浅海混响建模的声束跟踪理论

研究建立了基于声束跟踪理论的浅海混响强度计算方法和混响时间序列仿真方法。给出了混响强度计算的简要理论推导,并进行了模型计算值与实验值的比较。建立了一种混响时间序列仿真模型,给出了其实现框架和方法。结合实验数据与文献研究结果,进行了混响序列相关特性的检验与分析。结果表明:建立的混响强度计算模型能很好地进行浅海混响强度的预报,混响序列仿真模型能仿真具有不同包络分布的混响序列,且其相关特性符合实验与文献研究结果。      

浅海混响的垂直相干性

浅海混响垂直相干特性是海洋混响研究中一个重要的课题。在射线简正波混响理论的基础上,给出了浅海混响垂直相关的一般表达式,并推导出了在均匀层浅海中混响垂直相关的简化解析表达式。同时,通过对数值计算及实验结果的讨论,研究了浅海混响垂直相关与混响时间、频率、声源深度、接收器深度、海底衰减特性及海底散射系数等参数的变化关系。研究表明,在海底散射满足可分离性的条件下,浅海海底混响的垂直相关与声源位置无关,随着混响时间和海底衰减的增加、或随频率、接收器间隔和海深的减小,混响的垂直相关增大。     

海洋混响特性研究

海洋混响是海洋环境产生的回声。对于目标探测来说,混响是一种严重的干扰;对于大规模海洋生物探测及海洋环境遥感来说,海洋混响是其应用的基础。经过近一个世纪的理论和实验研究,深海混响的产生机理相对明确,基本的特性也较为清楚。浅海环境较深海环境复杂,目前浅海混响研究大多关注混响的平均特性,对其完整特性的研究将成为未来浅海混响特性研究的重点。文章对海洋混响的研究工作进行了综述,介绍了海洋混响的基本理论和应用。     

脉冲激励混响室测试区域电磁场均匀性

研究了电磁脉冲激励混响室内电磁波传播规律,通过仿真建模和实验两方面对脉冲激励混响室测试区域内电磁场均匀性进行了研究。提出了混响室时域均匀性的概念及其计算方法,并利用此方法计算了仿真和实验结果。结果表明:脉冲激励混响室内电磁环境无论在时域上还是频域上,均满足国际标准规定的均匀性要求;在一定空间内,混响室内也可以形成统计平均的脉冲场电磁环境;在混响室内进行电磁脉冲场的电磁敏感度测试是可行的。     

浅海近程混响的振荡现象*

研究浅海近程混响特性对于评估和提高主动声纳性能具有重要意义。多次浅海混响实验显示,近程混响强度存在稳定的振荡现象,脉宽基本对振荡的幅度和周期没有影响。为解释这一现象,本文基于射线理论和小斜率近似给出了浅海近程混响模型,仿真与实测数据结果基本吻合。数值仿真结果表明：海底反射声场对单站声纳接收到回声信号的贡献远小于海底近垂向大掠射角散射声场的作用;混响强度振荡现象是海底近程散射声场的多途现象造成的,并由此给出了振荡周期与海深及收发深度的关系。     

结合卷积神经网络与混响时间注意力机制的混响抑制

提出一种结合卷积神经网络的编解码器模型和混响时间注意力机制的混响抑制算法,该算法通过编解码器模型实现混响抑制,并利用混响时间注意力机制克服混响环境变化对混响抑制效果的影响。该算法在编码器中使用具有不同大小的卷积核来处理混响语音幅度谱,从而获得包含多尺度上下文信息的编码特征;通过引入注意力模块,实现在不同的混响时间环境中选择性地使用不同权重的编码特征生成加权特征;最后,在解码器中使用加权特征来重建混响抑制后的语音信号幅度谱。在模拟和真实的混响环境下,该算法相对于基线系统在语音混响调制能量比上分别取得了0.36 dB和0.66 dB的提升。实验结果表明,该算法可以适应不同混响环境的变化,相对基线系统在真实混响环境下具有更高的鲁棒性。      

一种基于最大似然的混响时间盲估计方法*

混响是室内声学中的重要现象,在室内设计与音频信号处理中都需要测量或估计混响时间。本文改进了一种基于最大似然估计的混响时间盲估计方法,即采用说话人在房间中自然说话时发出的混响语音信号来估计混响时间的方法。该方法首先确定语音衰减段的最优边界,其次计算该衰减段的两个额外参数,据此筛选出符合条件的语音段,最后将满足条件的语音段采用最大似然估计得到混响时间估计值。在五个不同混响时间条件下的仿真表明,与已有方法相比,改进方法估计的混响时间同真实混响时间的偏差更小,方差更低,估计准确性较高。     

浅海低频本地海底混响的波导不变性结构及抑制方法研究

根据浅海混响的射线简正波相干混响理论和可分离的海底散射模型,从理论上推导了浅海低频本地海底混响信号中存在的稳定的距离-频率干涉结构(波导不变性结构),并在此基础上基于谱相减的思想提出了一种基于波导不变性的本地海底混响预测对消方法。针对某个检测距离,其对应的中心频率上的海底混响强度可以根据波导不变性通过频移的方法在另一个与之相邻的距离上估计得到,利用该估计的混响强度可以对消检测距离对应的回波信号中的海底混响强度分量,增强回波信混比,提高目标检测能力。针对典型水平分层浅海波导环境,通过计算机仿真实验分析了低频海底混响存在的稳定波导不变性结构,验证了本文提出的基于波导不变性的混响预测对消方法的有效性。      

浅海平均混响强度的简正波理论

本文用简正波方法导出了浅海远程混响强度的一般表式,该式对较广泛的一类声速剖面、海底反射与散射系数皆适用。由于考虑了复本征值对简正波入射场的影响,所得结果比以往的混响场简正波理论有较大的改进。所得出的平均混响强度的表式物理意义清楚,形式简单,便于进行数值计算与解析讨论。作为例子,文中分析了负跃层浅海中平均混响强度的衰减规律。计算表明,当声源与接收器皆位于跃变层之上时,远程混响强度与r~-5成正比。     

基于主动式时间反转镜的声呐目标强度测量研究

为提高目标强度测量过程中的抗噪声、混响以及浅海多途干扰性能,从军标文件中的目标强度测量方法以及主动式时间反转镜的基本原理出发,经过研究和推演,发现可将基于单阵元的主动式时间反转镜与相关器结合应用于目标强度测量过程,提出了一种新的目标强度测量方法。该方法利用了主动式时间反转镜的抗多途特性,使得测量具有抗多途的性能;利用噪声与信号的不相关特性,算法结合相关器起到了很好的抗随机噪声效果;混响中的体积混响是随机的,算法具有抗体积混响的性能。论文分别从理论仿真和水池实验验证了算法的有效性和正确性。     

Low-frequency bottom reverberation in shallow-water ocean regions

A phenomenological model of long-range reverberation in a shallow sea is developed to describe the statistical characteristics and interference of the sound field scattered by bottom inhomogeneities. Experimental data on the scattering of low-frequency sound by the sea bottom are presented for a shallow-water region of the Barents Sea. The results of a numerical simulation of the low-frequency bottom reverberation in a multimode waveguide are described. The simulation is based on experimentally measured values of backscattering strength.     

Numerical simulations and experiment ofreverberation loss in shallow water

I.IntroductionUndcrwatersoundrevcrberationhasrccentlybecomeatopicofgreatinterestlI-3l.Sincethcrcverberationincludescombincdeffcctsofsoundpropagahonandscattering,andthesoundpropagationinshallowwaterismuchmorecomplicatedthanthatinthedeepsea,itisnecessarytOstudycarefullybothintheoryandexperimcnt.Fortheshortrangereverberationinshal1owwatcrtheray-basedmodelisavai1ab1e,whilefOr1ongrangethewave-basedmodelmustbeusedbecauscofcomp1icatcdmu1tipaths,refractioneffcctsandfrequencydependence.Thenorma1-mode…     

浅海中的混响衰减

本文定义混响衰减作为描述浅海混响的基本物理量。对不同的声速剖面和海底散射模型，分别用射线方法和ＷＫＢＺ简正波方法（考虑和不考虑复本征值的影响）计算了混响衰减随时间（距离）的变化。数值模拟结果表明复本征值的影响不能忽略，在中等距离上按射线方法计算的混响衰减与考虑了复本征值影响的ＷＫＢＺ方法计算结果相一致。负跃层浅海中的实验结果表明混响衰减与源和接收器的深度有关，但与带宽无关。理论预示的混响强度的几何平均规律也从实验得到了证实。     

Reverberation of Wideband Signals in Shallow Water when Using Sound Focusing

Within the framework of the normal mode approximation, expressions are obtained for calculating bottom reverberation signals recorded by a horizontal array in an inhomogeneous shallow-water waveguide in a wide frequency band. These expressions can be used to simulate bottom-scattered signals both for a monostatic and bistatic geometry, as well as in the case when sound focusing is applied. The constructed model is used to numerically study the structure of bottom reverberation in a waveguide with different parameters and characteristics of the receiver and source systems. The considered bottom inhomogeneities are the slope of the bottom, change in thermocline depth, and wind waves. The study demonstrates the promise of using sound focusing as time reversal using a single receiver–transmitter element to enhance the reverberation signal arriving from a given bottom area.     

An analysis of reverberation fluctuation by mean square derivation

A method for evaluating the fluctuation of the reverberation envelope is proposed and examined through simulation and real data in this paper.This method is different from the coefficient of variation which is only a function of the first and second order moment of the reverberation statistical model.By using the standard variance of the mean square derivate(MSD) of the reverberation envelope,the paper shows that the reverberation fluctuation is a function of the bandwidth of the emitted signal,and that a large value of the square variance means little fluctuation of the reverberation envelope.Theoretical studies show that the standard variance is proportional to the bandwidth of the emitted signal,so we conclude that less time width or larger bandwidth of the transmitted signal produces less fluctuation.Simulation and real active sonar data processing are used to verify this conclusion.     

混响室雷达地杂波统计特性模拟

为实现混响室中威布尔分布杂波的有效模拟,营造逼真的雷达电磁环境,基于广义平稳非相关散射电磁环境下混响室信道衰落特性,通过控制幅度调制信号对衰落系数进行补偿,提出一种基于时域波形设计的混响室地杂波模拟方法。通过调节输入信号序列中大、小幅度脉冲比例,改变混响室传统输入信号的零均值幅度特性,以实测地杂波统计特性为参考,最终得到与实测数据统计特性参数一致的混响室杂波电磁环境。用最大似然估计和KS检验法对实验数据作参数估计和假设检验,实测地杂波数据拟合于标准威布尔模型,混响室实验数据拟合于实测地杂波幅度统计模型,从而实现了实测地杂波起伏特性的混响室有效模拟。     

Methods for calculating low-frequency surface reverberation at known sea roughness characteristics

The problem of estimating the parameters of a reverberation signal generated due to scattering of acoustic waves on a rough surface is considered for a bistatic localization scheme using the example of tone and tone-pulse signals. Relatively simple calculation schemes that make it possible to recalculate three-dimensional space-time roughness spectra into angular-frequency reverberation characteristics and determine the positions of the surface regions that mainly contribute to the integral reverberation level are found. A reverberation spectrum is calculated for the wind waves typical for shallow-water closed basins, and the positions of the scattering regions forming the components of this spectrum are determined.     

Quantifying seismic survey reverberation off the Alaskan North Slope

Shallow-water airgun survey activities off the North Slope of Alaska generate impulsive sounds that are the focus of much regulatory attention. Reverberation from repetitive airgun shots, however, can also increase background noise levels, which can decrease the detection range of nearby passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) systems. Typical acoustic metrics for impulsive signals provide no quantitative information about reverberation or its relative effect on the ambient acoustic environment. Here, two conservative metrics are defined for quantifying reverberation: a minimum level metric measures reverberation levels that exist between airgun pulse arrivals, while a reverberation metric estimates the relative magnitude of reverberation vs expected ambient levels in the hypothetical absence of airgun activity, using satellite-measured wind data. The metrics are applied to acoustic data measured by autonomous recorders in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea in 2008 and demonstrate how seismic surveys can increase the background noise over natural ambient levels by 30-45 dB within 1 km of the activity, by 10-25 dB within 15 km of the activity, and by a few dB at 128 km range. These results suggest that shallow-water reverberation would reduce the performance of nearby PAM systems when monitoring for marine mammals within a few kilometers of shallow-water seismic surveys.