10-25 keV电子致厚W,Au靶韧致辐射谱的测量

测量了10-25 keV电子碰撞厚W, Au靶产生的韧致辐射谱, 并与Monte Carlo程序PENELOPE模拟的X射线谱进行了比较, 除在3 keV前实验谱略低于理论谱外, 整体上两者符合得很好. 在模拟电子与靶材料相互作用产生韧致辐射时, PENELOPE程序中只包含有普通韧制辐射的截面数据. 我们的实验结果表明, 在电子与固体靶相互作用时, 没有明显的极化韧致辐射产生, PENELOPE程序能够可靠地描述电子与固体厚靶相互作用产生的韧致辐射.     

利用轫致辐射谱回推超热电子温度

超短超强激光打靶产生的超热电子与固体靶相互作用时会产生轫致辐射X射线。利用蒙特卡罗方法,对电子在固体靶中传输产生的轫致辐射X射线进行了模拟。1 MeV电子束与固体靶作用产生的轫致辐射谱模拟结果表明,轫致辐射谱高能段斜率受靶厚度及靶材料的影响不明显。麦克斯韦分布的电子束及单能电子束与30 m铜靶作用的模拟结果显示,两种电子源产生的轫致辐射谱在电子束能量或温度较高时基本一致。给出了一种利用轫致辐射谱斜率反推超热电子温度的定标方法。模拟了不同温度下超热电子产生的轫致辐射光子的能量角分布及光子数角分布,结果显示辐射光子能量通量和光子数随着电子温度的提高越来越向前倾,并给出了另外一种由轫致辐射能量角分布反推超热电子温度的定标关系。     

对激光等离子体中X射线的产生与辐射加热研究

利用一维辐射流体力学程序MULTI数值模拟研究了功率为1014Wcm2、脉冲宽度为300ps、波长为0.44μm的强激光辐照平面Au靶时产生X射线的过程,给出了X射线转换效率和能谱分布.通过将靶物质划分为对所产生的X射线光学薄的转化区和光学厚的再发射区,得到了作为黑体辐射热源的最佳靶厚度,并给出了辐射加热靶所产生的等离子体的密度和温度的空间分布. 关键词： 辐射流体力学 激光等离子体 X射线转换 辐射热波     

CT靶物质的辐射特性研究

采用Monte Carlo模拟程序MCNP4B对电子-光子在CT靶物质中的耦合输运进行了模拟. 对几种靶的光子效率和X射线前向性随靶厚度变化进行了计算和分析. 模拟计算结果表明, 与电子加速器中常用的Au, W等高Z靶相比, Cu靶具有特殊的辐射物理性质: 1) 光子效率对Cu靶厚度不敏感. 通常, 对于高Z靶, 光子效率在靶厚度为某特定值时达到最高值, 然后随靶厚度增加而迅速减小; 而对于Cu靶, 光子效率在达到最大值后, 靶厚度再增加时, 光子效率仅略有减小, 且变化趋于平缓. 2) 电子束轰击Cu靶时, 虽然光子效率较低, 但是角分布具有很好的前向性, 且前向剂量率可与Au靶、W靶相当. 实验结果表明, 用能量为20MeV的电子轰击Cu靶时, 前向0°附近的X射线剂量率达到并超过了用W靶时的结果, 而且剂量率角分布比W靶的前向性好.     

阳极杆箍缩二极管产生X射线能谱的模拟计算

采用粒子模拟,得到了阳极杆箍缩二极管阳极钨针上电子的空间分布和入射角分布,分析二极管工作状态得到了电子的能量分布.在此基础上建立阳极杆箍缩二极管的蒙特卡罗模型,模拟得到了阳极杆箍缩二极管的辐射能谱和X射线的平均能量,并与实验结果进行了比较.结果表明:09006炮光子平均能量为0.441 MeV,计算该能谱射线经过不同厚度铅衰减片后的剂量衰减情况,与叠片法PIN探测器所测的实验数据基本一致. 关键词： 阳极杆箍缩二极管 粒子模拟 蒙特卡罗方法 X射线能谱     

吸积盘的X射线辐射对周围星际物质的离化研究

利用辐射流体力学程序对三倍频纳秒激光与靶物质相互作用进行了模拟研究，得到了可以产生黑体辐射谱分布的激光等离子体X射线辐射靶的最佳厚度；数值模拟研究了黑体谱分布的X射线辐射场对等离子体系统平均离化度分布的影响，它有助于深入理解天体物理中吸积盘对它周围星际物质的离化影响. 关键词： 辐射流体力学 激光等离子体 X射线辐射 吸积盘 离化     

1.053μm激光辐照金箔靶发射X射线能谱的实验研究

在“星光-Ⅱ”单束高功率激光装置上利用束匀滑的钕玻璃基频激光辐照不同厚度的金箔靶,测量了金箔靶前向和背向的X射线能谱、X射线辐射能量角分布及X射线能谱时间变化过程,研究了金箔靶中激光烧蚀及辐射烧蚀过程;获得了不同厚度金箔、不同激光功率密度及不同角度等几种条件下其前后向X射线能谱的定量测量结果,同时从不同厚度的金箔背侧X射线能谱时间过程观察到明显的辐射热波时间延迟. 关键词： 金箔靶 X射线能谱 辐射烧蚀 辐射热波     

金等离子体M带谱强度的定量测量

在"神光II"多束高功率激光装置上利用列阵透镜匀滑钕玻璃波长0.53μm的强激光幅照平面金(Au)靶时产生X射线,本文给出了X射线绝对转换效率ξx。研究了多束倍频激光叠加驱动靶形成X射线背景光源辐射金M壳层1.8—3.1Kev带谱的特性,获得了不同激光功率密度及不同角度驱动靶面等几种条件下X射线能谱的定量测量结果和能谱分布。     

电子束放射照相的特性与参数优化

短脉冲强激光产生的电子束具有源尺寸小、脉宽窄、准单能谱等特点, 在放射照相诊断中具有独特作用. 本文通过分析电子在材料中散射并采用蒙特卡罗方法数值模拟, 研究了100 keV到几百MeV能量电子束对有厚度起伏或存在界面的靶的透视, 并与质子、X射线束透视结果比较, 给出了电子束放射照相的特性与参数优化: 基于电子在材料中非弹性散射或能量损失, 选用能量使其射程与靶厚度接近的电子束来诊断靶厚度不均匀性; 基于电子在材料中的弹性散射, 选用射程超过靶厚度的电子束来诊断靶界面.     

利用韧致辐射诊断激光等离子体相互作用产生的超热电子

超短脉冲强激光与等离子体相互作用时产生的向靶内传输的超热电子在“快点火”方案中起着极其重要的作用.对于这部分向靶内传输的超热电子，韧致辐射方法是一种能有效、全面获得超热电子各方面信息的诊断方法.通过三维蒙特卡罗程序MCNP模拟了超热电子在靶材料中的输运以及它们在靶后方向产生的韧致辐射的性质，论证了韧致辐射诊断方法的可行性. 关键词： 超热电子 韧致辐射 诊断 MCNP程序     

Monte Carlo calculation of electron spectra produced in water phantoms by 20 keV-1 GeV photons

Abstract

A Monte Carlo calculation for the energy spectra of electrons and positrons produced in infinite and semiinfinite water phantoms by photons ranging in energies from 20 keV to 1 GeV are presented. The dominant processes considered are the photoelectric effect, Auger effect, Compton effect, pair, and triplet production. Bremsstrahlung produced by electrons and positrons with energies greater than 1 MeV is also included. The effect of multiple Compton scattering, not considered in the earlier calculation, for the infinite phantom for photon energies higher than 2 MeV has been incorporated. For a semi-infinite phantom, multiple Compton scattering and backscattering through the top are considered. The results are compared with the earlier calculations for the first-collision spectrum. It is found that the inclusion of multiple Compton scattering significantly increases the average number of electrons/cm³ per photon/cm² at all energies considered whereas bremsstrahlung reduces the number of high energy electrons and produces more low energy electrons in the spectrum.     

4 MeV闪光X光机轫致辐射靶设计

对4 MeV闪光X光机的轫致辐射靶参数进行了设计和模拟计算。利用蒙特卡罗程序,计算得到当轫致辐射靶的有效钽靶材厚度约为0.6 mm时,靶正前方1 m处产生的单脉冲X光的照射量值最大,可以达到约2.86×10－3 C/kg,满足4 MeV闪光X光机对其单脉冲X光的设计要求。对不同能量下的单脉冲电子束加载在轫致辐射靶上的能量沉积密度进行了计算和比较,分析研究了不同结构下的靶破坏,结果表明:轫致辐射靶采用叠靶结构的钽靶能够满足4 MeV闪光机的实验需求。     

Measurement of angular distribution of soft X‐ray radiation from thin targets in the tabletop storage ring MIRRORCLE‐20SX

The only available tabletop electron storage rings are the machines from the MIRRORCLE series. The electrons are accelerated in a microtron and injected into the storage ring. During its circulation, each electron passes through a tiny target many times, emitting a photon beam. Both the spectrum and the angular distribution of the radiation depend on the material, the thickness and the shape of the target. In this paper measured angular distributions of the radiation from several different targets in the magnetic field of the 20 MeV storage ring MIRRORCLE‐20SX are presented. The detector comprises a 3 mm × 3 mm × 8.5 µm plastic scintillator (PS) coupled to a photomultiplier by a bundle of optical fibers. The output of the photomultiplier is digitized by an IF converter. This detector is sensitive mostly to soft X‐ray radiation, and its PS is moved by a mechanical system in a plane perpendicular to the radiation axis. The measured angular distributions for Mo and Sn targets contain an annulus which is attributed to transition radiation. The angular distributions for Al, carbon nanotube and diamond‐like carbon (DLC) targets show some suppression of the radiation along the magnetic field. This is the first evidence of observation of the angular distribution of synchrotron Cherenkov radiation, which represents Cherenkov radiation in a magnetic field. The power radiated from the DLC target is estimated.     

Absolute doubly differential cross sections for electron bremsstrahlung from rare gas atoms at 28 and 50 keV

Absolute doubly differential bremsstrahlung cross sections from Xe, Kr, Ar, and Ne have been measured for electron bombarding energies of 28 and 50 keV. Bremsstrahlung photons have been detected at 90 degrees to the incident electron beam at energies ranging from 5 keV up to the kinematic end point. The results are compared with predictions of ordinary bremsstrahlung and of total bremsstrahlung that include polarizational bremsstrahlung from the target atom calculated in the stripping approximation. All previous absolute cross sections have been from thin-film solid targets and have not shown any polarizational bremsstrahlung contribution. The present results, the first from free atoms, provide definitive evidence for the contribution of polarizational bremsstrahlung to the photon spectrum from electron bremsstrahlung.     

Angular distributions of fast electrons, ions, and Bremsstrahlung x/gamma-rays in intense laser interaction with solid targets

We study the angular distributions of fast electrons, ions, and bremsstrahlung x/ gamma-rays generated during the interaction of an ultrashort intense laser pulse with solid targets. A relation is found on the angular directions for fast electrons and ions as a function of the particle's kinetic energy, experienced Coulomb potential changes, and the incident angle of the laser pulse. It is valid independent of the acceleration mechanisms and the polarization of the laser pulse, as confirmed by particle-in-cell simulations. The angular distribution of bremsstrahlung x/gamma-rays is presented to show explicitly its correlation with the corresponding angular distributions of electrons.     

Dose estimation and shielding calculation for X-ray hazard at high intensity laser facilities

An ionizing radiation hazard produced from the interaction between high intensity lasers and solid targets has been observed. Laser-plasma interactions create "hot" electrons, which generate bremsstrahlung X-rays when they interact with ions in the target. However, up to now only limited studies have been conducted on this laser-induced radiological protection issue. In this paper, the physical process and characteristics of the interaction between high intensity lasers and solid targets are analyzed. The parameters of the radiation sources are discussed, including the energy conversion efficiency from laser to hot electrons, hot electron energy spectrum and electron temperature, and the bremsstrahlung X-ray energy spectrum produced by hot electrons. Based on this information, the X-ray dose generated with high-Z targets for laser intensities between 10¹⁴ and 10²⁰ W/cm² is estimated. The shielding effects of common shielding items such as the glass view port, aluminum chamber wall and concrete wall are also studied using the FLUKA Monte Carlo code. This study provides a reference for the dose estimation and the shielding design of high intensity laser facilities.     

Advanced targets,diagnostics and applications of laser-generated plasmas

High-intensity sub-nanosecond-pulsed lasers irradiating thin targets in vacuum permit generation of electrons and ion acceleration and high photon yield emission in non-equilibrium plasmas. At intensities higher than 10¹⁵?W/cm² thin foils can be irradiated in the target-normal sheath acceleration regime driving ion acceleration in the forward direction above 1?MeV per charge state. The distributions of emitted ions in terms of energy, charge state and angular emission are controlled by laser parameters, irradiation conditions, target geometry and composition. Advanced targets can be employed to increase the laser absorption in thin foils and to enhance the energy and the yield of the ion acceleration process. Semiconductor detectors, Thomson parabola spectrometer and streak camera can be employed as online plasma diagnostics to monitor the plasma parameters, shot by shot. Some applications in the field of the multiple ion implantation, hadrontherapy and nuclear physics are reported.     

Development of a Method for Measurement of Photonuclear-Reaction Cross Sections with the Aid of Simulated Quasimonoenergetic-Photon Spectra

A procedure for measuring photonuclear-reaction cross sections by employing the method of quasimonochromatization of the bremsstrahlung photon spectrum is developed. This procedure permits determining reaction cross sections via measuring the reaction yield at three fixed values of the electron energy. The procedure is equivalent to measuring the cross section in question for quasimonochromatic photons. Bremsstrahlung-photon spectra are obtained using state-of-the-art simulation means involving the GEANT4 code as applied to a specific experiment with allowance for its geometry, target thicknesses, electron-beam parameters, etc. The results obtained by simulating quasimonochromatic distributions of bremsstrahlung photons are presented for experiments at the LUE-8-5 linear electron accelerator of Institute for Nuclear Research (Moscow, Russian Academy of Sciences). These results are found to be in good agreement with the experimental energy distribution of the cross section for the reaction ¹¹¹Cd(γ, γ') in the energy range between 5 and 8 MeV.