带工具的高能聚焦超声变幅杆的有限元分析

在分析高能聚焦超声原理的基础上，本文研究了高能聚焦超声技术，并且对安装工具后的变幅杆进行了有限元分析。试验表明，高能聚焦超声技术在清洗、焊接领域具有高效、可连续工作的优势。     

超声频谱分析中应用自适应学习网络技术进行缺陷自动鉴别的研究

超声频谱分析是把频谱分析用于超声检验的技术，本文介绍了自行设计的超声频谱分析系统和研究开发的对频谱与缺陷作出相关分析的计算机程序，超声频谱分析系统中，研制了超声频谱探伤装置，以微机作为基本工具，利用步进采样技术对缺陷回波进行采样，通过软件进行快速傅里叶变换，获得频谱信号，然后，应用非线性自动增长的自适应学习网络技术，实现了对缺陷的自动鉴别，对有尖锐边缘与平滑边缘的两类人工缺陷所作的定性分析与横孔直径的定量分析都获得了较好的结果。     

超声造影剂研究进展

本文综述超声造影剂的现状及新进展，在简要介绍造影剂物理原理的基础上，对超声造影剂在医学超声领域尤其是低速血流测量与组织灌注成像中的应用进行了总结与讨论，并介绍了用于实验研究和第二期临床试验的国际上最新的超声造影剂的特点，制备技术与评价方法。     

超声处理有机废水的现状与进展

从超声降解有机废水的机理入手,对当前单频和多频(二维正交和三维)超声以及超声技术与其他技术联用降解污水的原理、影响因素和效果和国内外研究现状进行了总结和回顾,同时对该技术在处理有机废水方面的研究趋势进行了展望。     

超声治癌与无损测温研究

至今已有很多关于超声治癌的研究。热疗已上升为治疗癌肿的主要方法之一。文中简述了热疗的历史发展，生物物理学基础和超声热疗的技术面貌，报道了对肿瘤或前列腺烧疗的高强度相控聚焦超声技术，它可在１０ｓ以内使肿瘤内升温超过７０℃。     

超声在植物学领域的应用

本文综述了超声在植物学研究和实践中的应用。研究涉及超声提取和分析植物体内的各种成份，超声导致的空化作用及其对植物体的影响，以及超声对植物染色体的影响等；应用超声可以分散、破碎细咆；超声还具清洁作用。在植物领域中超声的应用主要是利用了超声的空化作用、机械作用和热效应。     

利用PVDF传感器检测激光超声的实验研究

简要介绍了激光超声技术以及声表面波的基本特点、激光超声产生和接收的基本原理及激光超声技术的应用。概述了聚偏二氟乙烯（PVDF）压电薄膜材料的结构、性质和应用，以及薄膜压电性产生的机理。对PVDF换能器的设计思路和实验方法进行了简单讨论。具体实验采用脉冲激光器激发声表面波，利用PVDF传感器接收实验信号，调试实验信号，得出波形，并对实验现象作出初步分析。证实了该实验装置应用于激光超声无损检测的可行性与可靠性。     

超声诊断骨质疏松症中松质骨的模型

骨质疏松症(OP)是老龄化社会中影响健康的一个重要问题，超声技术已成为诊断骨质疏松症的一种常用方法。文中综述了近年来用超声诊断骨质疏松症中松质骨模型研究的进展，对棒状模型、流体多孔介质模型(Biot理论)和层状模型(schoenberg理论)进行了分析和讨论，指出了各理论模型存在的缺陷，对下一步的研究工作提出了建议。     

炸药柱超声C-扫描成像检测

药柱传统的手动A型扫描探伤方法存在，检测过程的稳定性以及检测结果的准确性、可靠性较低，检测结果不够直观等不足之处。为了解决这些问题，对超声C-扫描成像检测技术的系统条件、技术参数、缺陷大小的系统标定等开展了研究，确定了炸药柱水浸式超声C-扫描成像检测条件，并对利用手动A型超探仪探伤有缺陷（包括分层类和疏松）的PBX-9003和TNT药柱进行了C-扫描成像检测。     

空气耦合超声检测复合材料研究综述

复合材料普遍具有高比强度、高比刚度、高模量、耐腐蚀等优异性能,广泛应用于飞机机翼、导弹外壳、航空发动机壳体等部位。制造和服役过程中各类缺陷影响复合材料的力学性能和服役性能,必须采用有效的方法准确检测和评估复合材料中各类缺陷。空气耦合式超声检测具有完全非接触、非侵入、无损伤和无需耦合剂的特点,能够很好地运用于复合材料的在线和在位检测。该文就近年来空气耦合超声检测技术的研究现状进行了系统综述,简明扼要地分析和介绍了当前空气耦合超声检测的研究热点及进展,重点介绍了1-3型压电复合材料换能器、信号处理技术、相控聚焦式空气耦合超声检测、超声在复合材料的传播特性及其与缺陷交互作用的研究现状,探讨了空气耦合超声无损检测技术与仪器的发展方向,总结了目前空气耦合超声检测的研究热点问题,最后展望了空气耦合超声检测的发展趋势和应用前景。     

Platelet-targeted microbubbles inhibit re-occlusion after thrombolysis with transcutaneous ultrasound and microbubbles

Microbubbles (MBs) can augment the acoustic cavitation’ (US), thereby facilitating the thrombolysis of external ultrasound. But we observed re-thrombosis after successful thrombolysis by MBs and transcutaneous ultrasound in an endothelium injury model. This study was designed to explore whether platelet-targeted MBs can prevent the reformation of thrombi. Arterial injury was induced in canine femoral arteries with balloon, and the arteries were completely thrombotically occluded. The arteries were treated with intra-arterial MBs or platelet-targeted MBs (TMB) and transcutaneous low frequency ultrasound (LFUS) to achieve complete thrombolysis. The arterial flow was monitored with angiogram for 4 h following treatment. Results showed that both MBs and TMBs produced successful dissolution of clots in the presence of ultrasound. The re-occlusion began to occur 1 h after thrombolysis in MB/LFUS treatment, and 7 of 8 arteries were re-occluded within 3 h. Most of the arteries (7 of 8) in the TMB/LFUS group remained patent for 4 h following treatment. The flow tended to decrease after thrombolysis in MB/LFUS treatment. These results indicated that platelet-targeted microbubbles were beneficial in preventing re-thrombosis in vivo and microbubbles served as good carrier of thrombolytic and anticoagulation drugs.     

Experimental study of the preparation of targeted microbubble contrast agents carrying urokinase and RGDS

Purpose

To explore the feasibility and the best combined proportion of the preparation of targeted and thrombolytic contrast agents carrying urokinase (UK) and Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (RGDS), and to study its effect of thrombolysis in vitro.

Methods

Urokinase and RGDS were combined to the surface of SonoVue by direct conjugation method. According to the different ratio of urokinase and RGDS when mixed, they were divided into three groups whose urokinase/RGDS were 1:1, 2:1 and 1:2, respectively. To measure the binding rate of microbubbles and urokinase as well as RGDS by flow cytometry. To detect the effect of thrombolysis by thrombolytic experiment in vitro. To detect the targeting effects by experiment in vivo.

Results

The results of flow cytometry detection showed that the binding rates of urokinase and RGDS of three groups were, respectively, 73.4 ± 11.0% and 67.1 ± 10.9%, 8.8 ± 7.2% and 7.8 ± 6.9%, 49.7 ± 21.3% and 45.9 ± 21.7% after standing for 2 h. In vitro thrombolysis experiment indicated that the urokinase had activity in the prepared contrast agent which the binding rates of urokinase and RGDS were the highest. And it was injected intravenous, the contrast agent aggregated on the surface of the thrombus of the rabbit femoral arterial. The thrombus emitted fluorescence.

Conclusions

The binding rate of the targeted contrast agent prepared by 1:1 of urokinase/RGDS was the highest. It had thrombolysis ability in vitro, and it had thrombo-targeting effect in vivo.     

Ultrasound thrombolysis

Ultrasound energy for thrombolysis dates back to 1976. Trubestein et al. demonstrated first in vitro that a rigid wire delivery low frequency ultrasound energy could disrupt clot. These investigators also showed that this system had potential for peripheral arterial clot dissolution in vivo in animal studies [G. Trubestein, C. Engel, F. Etzel, Clinical Science 51 (1976) 697s-698s]. Subsequently, four basic approaches to ultrasonic thrombolysis have been pursued - two without pharmacological agents: (1) catheter-delivered external transducer ultrasound, (2) transcutaneous-delivered HIFU external ultrasound without drug delivery and ultrasound in conjunction with thrombolytic drugs and/or microbubbles or other agents, (3) Catheter-delivered transducer-tipped ultrasound with local drug delivery, and (4) transcutaneous-delivered low frequency ultrasound with concomitant systemic (intravenous) drug delivery for site specific ultrasound augmentation. This article reviews recent data on therapeutic ultrasound for thrombolysis in vitro, in vivo, in animal studies, as well as in human clinical trials.     

Acousto-mechanical and thermal properties of clotted blood

The efficacy of ultrasound-assisted thrombolysis as an adjunct treatment of ischemic stroke is being widely investigated. To determine the role of ultrasound hyperthermia in the process of blood clot disruption, the acousto-mechanical and thermal properties of clotted blood were measured in vitro, namely, density, speed of sound, frequency-dependent attenuation, specific heat, and thermal conductivity. The amplitude coefficient of attenuation of the clots was determined for 120 kHz, 1.0 MHz, and 3.5 MHz ultrasound at room temperature (20 +/- 2 degrees C). The attenuation coefficient ranged from 0.10 to 0.30 Np/cm in porcine clots and from 0.09 to 0.23 Np/cm in human clots. The experimentally determined values of specific heat and thermal conductivity for porcine clotted blood are (3.2 +/- 0.5) x 10(3) J/kg x K and 0.55 +/- 0.13 W/m x K, respectively, and for human clotted blood are (3.5 +/- 0.8) x 10(3) J/kg x K and 0.59 +/- 0.11 W/m x K, respectively. Measurements of the acousto-mechanical and thermal properties of clotted blood can be helpful in theoretical modeling of ultrasound hyperthermia in ultrasound-assisted thrombolysis and other high-intensity focused ultrasound applications.     

Absence of biological damage from prolonged exposure to intravascular ultrasound: a swine model

Ultrasound (US) has been used in IMS II (intravascular US) and CLOTBUST (transcranial US) clinical trials for thrombolysis. During the treatment, in addition to the targeted thrombus, other biological components, such as blood and vessel walls are subjected to long durations of US exposure. In this study we explored evidence of biological damage due to mechanical forces or thermal effects of US exposure at the frequency, intensity and duration employed for thrombolysis treatment. Biological effects were investigated by exposing swine ilio-femoral arteries bilaterally to an intravascular US generating catheter and a conventional catheter. A total of 12 animals each underwent 8h of exposure to intravascular pulsed US with a frequency of 2.2MHz and spatial peak time average intensity (I(SPTA)) of 6W/cm(2) per transducer (a total of six transducers per catheter) while the ultrasonic device surface temperature was maintained at 43 degrees C. The animals were euthanized either 24+/-3h or 28+/-3 days post treatment. A range of physiological and hematological parameters were evaluated pre-, post-, and during US exposure. The vascular diameter was determined pre- and post-US exposure using angiograms. Following euthanasia, each animal underwent a gross pathological examination, and the treated vessels and an unexposed vessel were excised for comparative histopathological evaluation. No evidence of biological damage was found at the end of 8h exposure to intravascular US.     

Ultrasound enhanced thrombolysis in acute arterial ischemia

In vitro and animal studies have shown that thrombolysis with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) can be enhanced with ultrasound. Ultrasound delivers mechanical pressure waves to the clot, thus exposing more thrombus surface to circulating drug. Moreover, intravenous gaseous microspheres with ultrasound have been shown to be a potential alternative to fibrinolytic agents to recanalize discrete peripheral thrombotic arterial occlusions or acute arteriovenous graft thromboses. Small phase I-II randomized and non-randomized clinical trials have shown promising results concerning the potential applications of ultrasound-enhanced thrombolysis in the setting of acute cerebral ischemia. CLOTBUST was an international four-center phase II trial, which demonstrated that, in patients with acute ischemic stroke, transcranial Doppler (TCD) monitoring augments tPA-induced arterial recanalization (sustained complete recanalization rates: 38% vs. 13%) with a non-significant trend toward an increased rate of clinical recovery from stroke, as compared with placebo. The rates of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) were similar in the active and placebo group (4.8% vs. 4.8%). Smaller single-center clinical trials using transcranial color-coded sonography (TCCD) reported recanalization rates ranging from 27% to 64% and sICH rates of 0-18%. A separate clinical trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of therapeutic low-frequency ultrasound was discontinued because of a concerning sICH rate of 36% in the active group. To further enhance the ability of tPA to break up thrombi, current ongoing clinical trials include phase II studies of a single beam 2 MHz TCD with perflutren-lipid microspheres. Moreover, potential enhancement of intra-arterial tPA delivery is being clinically tested with 1.7-2.1 MHz pulsed wave ultrasound (EKOS catheter) in ongoing phase II-III clinical trials. Intravenous platelet-targeted microbubbles with low-frequency ultrasound are currently investigated as a rapid noninvasive technique to identify thrombosed intracranial and peripheral vessels. Multi-national dose escalation studies of microspheres and the development of an operator independent ultrasound device are underway.     

Therapeutic opportunities in biological responses of ultrasound

The therapeutic benefits of several existing ultrasound-based therapies such as facilitated drug delivery, tumor ablation and thrombolysis derive largely from physical or mechanical effects. In contrast, ultrasound can also trigger various time-dependent biochemical responses in the exposed biological milieu. Several biological responses to ultrasound exposure have been previously described in the literature but only a handful of these provide therapeutic opportunities. These include the use of ultrasound for healing of soft tissues and bones, the use of ultrasound for inducing non-necrotic tumor atrophy as well as for potentiation of chemotherapeutic drugs, activation of the immune system, angiogenesis and suppression of phagocytosis. A review of these therapeutic opportunities is presented with particular emphasis on their mechanisms. Overall, this review presents the increasing importance of ultrasound’s role as a biological sensitizer enabling novel therapeutic strategies.     

Combination therapy with normobaric oxygen (NBO) plus thrombolysis in experimental ischemic stroke

Background  

The widespread use of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), the only FDA-approved acute stroke treatment, remains limited by its narrow therapeutic time window and related risks of brain hemorrhage. Normobaric oxygen therapy (NBO) may be a useful physiological strategy that slows down the process of cerebral infarction, thus potentially allowing for delayed or more effective thrombolysis. In this study we investigated the effects of NBO started simultaneously with intravenous tPA, in spontaneously hypertensive rats subjected to embolic middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke. After homologous clot injection, animals were randomized into different treatment groups: saline injected at 1 hour; tPA at 1 hour; saline at 1 hour plus NBO; tPA at 1 hour plus NBO. NBO was maintained for 3 hours. Infarct volume, brain swelling and hemorrhagic transformation were quantified at 24 hours. Outcome assessments were blinded to therapy.     

Stability of alteplase in presence of cavitation

Several experimental studies have demonstrated that ultrasound (US) can accelerate enzymatic fibrinolysis and this effect is further enhanced in the presence of ultrasound contrast agents (UCA). Although UCA have been shown to be safe when administered to ischemic stroke patients, safety information of these agents in the thrombolysis setting is limited. Therefore, in this study we investigated potential adverse effects of acoustic cavitation generated by UCA on alteplase (t-PA), the drug used for treatment of ischemic stroke patients. A volume of 0.9 mL of alteplase was dispensed into a custom-made polyester sample tube. For treatments in the presence or absence of cavitation either 0.1 mL Optison or phosphate buffer saline was combined with alteplase. Three independent samples of each treatment group were exposed to ultrasound of 2 MHz frequency at three different peak negative acoustic pressures of 0.5, 1.7, and 3.5 MPa for a duration of 60 min. All treatments were carried out in a cavitation detection system which was used to insonify the samples and record acoustic emissions generated within the sample. After ultrasound exposure, the treated samples and three untreated drug samples were tested for their enzymatic activity using a chromogenic substrate. The insonified samples containing Optison demonstrated cavitational activity proportional to acoustic pressure. No significant cavitation activity was observed in the absence of Optison. Enzymatic activity of alteplase in both insonified groups was comparable to that in the control group. These tests demonstrated that exposure of alteplase to 60 min of 2 MHz ultrasound at acoustic pressures ranging from 0.5 MPa to 3.5 MPa, in the presence or absence of Optison had no adverse effects on the stability of this therapeutic compound.     

Conditional Similarity Solutions of （2＋1）—Dimensional General nonintegrable KdV Equation

The real physics models are usually quite complex with some arbitrary parameters which will lead to the nonintegrability of the model.To find some exact solutions of a nonintegrable model with some arbitrary parameters is much more difficult than to find the solutions of a model with some special parameters.In this paper,we make a modification for the usual direct method to find some conditional similarity solutions of a (2 1)-dimensional general nonintegrable KdV equation.