声子晶体的负折射

通过对声子晶体负折射的实验和理论进行梳理,提出可以通过从对称性角度理解声波在周期性结构中的散射,来理解声学负折射现象的物理机制.在此启发下,本文继而运用有限元模拟,通过改变背景介质的声学常数,成功展示了声波在声子晶体中的负折射现象.     

二维声子晶体平板成像中的通道特征

利用多重散射理论分析了钢/水声子晶体平板成像过程.发现平板成像中的散射波会聚具有散射通道特征.对于确定的声源位置,不同入射角信号对应不同的通道;耦合进入通道的信号强度也不相同.小角度入射波能较强地耦合进入通道;大角度入射波在入射表面受到强烈散射,较弱地耦合进入通道.非理想成像情况下,不同入射角信号通过平板成像的位置不同,因而形成像差.声源位置改变,对应的通道亦随之改变.散射通道与声子晶体的各向异性能带结构和多重散射密切相关.     

声子晶体中第二能带的回波负折射

文章从理论和实验上研究了二维三角晶格声子晶体第二能带具有回波（backward-wave）效应的负折射现象。Bragg散射将第二能带等频线（equifrequency surface）分成两类，它们分别凹向简约布里渊区（BZ）的K点和Г点，并由此导致了两种不同的回波负折射现象。理论和实验证明，这两类负折射的角度与声波的频率以及入射角的变化关系截然不同，同时在第二能带中，不仅存在回波负折射，还存在回波正折射，这两种折射所具有的回波效应都可以用于通过位相补偿效应来突破衍射极限。上述现象和左手材料中以及声子晶体第一能带中的折射现象是不相同的，揭示了声子晶体，第二能带具有更丰富的物理现象．     

二维蜂窝结构声子晶体的负折射成像研究*

为了得到分辨率更好的平板透镜,对此进行了研究。利用有限元的方法研究了由水/水银材料组合的二维蜂窝结构声子晶体平板透镜的负折射成像特性,通过数值仿真计算了声子晶体的能带结构、等频色散曲线,模拟了点源成像,并且利用高斯波束验证了声子晶体平板透镜的负折射现象,得到了有效折射率neff =-1的成像。对比相同材料的正方晶格和三角晶格而言,该模型的成像效果更佳。为了改善成像分辨率,还在原来的模型上进行了改进,得到了分辨率约为0.37λ的亚波长像。     

声子晶体和声学超构材料

声子晶体和声学超构材料进一步拓展了自然界中声学材料的弹性波性质．这种人工的复合结构材料,由于其周期结构的布拉格散射和局域共振特性,使得其具有奇异的色散特征,在某些频段具有负的有效弹性参数,带来了许多新颖的声学传播效应,例如声子带隙效应、负折射效应、超棱镜效应、超透镜效应、异常透射效应、异常隔声效应等．与此同时,在声子晶体和声学超构材料表面,一类具有亚波长特性的声表面倏逝波也引起了人们的关注,研究其激发、传播、耦合的过程对揭示声子晶体和声学超构材料的奇异声传播效应的物理本质具有重要意义．声子晶体和声学超构材料作为一类新型的人工声学结构材料,在隔声、防振、热控制以及新型声学器件研发等方面具有巨大的应用前景．文章综述了近十几年来国际国内关于声子晶体和声学超构材料的研究进展,并对其未来的研究发展方向做一评述．     

长波条件下二维声子晶体中的弹性波传播及各向异性

利用多散射方法研究了长波条件下二维声子晶体中弹性波的传播特性.由长波条件下散射体幂散射特性和结构周期特性分析得到了等效波速的解析表达式.通过对幂散射波各阶分波之间由于结构周期特性而产生的耦合作用进行分析,发现幂散射波的正负二阶分量之间的耦合作用具有明显的方向性,长波条件下弹性波的传播特性是否具有各向异性取决于幂散射波的二阶分量在多散射过程中是否有明显的作用.     

弹性波通过一维复合材料系统的透射性质

提出了不同结构的一维弹性波复合材料系统模型,包括一维周期结构声子晶体、标准Fibonacci准周期结构声子晶体、广义Fibonacci准周期结构声子晶体以及完全无序结构的复合材料系统. 采用模式匹配理论法,数值计算了弹性波通过一维复合材料系统的透射系数. 计算结果表明,利用特殊的准周期结构声子晶体可获得比周期结构声子晶体更宽的带隙范围,准周期结构排列的复合材料系统相当于在周期结构中引入了缺陷体一样,带隙内出现了丰富的局域模式. 对弹性波/声波在复合材料系统中局域态性质的研究有助于弹性波/声波滤波器、导波器 关键词： 弹性波复合材料 局域化     

一维压电Fibonacci类准周期声子晶体传输特性

基于传输矩阵法研究了一维压电Fibonacci类准周期声子晶体的传输特性, 比较了一维Fibonacci序列压电准周期声子晶体与非压电准周期声子晶体以及压电周期性声子晶体的透射性. 计算结果表明:弹性波通过一维准周期结构压电声子晶体时与周期性声子晶体一样会有带隙的出现, 且发现具有压电性的Fibonacci序列准周期声子晶体禁带宽度发生了展宽. 进一步讨论了入射角度对固定频率下声子透射系数的影响,结果表明一维压电Fibonacci序列准周期结构声子透射性依赖于入射角度的选取.     

二维声子晶体带结构的多散射分析及解耦模式

利用多散射方法研究了二维声子晶体中的带结构，通过对柱散射波各阶分波之间的耦合分析，发现在带隙边缘的模式存在与对称性相关的解耦现象. 由此在低阶带隙边缘出现独立的自洽的零阶多散射模式. 通过引入周期结构因子和Mie散射因子，得到表征低阶带隙起始频率的解析公式. 利用该公式，采用图解法，定量地说明了带隙起始频率随周期性和单散射体Mie散射特性变化的规律. 关键词： 声子晶体 多散射     

二维空气环型光子晶体的负折射成像特性

采用平面波展开法和时域有限差分法研究了由空气环组成的二维三角晶格光子晶体平板的负折射成像特性.研究结果表明对于外半径为 0.4 a,内半径 0—0.13a的空气环型光子晶体,第二能带中归一化频率为 0.3 的电磁波可以实现有效折射率为-1的负折射成像.通过光子晶体有效折射率的计算,得到了有效折射率为-1的电磁波频率随空气环内径由0—0.2 a变化的规律,并由对应等频曲线的变化解释了结构参数对光子晶体平板成像的影响. 关键词： 光子晶体 空气环 负折射 等频曲线     

十二重准晶光子结构中的负折射与成像

最近实验证明周期性的光子晶体中存在电磁波的负折射现象，并且观测到亚波长成像．然而，这些研究主要集中在剧期性结构中，对非周期结构的研究还没有相关的报道。文章报道了一种新的理论和实验结果：非周期性十二重准晶光子结构同样存在负折射，并且可以实现超透镜的远场成像。具有这些特性的光子准晶可以广泛的应用于光集成器件中。     

Negative refraction and focusing of electromagnetic wave through two-dimensional photonic crystals

The negative refraction of electromagnetic waves in photonic crystals was recently demonstrated experimentally, and the physical properties were analyzed. Microsuperlenses based on two-dimensional photonic crystals were designed and the subwavelength images were observed. In this review, after providing a brief history of the research related to the above phenomena, we will summarize our research works in this field including the method of creating a negative refraction region, generating an absolute negative refraction, the focusing of unpolarized electromagnetic waves, and the effect of interface and disorder on the image by the two-dimensional photonic crystal flat lens. The discussion on the negative refraction and the focusing by high symmetric quasicrystals is also presented.     

Negative refraction and left-handed electromagnetism in microwave photonic crystals

We demonstrate the negative refraction of microwaves in a metallic photonic crystal prism. The spectral response of the photonic crystal prism, which manifests both positive and negative refraction, is in complete agreement with band-structure calculations and numerical simulations. The validity of Snell's law with a negative refractive index is confirmed experimentally and theoretically. The negative refraction observed corresponds to left-handed electromagnetism that arises due to the dispersion characteristics of waves in a periodic medium. This mechanism for negative refraction is different from that in metamaterials.     

Focusing of sound in a 3D phononic crystal

We present a combined experimental and theoretical study of phonon focusing phenomena in a pass band above the complete band gap in a 3D phononic crystal. Wave propagation was found to depend dramatically on both frequency and incident direction. This propagation anisotropy leads to very large negative refraction, which can be used to focus a diverging ultrasonic beam into a narrow focal spot with a large focal depth. The experimental field patterns are well explained using a Fourier imaging technique, based on the 3D equifrequency surfaces calculated from multiple scattering theory.     

The thermal effects on the negative refraction of sonic crystals

The thermal effects on the refractive direction of a sonic crystal consisted of steel rods in air background is investigated. By means of varying the temperature, the refractive direction and the range of the incident angle with the negative refraction are changed accordingly due to the variations of the air density and sound speed. The focus behaviors, intensity and distance, of the sonic crystal plane lens with varying temperature are studied. Moreover, at certain frequencies and incident angles, the refractive angles can be changed from negative to positive by varying the temperature of a sonic crystal with air background. The tunable sonic crystal can be used to design various novel ultrasonic devices.     

单轴晶体中的负折射现象研究

分析了在各向同性介质和单轴晶体界面实现负折射的最佳条件。计算发现,通过调节光轴角和各向异性参量可以使得负折射现象更为明显,获得最佳光轴角和最大入射临界角。各向异性强的晶体实现负折射的入射角范围可能会很大。讨论了单轴晶体中和负折射率介质中的负折射现象的区别：负折射率介质中的负折射是由负的折射率引起的,单轴晶体中是由于各向异性决定的。同时还发现单轴晶体中的能流负折射现象不能实现Pendry在理论上所预言的完美透镜。     

Tunable positive and negative refraction in optically induced photonic lattices

We study tunable refraction of light in one-dimensional periodic lattices induced optically in a photorefractive crystal. We observe experimentally both positive and negative refraction of beams that selectively excite the first or second spectral bands of the periodic lattice, and we demonstrate tunability of the output beam position by dynamically adjusting the lattice depth. At higher laser intensities, beam broadening due to diffraction can be suppressed through nonlinear self-focusing while preserving the general steering properties.     

Focusing of light by negative refraction in a photonic crystal slab superlens on silicon-on-insulator substrate

We experimentally demonstrate the light focusing by negative refraction in a photonic crystal slab superlens at wavelengths lambda of 1.26-1.42 microm. The photonic crystal slab was fabricated on silicon-on-insulator substrate with an interface structure optimized for low reflection and diffraction losses. The light focusing in the photonic crystal slab was clearly observed through the intentional out-of-plane radiation or scattering of guided light in the slab. The minimum focused spot width was limited to 1.8 microm(1.4 lambda) owing to aberrations. The focusing characteristics were in good agreement with those obtained from photonic band and finite-difference time-domain analyses.     

Refractive index of silicon at γ ray energies

For x rays the real part of the refractive index, dominated by Rayleigh scattering, is negative and converges to zero for higher energies. For γ rays a positive component, related to Delbrück scattering, increases with energy and becomes dominating. The deflection of a monochromatic γ beam due to refraction was measured by placing a Si wedge into a flat double crystal spectrometer. Data were obtained in an energy range from 0.18?MeV to 2?MeV. The data are compared to theory, taking into account elastic and inelastic Delbrück scattering as well as recent results on the energy dependence of the pair creation cross section. Probably a new field of γ optics with many new applications opens up.