吸引,向中心发生了偏移,在双电弧的几何中心形成了新的热源中心,并且电弧发生上飘现象;双电弧电子温度整体呈倒V型分布,在双电弧几何中心位置,距工件表面3 mm的位置电弧电子温度最高,为16 887.66 K,比最低温度11 963.63 K高大约4 900 K。     

双丝脉冲MIG焊接电弧光谱诊断及热源耦合机理分析

搭建了双丝脉冲MIG焊接试验系统, 为了分析研究双丝脉冲MIG焊接的热源耦合机理以及电弧温度场, 采用光谱技术对其电弧进行了诊断分析, 采用中空探针法进行等离子体的辐射采集, 得到电弧等离子体的光信号, 利用Boltzmann图法计算了双丝脉冲MIG焊接电弧等离子体的电子温度, 得出了电弧等离子体的电子温度分布规律, 并结合电信号采集和高速摄像技术对电弧进行了综合分析。研究创新之处在于结合了电弧的高速摄像图片信息和电弧等离子体的光信号对双电弧耦合机理进行分析, 对电弧温度场进行了较为直观的分析研究。试验结果表明, 在本试验条件下焊接过程实现了推挽式输出, 实现了一脉一滴的过渡方式;两个电弧在焊接过程中在磁场的作用下相互吸引, 向中心发生了偏移, 在双电弧的几何中心形成了新的热源中心, 并且电弧发生上飘现象;双电弧电子温度整体呈倒V型分布, 在双电弧几何中心位置, 距工件表面3 mm的位置电弧电子温度最高, 为16 887.66 K, 比最低温度11 963.63 K高大约4 900 K。     

基于光谱诊断的氩-氮P-TIG焊引弧的动态电弧物理特性研究

焊接电弧等离子体的物理特性直接决定了焊接接头的成形形貌,分析双组分保护气体的脉冲钨极惰性气体保护焊（P-TIG）动态电弧物理特性,为深入开展混合气体保护焊的焊缝成形物理过程研究提供理论基础。氩-氮混合气体保护焊电弧具有高热特性可以增加熔深,但在焊接前混合均匀的保护气体,引弧后气体浓度会重新分布,使电弧等离子体物理特性的实时动态变化特点变得复杂。光谱诊断是电弧等离子体物理特性测量的最重要手段,但对双组分气体保护的P-TIG焊电弧特性的研究仍需深入进行,特别是对于易引起缺陷的起弧过程,其动态物理特性亟需深入分析。针对氩-氮混合气体P-TIG焊的引弧过程,以P-TIG焊产生的氩-氮双组分电弧等离子体为研究对象,提出利用窄带滤光片与CCD相结合的高速摄影实验系统采集双组分电弧等离子的动态光谱信息,获取特征谱Ar Ⅰ 794.8 nm和N Ⅰ 904.6 nm的P-TIG焊电弧光谱强度动态分布;提出利用双元素双组分标准温度法计算P-TIG焊引弧过程中距离钨极下方1,2,3和4 mm位置处电弧等离子体的动态温度及浓度,定量分析80%Ar+20%N₂保护的P-TIG焊从引弧至电弧稳定过程的电弧等离子体物理特性实时分布。实验结果表明,80%Ar+20%N₂保护的P-TIG焊电弧强度、电弧温度及浓度的变化均与脉冲电流的变化同步,焊接电流在3 ms内达到稳定状态,而电弧等离子体的强度、温度及浓度需要更长时间达到平衡状态。从起弧到电弧等离子稳定燃烧的过程中,基值期间和峰值期间的电弧等离子体强度均呈现先升高再降低的趋势;由于阴极的热传导及电流密度的变化,使得电弧等离子体轴向位置的峰值温度及基值温度均出现迅速升高再缓慢降低的现象;由于粒子间碰撞及摩擦力的影响,使得电弧等离子体的峰值及基值期间氩的浓度均呈迅速减小再缓慢增加的趋势,且氩的浓度均低于焊前浓度。     

基于Boltzmann光谱法的焊接电弧温度场测量计算

电弧等离子体是非均匀等离子体,其内部进行着复杂的能量和质量输运过程,等离子体的温度测量具有重要意义。Boltzmann作图法测量温度较谱线绝对强度法、标准温度法等测温方法更为方便。基于Boltzmann作图法原理,对TIG电弧进行实时的空间扫描,分析了谱线的选取原则,测量计算出TIG焊电弧等离子体的温度场分布。     

直流双管式电弧等离子体发生器性能研究

利用实验手段研究了双管式电弧等离子体发生器的特性,包括旋流进气特性、伏安特性和运行热效率等,建立了基于双管式电弧等离子体发生器的数学模型。结果表明,旋流流速对电极烧蚀速率有较大影响,电弧电压降和发生器热效率随电流增加而下降,发生器热效率随气流量增大而增大。根据相似理论建立的数学模型能够准确模拟等离子体发生器的负电弧动态电阻伏安特性。以上研究可为大功率、长寿命双管式电弧等离子体发生器的开发及其在材料制备和环境保护领域的应用提供参考。     

纵磁作用下真空电弧单阴极斑点等离子体射流三维混合模拟

真空电弧的特性直接受到从阴极斑点喷射出的等离子体射流的影响,对等离子体射流进行数值仿真有助于我们深入了解真空电弧的内部物理机制.然而,磁流体动力学和粒子云网格仿真方法受限于计算精度和计算效率的原因,无法有效地应用于真空电弧等离子体射流仿真模拟.本文开发了一套三维等离子体混合模拟算法,并在此基础上建立了真空电弧单阴极斑点射流仿真模型,模型中将离子作宏粒子考虑,而电子作无质量流体处理,仿真计算了自生电磁场与外施纵向磁场作用下等离子体的分布运动状态.仿真结果表明,单个阴极斑点情况下真空等离子体射流在离开阴极斑点后扩散至极板间,其整体几何形状为圆锥形,离子密度从阴极到阳极快速下降.外施纵向磁场会压缩等离子体,使得等离子体射流径向的扩散减少并且轴线上的离子密度升高.随着外施纵向磁场的增大,其对等离子体射流的压缩效应增强,表现为等离子体射流的扩散角度逐渐减小.此外,外施纵向磁场对等离子体射流的影响也受到电弧电流大小的影响,压缩效应随电弧电流的增加而逐渐减弱.     

高频调制电弧的声学特性及其细化焊缝组织的应用

以等离子体电弧作为声源,利用高频电流进行调制,激发电弧可以产生超声波。研究了高频调制电弧的激发特性和声场特征,发现调制电弧所发射超声波在激励频段内呈现平坦的幅频特性,激励电流是影响电弧超声强度的主要因素,声压幅值与电弧等离子体流力的变化量成正比,声场呈现轴向强两侧弱的特征。同时介绍了利用电弧激发超声波在改善焊缝组织性能方面的应用。     

超声复合电弧声调控特性研究

超声复合电弧作为一种新的焊接热源, 在电弧焊接过程中可利用超声实现对熔融金属的深度处理, 但是超声与电弧等离子体间相互作用机理还不清晰, 这成为阻碍该技术工程应用的关键问题. 本文通过实验与相应理论针对外加超声场对焊接电弧调控特性进行了研究. 为说明电弧特性, 针对试验中高速摄像采集的电弧图片进行了处理. 对比未加超声情况, 超声复合电弧受内外声场共同作用等离子体拘束程度明显提高, 电弧亮度增强, 弧柱高温区范围扩展至阳极, 中间粒子出现团聚并以一定频率上下抖动. 通过改变超声激励电流大小和声发射端高度, 电弧结构产生显著变化, 在谐振点附近, 电弧挺直度最强, 脉动频率最大. 试验结果显示通过外加超声可以达到对焊接电弧热等离子体调控的目的. 最后结合波动方程和二维声边界元模型, 分析了电弧内部声传播过程以及声场结构对等离子体粒子的作用规律, 这为进一步理解超声对电弧的调控机理打下良好基础.     

引入6波段P-1辐射模型的三维空气电弧等离子体数值分析

引入了6波段P-1辐射模型,对三维空气电弧等离子体进行了仿真分析.其特点是不仅考虑了热辐射的发射问题,同时考虑了等离子体内热辐射的自吸收问题.通过计算获得了空气电弧等离子体温度和辐射能量的分布并进行了相应的分析.与净辐射系数方法相比较,P-1模型获得的温度分布较宽,其弧柱电压值更接近于实验测量值.研究表明,6波段P-1辐射模型能够更精确地求解空气电弧等离子体的辐射问题. 关键词： 热辐射 P-1模型 空气电弧等离子体 磁流体动力学     

用投影空间重投影重建迭代法重建电弧温度场

本文结合气体温度场的先验知识,研究了基于光束偏转层析技术的投影空间重投影重建迭代法,考查了数据误差、有限观察角和遮挡物对重建精度的影响.作为一个应用实例,诊断了自由电弧等离子体的温度分布.     

On the possibility of using interferometry in the study of arc in the combustion plasma flow

The use of holographic interferometry in the visible spectral region and interferometry in the submillimeter region for diagnostics of arc in the combustion plasma flow is discussed. The experimental arrangement and results are presented. The use of these two methods enables to determine the gas temperature and the electron concentration in the arc.     

用莫尔计算机层析技术诊断三维电弧温度场

结合光栅Ｔａｌｂｏｔ效应和莫尔技术，利用有限角计算机层析算法，借助电弧等离子体物理方程，对自由电弧三维温度场进行了诊断研究。     

Laser-ablation-induced refractive index fields studied using pulsed digital holographic interferometry

Pulsed digital holographic interferometry has been used to investigate the plume and the shock wave generated in the ablation process of a Q-switched Nd-YAG (λ=1064 nm and pulse duration=12 ns) laser pulse on a polycrystalline boron nitride (PCBN) target under atmospheric air pressure. A special setup based on two synchronised wavelengths from the same laser for simultaneous processing and measurement has been used. Digital holograms were recorded for different time delays using collimated laser light (λ=532 nm) passed through the volume along the target. Numerical data of the integrated refractive index field were calculated and presented as phase maps showing the propagation of the shock wave and the plume generated by the process. Radon inversion has been used to estimate the 3D refractive index fields measured from the projections assuming rotational symmetry. The shock wave density has been calculated using the point explosion model and the shock wave condition equation and its behaviour with time at different power densities ranging from 1.4 to 9.1 GW/cm² is presented. Shock front densities have been calculated from the reconstructed refractive index fields using the Gladstone–Dale equation. A comparison of the shock front density calculated from the reconstructed data and that calculated using the point explosion model at different time delays has been done. The comparison shows quite good agreement between the model and the experimental data. Finally the reconstructed refractive index field has been used to estimate the electron number density distribution within the laser-induced plasma. The electron number density behaviour with distance from the target at different power densities and its behaviour with time are shown. The electron number densities are found to be in the order of 10¹⁸ cm^?3 and decay at a rate of 3×10¹⁵ electrons/cm³ ns.     

Axially blown SF6-arcs around current zero

The increase of the interrupting capability of modern SF6 puffer breakers demands a better knowledge of the interaction of the arc with the gas flow. During the current interruption in an SF6 breaker the arc temperature in the stagnation zone is of decisive importance. The temporal evolution of the arc temperature and the diameter is studied by means of interferometry and emission spectroscopy. Experimental results are presented which show the influence of the current slope and the gas pressure on the arc decay. These results are compared with a theoretical model describing the temperature decay after current interruption.     

Analysis of Cross-Flow Arcs in Transverse Magnetic Fields

Through the specification of two independent variables (e. g., arc current and mainstream velocity), and using appropriate phenomenological relations, the flow fields, temperature fields, and arc boundary shapes of magnetically balanced cross-flow arcs have been determined. Flow through the arc occurs at lower Reynolds numbers, Reo ~ 1; at higher Reynolds numbers a dividing streamline is formed, inside of which double vortex flow is found. Isotherms are nearly circular for the case of flow through the arc. At the higher Reynolds numbers the isotherms are non-circular throughout the cross-section with major axis transverse to the direction of flow.     

The Thermal Boundary Layer in Dual Flow Arc Plasmas

Differential interferometry techniques (using the Wollaston prism) have been applied to a dynamic plasma to determine the radial and temporal distributions of temperature within the thermal boundary layer and the timewise distributions of the sizes of the thermal layer and the conducting core of the arc. Data are reported in the stagnation region of a dual flow orifice nozzle interrupter arrangement for a pulsed air plasma having a peak current of 2 kA with slope of 15 A/?s at current zero. The experimental results are in reasonable agreement with theory.     

Study on 3-D arc plasma fields with holographic interferometry

In this paper,serveral temperature(refractive index)fields which are de-scribed by different kinds of functions are reconstructed by computer simulations based onholographic tomography theory.The obtained results are compared and analyzed.We de-signed a special multibeam holographic system in which the disturbance from the intense arclight can be filtered.With the system multidirectional holographic interferograms of arc fieldscan be taken simultaneously.We also calculate the quantitative distributions of temperature,the number density of particles and ionicity at a typical section of the argon arc field from theexperimeantal data.     

Reconstruction of three-dimensional arc-plasma temperature fields by orthographic and double-wave spectral tomography

This paper presents a technique to diagnose the three-dimensional temperature fields of arc plasma with orthographic and double-wave spectral tomography. First, the system with two orthographic directional CCD image real-time cameras is adopted to get the information of spectrum intensity related to the gray scale of arc plasma. Second, the improved computerized tomography iterative technique which accords with the least-square and max-entropy criterions, simultaneously, has been used to reconstruct the distributions of different emission coefficients, which shows superiority to the conventional tomography algorithms. Finally, based on plasma physical theory, the spectrum relative-intensity method has been used to reconstruct the distribution features of three-dimensional temperature fields. The experimental results have shown the effectiveness of this measurement system with high-precision and real-time ability.     

Measurement of cathode spot parameters with pulsed laserdiagnostics

The cathode spot formation in air within the first 170 ns was investigated by laser absorption photography and ps-pulse interferometry. The discharge was initiated between electrodes made from Ag or Pd with cathode-anode distance below 300 μm, the arc duration was some milliseconds, and the arc current 5-10 A. Picosecond holographic interferometry and momentary absorption photography yielded spatial-temporal density distributions in the ignition phase of the cathode spot. An absolute electron density value on the order of 4×10²⁶ m^-3 has been found. In contrast to vacuum, the cathode spot plasmas broaden little with increasing distance from the cathode, thus narrow plasma channels are observed in the vicinity of the cathode surface having diameters <20 μm